ATHLETES DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES At the end of the session, participants will be able:

1. To apply various practice techniques.

2. To apply appropriate feedback schedules. 3. Plan a practice session for young athletes. INTRODUCTION

YOUNG ATHLETE

TECHNICAL

FITNESS

SKILL ACQUISITION

MULTILATERAL TRAINING

FOUNDATIONS OF SKILL INSTRUCTION

Identify skills needed by young athlete. Knows how to teach. Athletes have different abilities and experience. Design practice challenging and beneficial. Emphasis on effective execution. Quality of Teaching = quality of athletes performance.

Differences Between Learning and Performance

LEARNING Relatively permanent change in performance that occurs with practice Not observable but inferred Results from practice PERFORMANCE Act of skill execution Observable and measurable Result from experience

ATHLETE Personal

Sensory-Perceptual Direction Making TASK Motor Control

ENVIRONMENT I Stress of Competition

SKILL ACQUISITION
Focus on process Consistently execute Technical Tactical Mental skill

Identify essential thoughts, feeling and behaviors

Individual Differences (Table 1.1, pg. 8; Sport Skill Instruction) ABILITIES l

Traits that are inherited and relatively stable

CAPABILITIES l
Modifiable with practice

l
Many types exist l Different abilities for different purposes

VS

l Eg. Strength can be train

SKILLS ACROSS AGE

CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENCE ADULTHOOD

Learning basic skills

Acquiring newer skills and adapting skills to different environments REFINEMENT

Refinement and adaptation

STAGES OF LEARNING

APPROPRAITE PRACTICE & FEEDBACK

Autonomous - Nonconscious and effortless - Able to devote their attention to other task-related info - Tactical decision Practice / Associative - Refining general movement pattern - Direct/ correct errors - Adapt movements to meet demands of their sport Verbal-cognitive - Figuring out basic requirements - A lot of questions

CONTROL OF MOVEMENT SKILLS

CLOSED LOOP Feedback utilized for adjustments on ongoing skill. Slow and continuous movements

OPEN LOOP Feedback only can be used for next task. Fast and ballistic movements

SPEED ACCURACY Emphasis on speed of execution results in reduction of accuracy. Implication emphasis on accuracy of movement before speed.

TACTICAL SKILLS
Information in the environment

Factors affecting What to do TACTICAL DECISION

Information How to do it

Creating blueprint of tactical options Based on: Rules of the sport Knowledge of team strategy Awareness of respective roles and capabilities

DEVELOPING TACTICAL SKILLS

Identify strengths and weaknesses of opponents

Knows your competition

Adapt

VS

PRACTICE SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO REPLICATE COMPETITION

Advantage of Games Approach Skills are taught through competition-like activities. Athletes learn to appreciate the main purposes of their sport as well as the relevant technical, tactical, and mental skills. Athletes are taught to think for themselves. Twoway communication exists between athletes and the coach. Practices are athlete centered and focused on athletes needs. Practices are fun, relevant and challenging.

TRADITIONAL APPROACH AND GAMES APPROACH

Traditional Approach Drills are used to practice technical skills. Specific skills are taught in isolation and then combined later. Instruction is coach centered and often ignores the individual needs of athletes. Practices are often boring and unmotivating. Players are highly dependent on the coach.

Games Approach Drills are used to teach both technical and tactical skills of the sport. The sport is taught as a whole, and the parts are refined as necessary. Instruction is athlete centered.

Practices are fun, challenging, and relevant to the demands of competition. Athletes take an increasingly active role in the learning process and become less dependent on the coach. Practices are designed to promote creative thinking and effective decision making.

The coach strives to develop automaticity of technical skill execution through extensive and repetitious drills. The coach makes all decisions with little or no player input. Players are not encouraged to help each other. The coach prefers a command style where he or she makes all the decisions.

Athletes are encouraged to provide input to the coach in decision making. Athletes are encouraged to help each other master the skills of the sport. The coach prefers a cooperative style that strikes a balance between directing athletes and allowing athletes to direct themselves.

INSTRUCTIONS Verbal Instructions Short and Sweet Excess information Demands on athletes

BLOCK PRACTICE VS RANDOM PRACTICE

Positive statement Prescriptive feedback Coaches can use the feedback sandwich technique to enhance their communication with athletes

TOTAL SKILL PRACTICE

Total Skill Practice

FOCUS ON PROCESS BEFORE OUTCOME

Accuracy of performance more important than outcome in initial learning PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION FOR GIVING FEEDBACK

WHEN - Allow independence of learning - Own problem solving - Coaches only when athlete's are 'lost'

HOW MUCH - Amount dependent on level of athlete

SUMMARY FEEDBACK - Tells athletes on how they performed on each of several practice attempts

AGGRESSIVE FEEDBACK - Highlights general tendencies

Include the number of attempts on the feedback statement

 Eg: You fouled 3 out of 5 attempts in the Long Jump adapt to sport

PRACTICE PLAN PART 1 2 3 4 5 6 COMPONENT Warming up and Dynamic Stretching Coordination/Skill Speed Strength Endurance Cooling Down and Static Stretching Fluids break and feedback at regular intervals

CONCLUSION o o o Design Beneficial Practice Experiences Technical, Tactical and Mental

Feedback Maximize positive feedback Encourage self analysis or correction Creativity is the spice that makes practice sessions fun

PRACTICE PLAN
Sport Number of Athletes/Players Objectives: 1) 2) 3) Time Activity Description Key Points Technical, Tactical, Mental Comments/Equipment Date/Time Gen. Preparation/Specific/Competition

Equipment Needed: Reflection:

DEVELOPING BIOMOTOR ABILITIES STAGES OF ATHLETIC DEVELOPMENT

Periodization of Long Term Training

Periodization of Training

Multilateral 6-14 years

Specialized 15 years +

Initiation 6-10 years

Athletic Formation 11-14 years

Specialization 15-18 years

High Performance 19 years +

Pre-puberty

Puberty

Post-puberty and Adolescence

Maturity

FLEXIBILITY Periodization Model for Flexibility Training

Stage of Development Initiation Training Method Static Exercises Trunk and hip flexion Large body circles Flex to opposite leg Ankle double touch Seated toe touch Straddle stretch Opposite toe touch Athletic Formation Static PNF Hamstring stretch Shoulder bow stretch Ankle stretch Diagonal ankle press Double kicks Exercises with a partner to enhance flexibility by using the static and PNF method, on the floor and standing. Specialization Static PNF Ballistic Perform stretching exercises with and without a partner using static and PNF methods. You can use most exercises with partners for ballistic flexibility. For ballistic stretching, be careful at the extreme points of flexibility.

Progression for Flexibility Training

Number of Reps or Seconds Per Sets 4-5 sec 6-8 sec 6-12 sec 6-10 sec 6-12 sec 4-8 reps Number of Sets Per Joint 2 2-3 3-4 3-4 3-5 2-4

Type of Flexibility Static

Stage of Development Pre-puberty Puberty Post-puberty

Rest Interval Between Sets 1 min 1 min 30 sec 1 min 30 sec 30 sec

PNF

Puberty Post-puberty

Ballistic

Post-puberty

MOTOR SKILLS Periodization Model for Motor Skills Training

Stage of Development Initiation Forms of Training Preparatory exercises for skill acquisition Simple balance Simple rhythm and reaction time Simple spatial orientation and sense of body/limb position Simple hand-eye coordination Skill-enhancing exercises Exercises Rolling, throwing, catching, kicking and dribbling Walking on narrow lines, jumping on/off low objects Catching Crawling/rolling, front somersault, throwing and catching Dribbling, throwing, catching Ball exercises, ball exercises with partner, ball hits and throws, catching skills, rebounding ball catch,

dribbling, relays Advanced balance exercises Scissors-kick handstand, backward roll, cartwheel, cartwheel against the wall Ball throws and catches, ball hits, rebounding ball catches Coordination for limbs, skipping rope, ball throws and catches Skipping rope, backward roll, scissors-kick handstand, cartwheel Handstands, ball exercises with partner, games, relays Jumps with turns and ball throws, games, relays Rolls and rotations, ball throws and catch games, relays Jumps with turns, games, jumps over objects, rolls and jumps Rolls and turns, jumps over objects and turns, all variations of body balance, games, relays Rolls and turns, throws and catches with partner, balance exercises, games Rolls and turns of 180-360 degrees, rolls, ball throws and catches, games, relays

Advanced hand-eye coordination Limbs coordination

Athletic Formation

Advanced spatial orientation

Signal analysis and reaction to various stimuli Advanced hand-eye coordination Skill perfection

Complex spatial orientation

Specialization

Balance and body control/ body awareness

Improve anticipation

Analysis-reorientation

Sample Workout for Pre-Puberty

Part 1 2 Scope Warm-up Coordination/ balance Forms of Training Jogging, stretching Preparation for skill acquisition, hand-eye coordination, spatial orientation, simple balance Skill acquisition from the chosen sport 2-3 relays, easy stretching Duration 5 min 10-15 min

3 4

Play, game Cool-down

20-30 min 5 min

SPEED Periodization Model for Speed Training for Pre-Puberty

Forms of Training Games Relays Speed training Speed training with turns, changes of direction and stop and go Duration or Distance of Activity 20-30 min 10-15 m/ (10-15) yd 10-50 m/ (10-15) yd 5-15 m/ (10-15) yd 4-8 2-3 Number of Reps 1-2 3-5 4-6 Rest Interval (min) 2-3 3-4

Speed Training Session

Part 1 Objective Warm-up Improve speed Improve game-specific speed Exercises Same as table 4.1 Short and fast technical/ tactical drills with quick direction changes Play/ game/ scrimmage with technical/ tactical goals 3 Cool-down, relaxation, enjoyment Relays Relaxed, easy jogging Duration or Number of Reps 10 min

6 x 25 sec 8 x 15 sec 20-30 min

3 reps 3 min

Periodization Model for Speed Training for Puberty

Forms of Training Relays Speed Training (including starts) Speed training with turns, changes of direction, stop and go Distance of Activity 10-30 m/ yd 20-50 m/ yd Number of Reps and Sets 4-6 5-8 Rest Interval (min) 2-3 4-5

5-25 m/ yd

5-10

2-3

Periodization Model for Speed Training for Post-puberty

Number of Speed Training Sessions Per Week 1-2 2 1-2

Form of Training

Distance of Activity

Number of Reps and Sets 6-10 4-8 3-6

Rest Interval (min) 3-4 3-4 4-5

High Starts Maximum Speed Speed Endurance Sport-Specific Speed Accelerations Decelerations Stop and go Acceleration with direction changes Ballistic Training (Throwing, Kicking, Jumping, etc.)

10-30 20-60 60-120

10-30 10-20 10-20 10-30

4-6 4-6 4-8 4-8

2 2 2 2

2-3 2 2-3 2-3

2-4 sets; 510 reps

1-2

2-4

STRENGTH Circuit Training with Six Exercises

Exercises Push-Up MB Scoop Throw Dumbbell Curl Hang Hip Flexion Dumbbell Shoulder Press Two Leg Skip *MB- medicine ball Number of Reps/ Duration in Sec 4-6 (8) 10-12 (15) 8-10 (12) 5-8 8-12 60 sec Rest Interval (sec) 30 30 30 60 30 120

Circuit Training with Nine Exercises

Exercises Push up Hip thrust Single-leg burpee MB trunk raise MB Scoop throw Abdominal crunch Dodge the rope Dumbbell curl Loop skip Number of reps/ duration in sec 6-8 (10) 6-10 8-10/ leg 6-8 10-12 (15) 6-8 60 sec 8-10 (12) 90 sec Rest interval (sec) 30 30 60 30 30 30 60 30 120

Circuit Training for Early Post-Puberty

Exercises Pull-up Leg press 50kg/ 110lb Trunk twist Lats pull down 40 kg/ 88lb Slalom jump Arm curl 40kg/ 88lb MB trunk raise Push-up Cone jump Number of Reps/ Duration in Sec 4-8 10-12 8-10 6-8 30 sec 6-8 (10) 6-8 6-8 (10) 30 sec Rest Interval 30 30 30 30 60 30 60 30 120

Circuit Training for Early Post-Puberty (More Challenging)

Exercises Leg press Pull-up V-sit Vertical hop Chest press Trunk extension Scissors splits Lats pull down Cone jump Load 60kg/ 132lb 40kg/ 88lb 40kg/ 88lb Number of reps/ duration in sec 12-15 4-6 4-6 (8) 30 sec 6-8 6-8 (10) 30sec 6-8 (10) 30 sec Rest interval 20 30 30 30 20 20 30 20 120

Strength Training Program for Maximum Strength (< 80%)

Exercises Leg press Chest press Abdominal arch Trunk extension Half squat Drop push-up Leg curl Pull-up Inclined overhead leg lift Load % 1RM 70-80% 70% 60-70% 50% Number of Reps 6-8 8 8-10 (12) 12-15 10-12 6-10 8 Maximum 8-10 Number of Sets 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 Rest interval (sec) 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 2

Strength Training Program for Power Development

Exercises Wall push-up Knee-tuck jump Abdominal thrust Trunk extension MB chest throw Double-leg burpee Number of reps 8-10 (12) 15-20 8-10 6-10 15-20 8-10 Number of sets 2 2 1 1 2 2 Rest interval (min) 2 2 1 2 2 2

ENDURANCE Periodization Model for Endurance Training for Puberty

Forms of Training Play and relays as in pre-puberty Interval training runs Aerobic activity (long repetition) Speed of Activity Fast to medium Medium Medium and steady, at times feel slight discomfort Number of Reps 3-5 3-5 (low numbers for 400m/yd) Rest Interval (min) Variable

Distance

40-200 m/yd

200-400 m/yd

2-3

800-2000m (0.5 mile to 1.25 miles)

1-3

3-5