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Graphics Programming

Budditha Hettige Department of Statistics and Computer Science

Graphics Programming

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Common Uses for Computer Graphics

Applications for real-time 3D graphics range from interactive games and simulations to data visualization for scientific, medical, or business uses Military flight simulators Computer-aided design (CAD) Architectural or civil planning Scientific visualization Entertainment

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Movies

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Games

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Simulation

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CAD-CAM & Design

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Architecture

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Virtual Reality

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Visualization

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Medical Imaging

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Graphics System

User Program

Graphics System

IO Devices

Graphics API

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Graphics Designing

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Graphics: Conceptual Model

Real Light

Human Eye Real Object

Synthetic Light Source

Synthetic Camera

Real Object

Synthetic Model

Human Eye Display Device

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OpenGL
Standard specification defining a cross-language, crossplatform API Is not a programming language Writing applications that produce 2D and 3D computer graphics A software interface to graphics hardware Designed and optimized for the display and manipulation of 3D graphics Developed by Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) in 1992

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OpenGL-Graphics rendering API

Rendering API
High-quality color images composed of geometric and image primitives Window system independent Operating system independent

OpenGL Pipeline

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OpenGL Architecture
Per Vertex Operations & Primitive Assembly

Polynomial Evaluator

CPU

Display List

Rasterization

Per Fragment Operations

Frame Buffer

Texture Memory
Pixel Operations

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Software & Hardware Interfaces

Software Interface
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Hardware Interface
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OpenGL and Related APIs

application program

OpenGL Motif widget or similar

GLUT
GLU

GLX, AGL or WGL

X, Win32, Mac O/S

GL

software and/or hardware

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Related APIs
AGL, GLX, WGL
glue between OpenGL and windowing systems

GLU (OpenGL Utility Library)

part of OpenGL NURBS, tessellators, quadric shapes, etc.

GLUT (OpenGL Utility Toolkit)

portable windowing API not officially part of OpenGL

Initial header inclusions (for Windows)

#include<windows.h> #include<gl/gl.h> #include<gl/glu.h> #include <GL/glut.h>
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Function-Naming Conventions
All OpenGL functions take the following format
<Library prefix><Root command><Optional argument count><Optional argument type>

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OpenGL data types

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2D Coordinates

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Coordinate Clipping

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Viewports
Mapping Drawing Coordinates to Window Coordinates

viewport defined as twice the size of the clipping area

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Viewports

viewport that matches the clipping area

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OpenGL 3-D coordinates

Right-handed system From point of view of camera looking out into scene: +X right, -X left +Y up, -Y down +Z behind camera, -Z in front Positive rotations are counterclockwise around axis of rotation

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OpenGL Geometric Primitives

Primitives are one- or two-dimensional entities or surfaces such as points, lines, and polygons

GL_POINTS

GL_LINES GL_LINE_STRIP GL_LINE_LOOP GL_POLYGON

GL_TRIANGLES GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP GL_TRIANGLE_FAN

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GL_QUADS GL_QUAD_STRIP

The VertexA Position in Space

Each corner of the any primitive is called a vertex. Ex: three-dimensional cube consists of six two dimensional squares, each placed on a separate face

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Projections: Getting 3D to 2D
Orthographic Projections Perspective Projections

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RGB Color Space

G
Green (1,0,0)

Cyan (0,1,1)
Image: Pixel maps to color

White (1,1,1)

Yellow (1,1,0)

Blue (0,0,1)

Blk Magenta (1,0,1)

Red (1,0,0)

B
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Common Composite Colors

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