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How to comply with environmental regulations? The role of information.

Article from: Contemporary Economic Policy | October 1, 2005 | Botelho, Anabela; Pinto, Ligia M. Costa; Rodrigues, Isabel | Copyright inShare0

I. INTRODUCTION Compliance with environmental regulations is a major issue in most countries because imposing a limit on firms' emissions does not guarantee that effective emissions will meet the limit imposed. For the objective of the environmental policy agency to be accomplished, it is necessary that firms' behavior be monitored and the legal limits enforced. In addition, firms must be informed about the limits they are required to meet and must be able to comply with those limits. Winter and May (2001) identified five sets of determinants for firms' decision to comply with environmental regulations: calculated motivations, normative motivations, social motivations, awareness of rules, and capacity to comply. The determinants depend on the firms, the community, and the public agency responsible for creating the regulations, monitoring firms' performance, and enforcing the regulations. One precondition for firms' compliance with environmental regulations is their knowledge of the environmental regulations with which they must comply. Winter and May (2001) found that firms' awareness of environmental regulations plays a crucial role on their environmental compliance. Social motivations for compliance may also be present. Specifically, public disclosure of information on the degree of compliance with the environmental standards by firms may put additional pressure on firms to comply with environmental regulations. Afsah et al. (2000) found that public disclosure of information in Indonesia has induced a decrease in polluting emissions, namely because it increases managers' information about their own plant's pollution and abatement opportunities. However, this effect is stronger if public disclosure programs are implemented in conjunction with external effects, such as effects on certification and on stock prices. In sum, two issues related to information are essential for environmental compliance. On one hand, firms must be well informed about the environmental regulations with which they must comply, and, on the other hand, public disclosure of information about firms' environmental performance may raise their perceived social duty to comply. (1) Firms' decision to comply with environmental regulation also depends on the behavior of the public agency that monitors and inspects firms' compliance. In other words, the decision to comply is also influenced by the enforcement and monitoring strategy of public agencies. These strategies influence the expected costs and benefits of compliance. (2) In particular, firms' expected costs and benefits of compliance are influenced by the likelihood of detection, the likelihood and amount of the fine, and the cost of compliance. Winter and May (2001) found that the higher the probability of detection, the higher the degree of compliance by firms; compliance is also greater if regulated firms think there is a stronger likelihood of a fine being imposed for a given violation. With respect to the public agency's behavior, Dion et al. (1997) found that monitoring is not random. Using plant-level data from the pulp and paper industry in Quebec, Dion et al. (1997) found that larger firms and firms whose activity may cause higher environmental damages have a higher probability of being inspected. The latter result lends support to the theoretical work on monitoring issues, which in general predicts that monitoring

activities occur more frequently at major sources of pollution and at firms where the public agency believes that environmental requirements are being violated. (3) Empirical research into these issues is, however, relatively sparse mainly due to data limitations. The objective of this article is to analyze the environmental agencies' behavior with respect to the monitoring of environmental requirements and the firms' decision to comply with those requirements. Using data collected by a national survey of Portuguese firms in the pulp and paper industry, the authors first investigate the determinants of the environmental agency's decision to monitor and inspect polluting firms. They then evaluate the extent of compliance by Portuguese firms in the pulp and paper industry with current air legislation and analyze the determinants of firms' compliance behavior with a particular emphasis on firms' information about their legal obligations. The article is organized as follows. Section II provides a summary of Portuguese legislation on air pollution with special emphasis on the issues relating to the paper and pulp industry. Section III presents the survey instrument elaborated to investigate the information firms have on the environmental regulations applicable to them, the degree of compliance with those regulations, and the agency's behavior with respect to inspections. Section IV contains the characterization of compliant versus noncompliant firms and informed versus noninformed firms and tests for the role of information on firms' decision to comply with regulations. Section IV also contains the analysis of the determinants of agency's behavior regarding its decision to inspect firms. Concluding remarks are offered in section V. II. INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND Portuguese environmental regulation's fundamental text was published in April 1987. Under article 8, all activities that release harmful emissions to the environment are subject to special regulation. In particular, polluting activities are subject to a licensing process, and their emissions are subject to limits established in specific legislation. Moreover, if the legal limits on emissions are not met, state agencies may apply fines and sanctions. One possible sanction is to cease the activity, and in some cases judicial actions may also be taken. The control of polluting emissions from fixed sources is defined in a separate legal text (Dec. Lei 352/90, November 1990). Plants that generate emissions subject to legal limits must self-control their emissions. (4) The control is either continuous or periodic, (5) and the state agency may perform monitoring

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Seek opportunities to improve resource efficiency

Answer the following questions about improving resource efficiency. Question 1: What are some examples of organisational documents that could include obligations related to the environment and how to fulfil these? 1. 2. 3. safety manuals environmental laws environmental policy, environmental management plan and procedures

Feedback:

1. 2. 3.

Incorrect. Safety manuals may include instructions that help to minimise potential hazards, but they are not focussed on environmental care or obligations. Incorrect. Environmental laws are taken into account when developing policy, plans and procedures. Correct. An environmental policy, environmental management plan and procedures are the three key organisational documents.

Question 2: An environmental management plan is a documented plan that allows a business to: 1. 2. 3. minimise harm to its staff, manage its environmental risks, ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations minimise harm to the environment, manage its environmental risks, ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations ensure compliance with council notices, manage its environmental risks, ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations

Feedback: 1. 2. 3. Incorrect. An environmental management plan minimises harm to the environment, allows a business to manage its environmental risks and ensures compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Correct. An environmental management plan minimises harm to the environment, allows a business to manage its environmental risks and ensures compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Incorrect. An environmental management plan minimises harm to the environment, allows a business to manage its environmental risks and ensures compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

Question 3: Policies and procedures ensure environmental practices comply with: 1. 2. 3. laws, permits and licences laws, guidelines and technical requirements laws, procedures and preferences

Feedback: 1. 2. 3. Correct. Policies and procedures ensure environmental practices comply with laws, permits and licences. Incorrect. Policies and procedures ensure environmental practices comply with laws, permits and licences. Incorrect. Policies and procedures ensure environmental practices comply with laws, permits and licences.

Question 4: Consulting with staff when developing an environmental management plan is important because: 1. 2. 3. 4. Staff have hands-on knowledge of work practices so they can help to identify opportunities for improvements. If not consulted, staff will not know anything about the plan when it is time to implement it. Involving staff will help them to feel ownership of new work practices. All of the above.

Feedback: 1. 2. 3. 4. Incorrect. This is a good reason to consult with staff but there are more reasons. Incorrect. This is a good reason to consult with staff but there are more reasons. Incorrect. This is a good reason to consult with staff but there are more reasons. Correct. All of these are good reasons to consult with staff when developing an environmental management plan.

Question 5: What actions can businesses take towards introducing sustainable practices? 1. 2. 3. cutting water and energy usage, introducing sustainable purchasing and reducing waste disposal costs cutting water and energy usage, introducing sustainable purchasing and cutting staff levels cutting water and energy usage, introducing sustainable purchasing and providing staff with fewer resources

Feedback: 1. 2. 3. Correct. Cutting water and energy usage, introducing sustainable purchasing and reducing waste disposal costs are actions that a business of any size can take to become more sustainable. Incorrect. Cutting water and energy usage, introducing sustainable purchasing and reducing waste disposal costs are actions that a business of any size can take to become more sustainable. Incorrect. Cutting water and energy usage, introducing sustainable purchasing and reducing waste disposal costs are actions that a business of any size can take to become more sustainable.

Question 6: A businesses can ensure it is complying with environmental laws and regulations by: 1. 2. 3. being aware of environmental Acts and Regulations, and implementing compliant procedures reporting regularly to stakeholders about their sustainable initiatives and procedures continually seeking improvements to resource efficiency

Feedback: 1. 2. 3. Correct. All businesses should be aware of environmental Acts and Regulations, and implement compliant procedures. Incorrect. While reporting to stakeholders is good business practice, it will not ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Incorrect. Although a sustainable business is one