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bo
d D D) g h Hk i I~ Jk K~ too, mq n r t v x, y, z Yk Zk &j 0 ;, ~p,q~
'J
O~2a/g
to
VERaICAL circular cylinders are used in m a n y oceanographic applications such as buoys, drilling rigs a n d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n platforms for their simplicity in construction. The available data on their h y d r o d y n a m i c coefficients is limited a n d the present numerical procedures are based on finite element solutions or the numerical solutions of integral equations. The present method is relatively simple to formulate a n d the s o l u t i o n requires a very short c o m p u t e r time. The h y d r o d y n a m i c coefficients such as added mass, d a m p i n g coefficients for heave, sway a n d pitch motions are formulated, a n d the results for different depth to radius and draft to radius values are presented in graphical form. *On leave from the Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey. tUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T IW5. 25
26
Havelock (1955) theoretically determined the added mass and damping coefficients for a sphere. Kim (1974) studied the hydrodynamic coefficients for ellipsoidal bodies oscillating at the free surface. Wang and Shen (1966) calculated the added mass and damping coefficients of sphere in infinite and finite depth of water. Garrison (1975) gave the general formulation of these coefficients for arbitrary forms in terms of distributed singularities and the numerical results for a vertical circular cylinder in infinite and finite depth of water. Bai and Yeung (1974) calculated added mass coefficients for horizontal and vertical cylinders. Bai (1976) gave the added mass and damping coefficients for axisymmetric ocean platforms. Kritis (1979) had applied the hybrid integral method of Yeung (1975)to axisymmetric bodies and gave numerical results for a circular cylinder. The various methods developed for the solution of three dimensional axisymmetrical bodies can be summarized as follows. In the first group of methods Sources and Multipoles are distributed inside the body and their strength is calculated to satisfy impermeable boundary conditions of the body. The second set of solutions distributes the singularities at the surface of the body and an integral equation is used through the use of Green's theorem. The solution of the integral equation gives the strength of the singularities. Thirdly, the finite element formulation is used to find the velocity potential at specified node points. Possible combinations such as the hybrid method referred to above also exist, combining the above solutions and reducing the computational effort. The present formulation follows the general procedure outlined by Garrett (1971) who studied the scattering of waves at t he presence of circular docks. Although it is of major concern to Naval Architects and ocean engineers very few data exist on the hydrodynamic coefficients of circular cylinders. Serving to this aim graphical results covering a large range of parameters and summary formulas for computer applications are presented in this paper.
2. FORMULATION AND SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM
The coordinate system Oxyz is shown in Fig. 1. The origin is at the bottom and z is positive upwards. The region O<z<h is assumed to be filled by an incompressible fluid of
Ly
I
c E
I
z=d z. D B
o A FIG. 1.
27
density p. The undisturbed free surface is at z = h. The radius of the cylinder is a and draft T = h -- d, where d is the gap between the cylinder and the bottom. The standard small motion assumptions are made and the motion is periodic with frequency co. An irrotational flow is assumed to exist given by (r, 0, z; t) = Re{Up(r, 0, z) e -it} (2.1)
where r, 0, z are cylindrical coordinates and 0 = 0 corresponds to the positive x axis. 0 (r, 0, z) is a complex spatial velocity potential which satisfies: aI 1 ~ 1 ~ 8s) ffrrS + - ~r + - -r-2 ~30~ + =0 r in the fluid region. The boundary conditions for different motions of the cylinder are given below. At the free surface
%-120 2
(2.2)
--
tp=0atz
=h
(2.3)
(2.4) (2.5)
on the body surface where n is the normal to the surface. Radiation condition is satisfied by keeping only the outgoing waves. For heave motion
i
~rp
-
~z and
V n on z -- d
(2.6)
~rp
ar where
Vn
-- 0 o n r = a f o r d <
z < h
(2.7)
c~r
(2.9)
28
?z
(2.tl)
Following Garrett's method the fluid is divided into two parts, namely the interior part
0 < z -< d
(2.12)
where k = 0 refers to heave motion and k = 1 refers to sway and pitch motion, q~kp and q~kh are the particular and h o m o g e n e o u s solutions in the interior region. The particular solutions for different motions are given as qgp (r, z ) = - ! {z z 2d2\ r ~ ) f o r heave* (2.13)
qgp (r, z) = 0
~ob ( , ' , z )
(2.14) (2.15)
1 = ~/~ ( r z2 -
The particular solutions satisfy the respective kinematic conditions at the b o t t o m of the cylinder and the b o t t o m of the fluid for r < a given by the equations (2.4) to (2.11). D k is a constant of dimension [L~/T] and is chosen to fit the particular motion of the cylinder. In the exterior region the velocity potential is given in terms of an eigen function expansion. q~ = D ~ q~ (r, z) tp, = Bk0 H k ( m o r ) Z 0 ( z ) + ~ Bk K~, (mcr) Z(z)
q=l
(2.1 6)
(2.17)
where Ilk is the Hankel function of the first kind of order k -- 0. 1 and Kk is the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order k =: 0. 1. Bk0 and Bkq are complex unknowns. The orthonormal Zi functions in the interval 0 ~ z -~ h are defined as *A particular solution for heave motion is suggested by Professor J. N. Newman of M.I.T.
Hydrodynamic coefficients for vertical circular cylinders at finite depth Z o (z) = No1/2 cosh (mo z) Zq (z) = N o*'' cos (mqZ) with
29 (2.18) (2.19)
1[
No = ~ Nq = 1 [ 1 1 -I-
sin]~ 2moh
c?_ )l m
(2.20)
+ sin_(2mqh)l
(2.21)
2 m,~h _1
where m0.and mq are the solution of the equations mo tanh (moh) -(,02
g
0) 2
(2.22)
mq tan (m~h) = -- _
(2.23)
To satisfy the continuity of velocity potential at r = a for 0 < z < d the homogeneous solution defined above is used as follows
(2.24) (2.25)
Cpkh(a, z)
Ak" = 3
0
(:)
dz
(2.27)
A*, = ~
(7)
dz -- ~*,,
(2128)
30
where
o~*kn = (t
2f
0
(2.29)
(2.30)
Multiplying the equation (2.25) by Zq (z) and considering that O~fi3r (a, O, z) = V cos 0 for d < z < h and integrating between limits in 0 and h one obtains
d
f ~q)kh(a, 0
z) Zo
(z) dz ~ko
(2.31a)
(2.31b)
0
for q = 1, 2 . . . . where
Z(z) dz+ I f
d h
V Zo (z) dz
(2.32)
(2.33)
Where V = 0 for heave, V = V~ for sway and V = ~ (h -- z) for pitch motion. Inserting the values of ~pk, from (2.17) into (2.27) and ~0kh from (2.28) into (2.31a,b) we obtain
r.
0~1
(2.347
Bko
oo kdAko Eoo + Z Akn nn Ik i (n~a/d) . Eon} 4a n=l 2 Ik (nnald) + (mob) Hk' (moa)
(2.35a)
31
kd__ Eqo A*o + ~..4". nx I,' (na/d) Eq. } B k = { 4a .=l 2 l k (nna/d) q_ f~*q (rn~ K'k (rnqa) (rnqh) K k' (m,fl)
(2.35b)
The equations (2.34) and (2.35 a, b) form a coupled system of equations where Akn and Bka are the unknowns. Substituting Bkq from (2.35 a, b) into (2.34), a set of linear equations for A, are obtained. Thus:
"yd.i
J-O
(2.36)
where
f Hk
(i~loa)
~ Kk
(mjo)
q- q . !
K k ' (mqa)
(2.37)
hkn
where
8,,j
d- q-t
~ ~:E,,,,'~
m~h / -- at*,,
(2.38)
(2.40)
Eo. = ;t
(2.41)
3.
HYDRODYNAMIC
FORCES
AND
MOMENTS
IN TERMS
OF THE
VELOCITY
POTENTIAL
The forces and moments are defined by the integrals taken over the body surface as follows: F=--p~ ~
na~
(3.t)
M ---- - - p ~
~ (r n)
,is
(3.2)
32
TARIKSAnUNCUand SANDERCALISAL
The added mass and damping coefficients are calculated in the following manner. an + i COpD pD b11-pD
Dlff
pD
s
~p~(r, O, z) nl as
(3.3)
aP--~-i b l e - p Da COp Da
a~2 @ i
p-D
b22 cop D - - p D
olff Doff
$
UP~(r, 0, z ) ' ( r n) ds
(3.4)
~pO( O, z) n~_as r,
(3.5)
p Da 2
+ ,
cop Da 2
q6a + i b s x _ p Da COpDa 9D
ff D ff Upl(r,O,z)n~ds
pD
~pl(r, O, z)(r
n)ds
(3.6)
(3.7)
where D is the volume of the cylinder, axx and bn are sway added mass and damping coefficients, ale and ble are sway induced pitch added moment and damping coefficient, a22 and b22 are heave added mass and damping coefficients, a6x and b~x are pitch induced added mass and damping coefficients. Here ~1 in (3.3) and (3.4) is the potential for sway motions, and ~1 in (3.6) and (3.7) is the potential for pitch motion. For reasons of symmetry
ale : ael
The heave added mass and damping coefficients in particular are given by
9-D
CO pD
pD
0
~p (r, d) + Cph(r, d) o
dr
(3.8)
Using q~opand ~OOh from equations (2.13) and (2.30) into (3.8) and integrating
p~
COpD
h-- d
2-- 8
+ 2 A + - rt
~=1
Io(nna/d) j . (3.9)
33
Similar calculations are made for other added mass and damping coefficients and these formulas are given below.
a~A + i bn _ ~ B'o H~(ma) [sh(mh) -- sh(md)] + ~ Blq Kl(moa)[sin(mJO -- sin(mqd)] "~ pD co pD [ Nolt2mo(h -- d) q..l Nql/~mo(h -- d) j (3.10) pOa 2 O~pDa~ (h - d)a 2 a[t"'N-~"znl(ma)" Bl + q-IZ to No-"2gl(moa) BZo +
Alo + - Z
, ~o (-1)"
rl
lZ o " t"
A.
12(n~a/d)]} l I (nna/d)
p~Da
.al, + i
b,,_ ~pDa
h ---d LL
_
(3.11)
where
t0 =
{(1-
~)sh(moa)mod
(3.12)
pDa
ael -F i b61 -- [d~2 f Blo Hl (moa) No-l~z sh(mh) -- sh(md) + {. slo &(m,,r) Uq-l,3.
opDa \a/ [ mo(h -- d)
qml
(3.13)
As the frequency of the motion co approaches to zero the values of m0 given by (2.22) go to zero while meh values tend to qn. The coefficients of the linaer equation (2.36) become real and the formulation corresponds to the case where rigid boundary conditions exist at the free surface. The only imaginary value is the imaginary part of Ao which is equal to
7ta 2
(4.1)
34
From which, using (3.9) the damping coefficient is immediately obtained as:
(4.2)
The above result can also be obtained by using the Haskinds relations given for infinite depth by Newman (1976). The equations (2.36), (2.37) and (2.38) for heave motion are Ao = - 7O
7. 7o~A/+h%
(4.3)
7. 7m A/ = h,,
yo/ =
{ [Ho (moa) Eo~'Eoj + ~ Ko (mja). Ea~EQj] L-Ho'-~oa) " moh q=, Ko'(mja) mah J U
(4.4)
}
--
shy
(4.5)
h :
-- 2 \ d l l
2(--1) ~ -~
(4.6)
hO = i f Ho (moa) Ho'(moa)
(4.7)
The above equations for very small mo values can be written as follows
70i = ~(0, j ) + i m0~t~ (0, j )
(4.8) (4.9)
7.j = a(n,j)
where
+ i m o' ~(n,j)
:t(n, j) =
~"/ +
2(--1) ~ }
(nn) ~ + i
35
After these preparations taking the limit o f (4.4) for very small m 0 values and using (4.8), (4.9), (4.1 I) we obtain
(4.12)
Here subscript r and i refer to the real and imaginary part o f the values. Separating into real and imaginary parts
-=
hi,, m2o
X [A n ~(n,j) - Ai~ m%
i=1
[3(n,j)] = h,,,
Taking the limit of the right hand side of the first equations as m 0 - * 0 we obtain
cza
h,n
m ' o [3 (n, j) = 1, 2 . . .
A ~j
Aijs, j
As a special case take a floating disc. This can be expressed as a limiting case where d --~ h. One can show that for this case the equation (4.4) has a diagonal matrix a n d the u n k n o w n A . ' s are given by AO = - 2(-- 1)" n=l,2...
(n~)'
!
')
(4.13)
since all sine terms in equation (4.12) are equal to zero. The added mass o f the circular disc in heave motion for to -~ 0 is obtained as
pn
(4.14)
In a n o t h e r limiting case where d goes to zero, again all the sine terms in equation (4.12) are equal to zero and the coefficient matrix becomes diagonal. In this case one can show that as to and d go to zero the heave added mass in fact is infinite. According to this present theory one can conjecture that f o r d < h and at finite h the heave added mass remains finite at low frequencies but goes to infinity for infinite depth.
36
TARIKSABUNCUand SANDERCAL|SAL
Hydrodynomi 2.5 d-~ GOlf f ISSON coef'ttcienl-s for heove
20
~--
Krtlis Tr, is 1 , h e o r y
,.J
-\
-Added moss coef"F [3 I t~ 05
"o "o ~
--
\a
" ~ - a Domping coedS
~'A[:~lk
I
0
....
I
12
[~,,~_
24
i
36
.,-,
,,I ,-,
48
Omeqo . Omeqo *, A / G
FIG. 2.
5. NUMERIC SOLUTION AND RESULTS The specific formulas used for the calculation of added mass and damping coefficients are given in the Appendix. The required routines for the calculation of Bessel functions and solution of linear equations are obtained from the IMSL computer library. The computations were done at the U.S. Naval Academy. The results for heave were first compared to the results published by Garrison (1975) and Kritis (1979). The results are given in Fig. 2. Added mass values obtained by this theory compared well with those of Kritis while Garrison's numbers are observed to be higher. The damping coefficients for heave are observed to be less than the values reported by Kritis and they were observed to agree better with those of Garrison. The heave added mass and damping coefficients are also compared with the experimental data reported by McCormick et al. (1980). Figure 3 shows experimental data and theoretical values computed for co =- 3 rad/s, In this diagram added mass value is non-dimensionalized by the total mass of the cylinder of height equal to the depth of water. This is expressed in the diagram as ANU/MH. The experimental data are observed to remain above the theoretical curve; the best correlation is observed at about depth/radius values equal to 7. Experimental and theoretical damping coefficients are compared in Fig. 4. Experimental values remained above the theoretical calculation while showing similar trends, This discrepancy can be possibly explained by the viscous damping neglected by the theory. The numerical results are also tested with those reported by Bai (1976) and the results for added mass and damping coefficients are observed to agree within a derivation of 3 ~. In all calculations the infinite series are represented by 20 terms. The reader should note that the capital letters used in these figures correspond to small letters in the nomenclature and all variables are nondimensionable.
37
g
rj o Experimental (McCormick) E3
I
54 0 Th,s t h e o r y I c 3G Omega = 3 . 0 r o d / s e c ~ " J~ l ~.~. ~
18
I
45 5 2
I
59
l
Oepl-h / radius FIG. 3.
~
6,6
I
7.5 @0
D a m p i n g c0ef ficient 65
Experiment
(McCormick)
52
o
_(2
#
39
i~ o
c} -g
--
Theory
26
E
C3 Omega = 3.0
L3
0 45
I
52
I
59 H/K*
I
66
I
73
l
8.0
D~(H-D) *100
F I G . 4.
3g
Vertical cylinder 60
heave H / A = 0
64 A T/~=O I
4~
L
0 32 Tt/A toO,3
"~.A
~o~o~o, o ~ o ~ o
..... o
I
0
!
1.2
!
2.4
I
3 6
i
A/G
[ ,I 8
o-"
Omega-~Omego*
FIG, 5.
Vertical 40
cyhnder heave H / A = I
32
24 o
T//~. -0. I
0 T/A-0.3
<
L
O ~2
I':" 2 4
[]
T/.& " 0 . 5
i:
I
36
C l
I48
Omega w- Omegc * - A / G
Ftc~. 6.
39
EO
e; .u
= o u
T/A=O
5
.
=,,
1.2
24
36
48
Omega ~Omega ~ A / G
FIG. 7.
7.0
5.6
T/A-O.3
o T/A-0.5
~"
==
42 [] T I A - I
28
TIA-2
].4
& ~A.....
A.------'~-"-
--&
3~j,,,,~
'~
.'1
(3
I
2
~
2.4
l
3.6
1
a8
t
6
Fla. 8.
40
Vertical
cylinder
heave
H/A=5
!40
; [/A=OI T/A=03
112
E] T / A = O . 5
" T/A~ I
o ~
84
{
E
\
-N,A
+ T/A-2
28
,,,o
-t I
I 2 24 36 ~-A/G Omega ~Omego
I ~
4.8
!
6
FIG. 9.
Vertical
tO
9e 4_o r-
T/A
= 0 I
t)
\
\
48
--&
24
--~ ............
12
- -"~-~'L~-'C-.
C-
~J
~;
36
:-----~
48
"C
2 4
Omega * O m e g a *
&/G
FIG. 10.
41
7.2
TIA=3
:8 ,,I,
,,
2.4
1
3,~,
I
48
Omega * Omega* A I G
FIG. 11.
12 8
_
T/A=O I
o T/A =0.3
96
k\
E
6.4
\ ~'~'~.,"~,
1.2 2,4 36
48
3k 2
C
FIG. 12.
42
8
6.4 i
A
0
48
i--
T/AmO, I
o TIAIO.3
\
\
[]
T/A=0.5
~"
3.2
16
I 2
2.4
36
48
a~
Tt/'.
=01
:~
24.-
?
g, g~
~E 1.6
\
A
TIA
= I
*- T / A = I 5
~2
2.4
3e
4 ~
43
08
~,
T/A=0.3
o T/A = 0.5
~ ,4O6 o T/A= I
~
& E O.4
,, T / A = 2
0.2
1.2
2.4
36
4.8
H
8
"E 0 t.2
:
0,6
\
\
T/A=I
+ TIA=2
E ID
1.2
24
3.6
4.8
44
2.4
;/-%\
&
T,~=o
o u
-/
.o_ I, 8
\
A~
TIA=O3
T / A = O.5
T/A=2
"& E o c3
1,2
0.6
,, 0 I 2 24 Omega
*
3.6
I~ a 8
Omega- wA/G
FIG. 17.
2.4
4-
:i,\
J'~ N
T/A~O
u ~Z 1 8 u
T/A=0 3
L T/A=05 ~
TIA-3
0.6
I. 2
24
3.6
45
06f
.u
1=. o
'-t-
+.
-*\t
b1~
,,
o..,
o } 1 t I 2.4 3.6 Omega ~ Omeqa, A/G
D
o I 48
O.
12
FIG, 19.
0.75 [
03
,#..,.+-+--+ t~
+ ,
~
4.8 6
O m e g a ~ O m e q o -~ A / G
FIe. 20.
46
o8[ ,
/\
v e u r i c e l cylinder sway H / A = 2
Ol6
[2
48
F]G. 21.
0.8
/'"\
~,~_ x
~,,~.lt~. \~\
E ~ 0.4
4 ._.---, -~,
02
L,
r2
L 4~--'~ -
"~
4 8"
.-'r'~,
Flo. 22.
47
C, 8
/ / ~ .~_ ~_ 06
T/A=3 ~: T / A = 2 :-'- T / A = I
+7
+,-+
\\
,+ -,-,,A=o~
~ T,A=OS T / A = 0.2
04
\V.._,_..,_--,---
3 2
l
12
I
24
I
36 48
L~:;~ll -
J, / A - 5 T
T / A ==3 o T / A ,= 2
o T/A-0.5
T/A --0.3
+ /"
0.6 ~ 0.4
0.8
+ T / A ==0.2 st T / A == 0.1
-.----- ~ J ' ~
~ "
x ~
x ~
:'-
T ,
48
08
o T/A-3 * T/A 12 I
o T/A
T/A-0.5
i~' o e
o E
04
02
I
2 3 Omega ~ Omega ~-A/G
l
4
FIG. 25.
V e r l " i c a l cylinder H / A = I 0.5 sway
0.4
TIA=O
.~ 0 3
T/A=O
o u & 0.2 E
QI
'
I, 2
2,4
36
4.8
Omega K-Omega K- A / G
FIG. 26.
Hydrodynamic coefl~ients for vertical circular cylinders at finite depth Verticol cylinder swoy H/A - 2
49
0.6
048
/
/
T,A-,
x ~
TIA 0.5
.~ o 36
A~,~
. TIA"' O.2
024
0.12
0-
1.2
2.4
3.6
4.8
27.
0'6 L
TIA-2 x TIA,I
/ ~ , ~ T,, o.~
"0 0.36
u
il
0.12
lJ
oT, .o
. T/A,-O. ,
"~- 0.24
&
1.2
2.4
3.6
4.8
" "
Omeqa ~ O m e g o . A/G
Fze. 28.
50
Q~
0.4~
+c-
.~_
-~ 0.3E 40 u 01
"
O c~
024
O.12
.2
2.4
3.6
4.8
Omega
,Omega.
A/G
FIG. 29.
Vertical cylinder sway H / A = I O 065
TIA-5
052
.,#~ i'I~\ \.
//i ' ~X"~X
x T,A-3
o ,,~.~
o ,,,-o,~
4-v
0.59
&
OZ6
0.13
Ii/ "\_Z~"~. . ~
yi .-f'--~:_~~-----~
i ; i I r ~
~
1
0.8
16 Omega*
3 2
4.
Fi6. 30.
Hydrodynamic co,dficients for vertical circular cylinders at finite depth Verticol c y l i n d e r sway H / A = = 2 0
0,6
51
T/A'IO
0,48
x T / A == 5 o T/A==3 w T / A , = 2.
4"C qJ 4(p o u : Q.
0.36
0 T/A"
E
r~
0
0.24
O.12
0.8
2.4
3,2
OmeQa ~ O m e g o ~ A / G
T/A-O.I 0.8
o T/A-0.2
o" u
T/A-0.5
0.4
0.2
H--M'.,-+ ~ ~ ~ ~ - f ,,
-.
I
1.5
I
3
I
4.5 A/G
7.~
52
Verticol c y l i n d e r pil-ch H / A ~ 2
T/A~,O
0.8 +-
"AL
i TIA-0,2
D T/A'O.3
0.6
+ TIA = 05
0.4
,~OIO~o ~
o-,-~ o ~ -o
TIA=I
0.2
,.+-,+ - ..,- - +--~ ah,qr~.--+ ~ +----+
.
I
- "I~
-~,
~ ' '
,,,i
1,5
4.5
7.5
T / A ~ O . I
08
T / A =O 2
E
,Ic
z T / A =C, "~
0.6
r_ E ~ 04
~,~
f'lw j
T / A =;"
+ T/A = I o ~ T/A=2
0.2
~ m . - 6 - , - ~ - ~ . . , ~ , ~ , ~ * .....
I
6
15
4.5
Ome,ga ~ Omega ~- A / G
FIG. 34.
Hydrodynamic coefficients for vertical circular cylinders at finite depth Verlicol cylinder pitch H/A=5
53
TIA-O.I
TIA IOi2
\
32
:(
o TIA =O.3
TIA-0,5
"G 2.4
o TIA~ I
0~
E
~s
TIA-Z
T/A-3 A-4
0,8
~ e
e ~ e ~ t ~ 4
Y o. [ 1.5 ]
4.5
Fro. 35.
Ver'tical cylinder pitch H/A =IO
7'.5
A
T/A-O.I
AAZ5
*-
" ~-
. . . .
/
r-x ',c
o~ e
--e,
,J , d ",
54
44,5
u E "o
1.5
0.4
(.2 A/G
1.6
0.24
\,\
o TIA-0.2
,.p.
P_ .~
O. 18
-g
6
~" 0.12
/
/
t
c T/A-0.3
+ T / A =O.S
0.06
1.5
45
7.5
FiG. 38.
55
,f'\
"T/AO.I
0.2
~-
o T/A-0.2
0.15
'~
O. I
0.05
1.5
3
FIG. 39.
4.5
7.5
Omega ~Omego,~A/G
0.24
,~"A~A
T / A - 0.2
o T/A-0.3
'~- 0. t2
006
1.5
4.5
7.5
5fi
0.6
AT / A = 0
0.48 TIA-O.2 o T/A-O.3
E
,p_ if0.36
* T/Au T/A-I
0.5
T/A- 2
0.24
~- TIA-3 T/A~4
0.12
1.5
3 Omega*Omega,
4.5 A/G
7.5
Fx6,
41.
patch H I
A
Vertical cylinder
- I0
A
0.75 I~
T/A=OI
2
"~
.~ T / A - O . 5
io
/
0.3
~\
1/A-2
~ TIAI3
~"
//
r o
O.
:15
~ x t
~.
0,8
I6
24
3 Z
Omega * O m e g o * A / G
FtG. 42.
57
T/A
" 0.1
TIA-0.2
0.6
T/A'O'
{p
0.45 u
TIA-
.&
cz~
0.3
;3;0
0,15
~'-'~,
O
"--f"~
0.4
"A .
0 8
.~
~
I. 2
[ -.~
l
I .6
~'''~, I
O m e g a , Omega ~ A / G
FKi, 43.
Vertical cylinder pitch induced sway H / A - 3 0 8
0.6
\
""- F
A T I A =O. I
c TIA=O.2 "~ ~ :T I A = O . 3 -
G u
04
TIA-
0.5
-~ T / A - I 0.2
T/AI
t
6 Z5
FIG. 44.
58
~. T / A - O . 2 c TtA0.5
T/Am4
-0,5
I
1.5
I
3
I
4.5
I
6
1 ~s
028
I"It I
TI~-O.I
u T/A0.3 T/A-0.5 + T/~-f T/A-2
0.16
0.04 3
-0.08
-0,2
1.5
4.5
.6
7.5
F l a . 46.
59
0.2
T/A-?
+ T/A-3 T/A-5
& 0.05 E
-O,I
-0.25
0
T
1.5
]
3
:
4,5
I
6 7.5
FIG. 47.
The nondimensionable heave added mass values for different water depths and draft values are given in Figs 5-11. The general behavior of the curves is that as the frequency increases the values remain constant. At zero frequency (numerically at least) the added mass values are observed to increase. The behavior of the curves at small frequency is discussed in section 4. Damping coefficients for heave are given in Figs 12-17. At high frequencies these values are observed to tend to zero while at zero frequency the values are finite at shallow depth and tend to approach zero as the depth increases. Higher values are observed to correspond to small draft to radius values. Deep water cases correspond to h/a = 20. The sway calculations are compared with the results published by Bai and Yeung (1974) and are presented in Fig. 19. This computation tends to follow the values computed by Bai (1976) while the values reported by Isshiki and Hwang (1973)remained low especially at peak values. Figures 20-25 show the sway added mass values. Added mass values are observed to increase as draft to radius is increased at all depths. These values also remained finite at small frequencies. All curves are observed to have a local maximum at about v ---- 1. Damping coefficients for sway are equal to zero at zero frequencies and are observed to increase as the draft increases. The curves for damping coefficients are given in Figs 26-31. At high frequencies the curves show a decreasing slope and the maximum values are again observed at about v = 1. Pitch computations are first checked with those reported by Bai (1976) and Garrison (1975) and a good agreement is observed. Pitch moment of inertias are presented in Figs 32-37. Except at very small drafts the curves have a very small slope. Inertia coefficients are observed to decrease as draft increases at shallow waters while in deep water higher coefficients correspond to higher drafts.
60
Figures 38-43 give the pitch damping coefficients. At shallow water (h/a -- 1 h / a :: 3) high damping coefficients correspond to small drafts while at deep water (h/a ~- 20) high damping coefficients are observed to correspond to high drafts. A peculiar curve is seen in Fig. 42 for T / A .... 0.1 which suggests that the damping coefficient for very shallow discs increases as draft decreases even at moderately deep waters. Pitch-induced sway added mass (a~l) and pitch-induced sway damping coefficients (bG0 are given in Figs 44-46. It is interesting to note that some of the values are in fact negative for low drafts at finite depths such as h / a = 3 but as the draft increases the values become positive.
CONCLUSION The solution presented in this paper offers a quick calculation of the hydrodynamic coefficients for a simple vertical circular cylinder. The results are compared to some available experimental numerical results. The agreement with numerical results are observed to be satisfactory. The comparisons with the experimental data showed that even though the trend is well represented, the amplitudes are not. This is partially acceptable, at least for the case of damping coefficients where the viscous resistance must be effective. The input variables for the calculations are water depth, radius of cylinder and its draft. Well documented routines can be used for the calculation of special functions and the solution of the linear equations. The necessary formulas for computer application are also presented. The hydrodynamic coefficients necessary to study the motion of the cylinder are presented in graphical format. It is hoped that this will increase the efficiency o f future designs and that the designer will be able to estimate these coefficients precisely for his computations. The limit o f the heave added mass value for zero frequency is also discusssed. It is shown that this quantity remains finite for finite depth and goes to infinity for infinite water depth. Special formulations are seen to be required for this limiting case. The present formulation is currently extended to cylinders with variable cross sections.
Acknowledgements--Professor T. Sabuncu would like to thank the Council for International Exchange of
Scholars for the support he received through his stay at M.I.T. as a visiting professor. Thanks are also due to Professors J. N. Newman, R. Yeung and F. Noblesse of M.I.T. for their interest and discussions, and to Professor P. F. Wiggins of the U. S. Naval Academy whose interest made the computer application possible. Special thanks are also extended to Ms. Virginia Christensen and Miss Sharon Vaughn for typing this report. REFERENCES AaRAMOWlXZ,M. and STEGUN,I. A. (1964) Handbook o f mathematical functions. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. BAI, J. (1976) The added mass and damping coefficients o f and the excitation Jorces o n / o u r axisymmetric ocean platforms. Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Report No. SPD-670-01, April. BAI, K. J. and YEUNG, R. W. (1974) Numerical solutions to free-surface flow problems. Tenth Symposium Naval Hydrodynamics, pp. 609-647, Cambridge, Mass. GARRISON,C. J. (1975) Hydrodynamics of large objects in the sea, Part 11. Motion of free-floating bodies. J. Hydronautics 9 (2), 58-63. GARRET'r, C. J. (1971) Wave forces on a circular dock. J. Fluid Mech. 46, 129-139. ISSHIV, H. and HWANG,J. H. (1973) An axi-symmetric dock in waves. Seoul National University, Korea, I, College of Engineering, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Report No. 73-1, 38 pp. Jan. KLM,W. J. (1974) Ort the harmonic oscillations of a rigid body on a free surface. J. Fhdd Mech. 21,427-451. Karrls, IR. B. (1979) Heaving motions ofaxisymmetric bodies. The Naval Architect, p. 26, Jan. MACCAM, R. C. (1961) On the heaving motion of cylinders of shallow draft. J. Ship. Res. 5 (3).
61
McCORMICK, M. E., COFFEY, J. P. and RICHARDSON,J. B. (1980) An experimental study of wave power
conversion by a heaving vertical circular cylinder in restricted waters. U.S. Naval Academy, Engineering
Report EW 10-80, March. NEWMXN, J. N. (1975) Marine Hydrodynamics. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London. NtWM^Iq, J. N. (1976) The interaction of stationary vessels with regular waves. Eleventh Symposium Naval Hydrodynamics, London, pp. 491-501. W^NG and StlI~N(1966) The hydrodynamic forces and pressure distributions for an oscillating sphere in a fluid of finite depth. M.I.T. Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Doctoral Thesis. YEUNO, R. W. (1975) A hybrid integral-equation method for time harmonic free surface flow. 1st. Int. Conf. Numer. Ship Hydrodynamics, Gaithershurg, Maryland, pp. 581-608. APPENDIX F O R M U L A S FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
(a) Heave
The linear set of equations for complex coefficients -/,,jAj = h, is solved first. The expressions for y.j and h. are given below
<30
q=l Kl(mfa)
,.,, *t /'(iT)
_
-2
lo(jd ) j = 1,2,3...
Po (n,j) -
( - l)"+J(med sh (me(t))~
[2moh) + sh(2moh)] [(moat)2 + (nnp] [(rood)2 + (yn)~]
( _ 1).+j(mqdsin (mr,/))2
Pq (n,j)
[(2n~0 + sin(2n'~h)] [ ( n ~ p - (nnP [(mpd)~ - (j~)2] L Jo(moa) Jt (moa) + Y, (moa) Y~(moa) [J~(m0a)p + [Y~(moa)P
1
[J~(moa)]' + [Y~(moa)P
The added mass and damping coefficients are then computed by the following equation :
where azt and b22 are the added mass and damping coefficients for heave and D is the volume of the cylinder in water.
62
(b) Sway
The linear set of equations for sway can be written in the form: 7~j Aj = - h , , where
~(.j = { - 6.j + 1 6 U j [ L -
Po(n,]) + ~ De" Y ~ ( n , / ) ] }
q=1
- i
32 ~m~
Uj. T. Po(n.j)
h,, = 8 d- { L . P o ( n ,
a
0)Ko
~
k ~ 1
and where
{ jro 1, d
Uj = 2- ~
d
2a} f o r j =
d
1, 2 . . . . and Uo - 4a
T = ([Jo(m'w) +
Yo(m'oa)] + ( ~ )
[Ja(m'oa) + Y~(m'oa)] - - -
gnoa
[Jo(moa) Jx(moa) + Yo(moa) Yt(moa)]) -1 L = {[Jo(moa) Jt (moa) + Yo(moa) Yl(moa)] 1 [j2(moa ) + y l(moa)]}" T moa
mta
....
aj_~ + i bu #D co~D
where
B~
1 No-~ [shmoh-shmod]
I~1 a mo '
~gl
1 Ng-t [sin(mfh) - s i n ( % d ) ]
=a m,
Hydrodynamic coefficients for vertical circular cylinders at finite depth and 1 ( I + sinh(2meh)~ No - ~ 2meh ] N.-~
(c) Pitch
63
1 (I + sin(2m~)~ . ~ ]
~moa
h . - S { L ' P o ( n , 0).0o + ~ Us { Oo =
~ lo(ra/d) d }
- I
D,'P,(n,O).OJ-a.-i d
/~(~):?_a
forj = 1,2 . . . .
+ (~-.3~ ] 1
h - ~' - 8~d/
O,-{[~
-
h
cl -
3/,a~'
8~d!
(mcd)' ]
.2(-1)" ' a. ~ ffi ~ - ~ - - ~-)} for n ffi 1,2,3 . . . . aoX ={:3 ( d ) - 4 l (d)'} for n = 0 The expressions for Po, P~, L, Tand Df remain the same as defined for sway. The roll (pitch) added moment of inertia is calculated as
a,, + i b,,/m pDa' . d to H, ('~') Bo + ~ -~,K~,tm~a) B,] + d' ~ t, ,. a~(h - d) { [ ~'olls #-I
1 ~
( - I)"I'(T)
-[~ (~)'"-~(~)')
+ S (~) Ao ~
.-,
-----
.,,
~."
The expressions for Bo, B remain the same except the B9' values for roll are given by
~o'=No-'
,,'N,-
{[~ h ~
{[~ h
- a - s~:
~m,d~
,o-{(,t,-
-m-~-+
( ( 1 - -hd)sin(m~) m~