flf g

fl R1 fl
1ng 1
Z flfl

flc fl1 1 1
fl fl1 fl1, fl1
fl1 fl 1 1
fl1 1I1 1 fl1
fl , 1 1
I11 fl1, '1
- fl1, fl, 1
fl fl1 1n
1 1 fl
1 S fl1 1 fl
fl1 fl fl fl fl
1
Z flfl, fl 1n C 1
94350-90899
fl, 2012

1, 11 1, 1
Rfl1 1 II 1 1
11 M fl1 1 11 fl 1 1n fl fl
I1 , fl 1
fl g1fl fl, 1
flfl 1 |X fl1
I1 Qfl1 fl , 11 fl
M 1 ,
fl fl , fl , ,
, 1 1 fl, 1, 1 fl
1 1n fl1-fl11 fl U
I1
1 fl 1 G1 1 1 1
fl1 1 d
1 G fl 1 1 1n
1 qfl , 1 1 S fl
fl1 flc 1 ( fl fl1
fl fl1 1 flfl
fl 1 1n 1 fl 1
M1 fl 1
1 [1n fl - ] flfl fl1
fl1 1
I flc 11 flfl fl1
( fl 1n , d 1n
1 1 q
fl fl 1 , fl, 1
1n 1 fl1
fl1 fl11 1 11 R1fl
La1 1 fl1 La fl1 1 1
1, S fl fl Lfl ^1
1M1 M | 1 1n
R11 Rfl1 qfl -,
fl, 1 1n =1 1fl1
fl1 1n fl1 1 1
2,50,000 flfl 1^ 1n =1
42

flf g
fl 80 fl 1 fl fl1
R fl1 1n fl fl fl1 flfl
fl 1 fl1
fl 1 1 2,000 fl 1
1= G
1 (RIL) 1
1 1 La 1 1
1 1- 1 [market capitalisation]
1 4,700 fl 1 1n Lfl S fl
C-1fl, , flfl , 1 ,
fl G, fl 1 1 ,
, :fl 1n fl [stem cell]
1 1 1 fl 1
- 1 1 fl1
95 fl1 fl
- , , ,
fl, 1n =fl 1 1
1 27 1 1n La
fl1 4- 1 2 1 1
S flS - fl1 M
fl , L 1 1
1 Sfl 1 Qfl1 fl
M 1 fl 1 fl1 1
1 1 1 fl 1 fl
, , L, A, , 1 1n 1n
n [ ] 1 Qfl1fl
fl1 fl X1 1 1, , fl
1n 1flfl 1 fl1 1
, fl , fl , fl
1n fl 1 1+ nfl fl1fl
fl1 fl fl fl
11 M G1 1n M
flfl1 1 fl ,
1 fl1, fl1, , fl 1n G
fl fl1 fl, 1n 1fl 1
fl1 1 fl 1 1n Cfl
fl1, n1 1 fl1 , &1, G
11, , , fl fl,
S1 fl, ~ G1 M
1n fl fl %1 fl fl
fl1 :1 fl 1
fl fl 1
[Gush-up] 1 fl
1 fl, 1

d1 Mfl11 1 fl ^n
X 1 fl1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 1 15
1 11
flfl , , 1, 1=,
1 fl 1-1 fl1 1 La
fl1 , 1 1 1 1 fl1
1 fl1 fl1 1
1+ fl flfl fl fl S
fl1
flfl 1 fl1
fl1 - flfl 1 ,
1fl1fl 1 1fl, fl-1
flflfl 1n flflfl 1
11 1 1 1 1 fl1
[1 1 La fl
fl11 fl ] 1 U fl1
1U fl1 M G1 flfl1
fl G ,
1 fl, g, 1 , 1 ,
1fl ? 1n 1 1 1
I [1 fl1 S
M M1 S ] flflfl
11 1 1 |n fl
X1 fl1 -M1 fl1 1n
flfl fl1 flc fl
1 1n X 1n 1 1 fl1
fl fl , 1 flfl 11
X1 11 fl 1 60
, |fl 1 90
G M
1 flfl 1M1 11
1 ' O1 1 fl 11
1fl 11 , 1
L fl1 1 fl
flfl1 I fl1 1
I1 fl fl fl Lafl ,
fl 1 fl1 x G
fl 1 fl 1 fl1
11 1
fl1 1n
fl1 fl1 1 1n 111 1 1 11 = 1n ^fl 1
52

fl, 2012

flf g
1 fl1 , fl1 fl fl
1 1 1
fl flfl ? fl1,
1 1 flfl U fl1,
fl1 G 1 1 La1 fl ,
1 fl M1 fl1, 1 1
fl1 fl1 fl 1 fl fl1
1 1 ijM - 1 X 11
- ~ , La 1 Q
fl 1
1 1 -flfl1
11fl fl 1 2011 1 fl 2-
flC1 -flfl1 ij 1,
flfl 1 1 La1 1+ + Rfl
fl1 4000 fl 11 fl fl1 1U
1fl R 2- flC1
=1 1 } fl1 fl 1n
1 +- 1 fl1 1
1 1 X flfl fl1
1n fl1 ,
La, fl 1n fl1 fl S
fl fl1 fl1 S fl
fl1 X flfl 1 1
[MRI] , 1 fl1
1 1 1 -S
Mfl1 1n fl flC1 S1
fl X, 1n -S1 1 1
1 flc 11 1-, -, 1 Mfl11 1 fl
y flfl11 [accounting scandal]
S 1 1 , -1 fl
11 , 1n y fl1 1
flfl 11 1 fl1 , 1
M | fl fl1
2005 M, 1 1n 1G1
1fl1fl M 11 fl Mfl : fl1 1
[0.5 1 1 7 1I ]
fl fl1 ', 1n fl1
Ufl M fl1 1fl 1 M
fl1 1 1 = fl1
1 1 M 1fl11 1 M
1 fl 1 1
ij 1fl1 fl =
fl, 2012

1fl1 flfl
1 fl
fl1 fl 1 1n fl fl 1fl11 1 1
1n a- a1 1 fl
flfl 1fl
i 1 1+ La
fl1, 1 fl flfl 1M
d1 X1
2006 1 2 11 1 1 1
fl1, y 1fl1 V1 &1nQfl 1 fl
fl1fl, 1fl1 1 fl fl1
1n fl 1 5 11
1nX fl1 fl1 1 &
fl1 1 fl 1 13 fl1
1n 37 6fl L 1 1n a
1 1 1 flc 1 L 1

M - = 1
, 1n flG1 1 1
1 fl1 1 600
fl1 , 50,000 flfl 11 1
1n 3,50,000 flfl 1 1-1L
fl1 La fl1, =1 1
flfl La fl1 1
fl 11 , 1 1n
flfl La fl fl1 1
1+ 1 1 M fl1
1n 1 1 X fl1
2009 1fl1 1 I
fl1 M, 1G, 1 1n ( 1fl
1 fl
1 1 fl fl1
^flfl 1 1 1
flf 1fl1 fl1 fl 1fl 1n
1 fl fl1 1 fl X
fl1 fl 1 fl 1 1
fl1 fl U 1 1 1
fl 1n fl fl1
1 fl M 1fl M1 1
1fl 1 fl 1^, fl1
1n fl1 1 fl 1 fl1 X1
dfl1 S 1fl 1
fl1 , 1fl fl fl 1
62

flf g
fl1 1n 1 1 M fl1 fl
fl11 fl1 fl1, 1 1n
fl1 1 1 fl1 1n -1
11 1fl fl fl
fl i fl1
1fl 1 -1 fl1
11 = a 11 1 ,
, fl fl fl fi1
1 1 S L
1 flfl 1n
Lafl 1 - 1
fl11 fl1 1, fl1 U
fl fl1 1 fl , 11
1 1 S 1flfl 51 fl1
fl 1 fl fl1
fl1 1 &5 fl 1 fl1
flfl1 fl 11 111 1
1 fl11 1 fl1 1n 1 1U
-1 fl fl fl 11 1 fl1
2 q S
flfl fl1 1fl1 ij
fl1 fl1 1 flS
11 fl1 fl 1n fl 1 fl1 fl
1 fl La 11
1 1Q1 fl1
^ 1n X1 1 -S
1n 1 11 [social re-engineering] fl
q 1fl1 fl 1 fl fl1 1
Mfl fl 1 fl1
1 1 fl 1 ij
1 flc fl 1fl fl fl1
, fl1 1 1
flfl1 :1 1 1 fl
x 1 1n 1 1
1 7fl 1 ,
1= G 1 27 1
1 fl 1 1n
fl1 fl1 1Q 1 1+,
=1 1 1 1flfl fl
11 [1n S 1] 1,
1 fl fl M1 fl ,
, , 1 M 1n a G
1 69 fl M

2 1 1 1 [fl 1fl] 1 1 1nX

fl 1 11 fl
fl1 fl1 1nX fl 1U fl1 1fl
fl1 i fl1 fl1 fl
flfl1 1 26fl, 1nX 1n fl1fl
fl1 fl fl1 ,
fl fl fl 1 1
fl fl fl1 1 fl11
fl1 1 -fl flfl
1 fl1 , 1n 1
fl &1n1 ZiZ 7 1
fl = , 1 1 fl 1 M1-=1 1 1, 1
1 1n 168 g fl1 fl
fl1 M fl1 1 1n
fl1 fl 2 g fl1 fl , fl
1 fl fl fl1 1
1 1n fl1 fl1 fl
& 1 1 [51fl fl1
] fl g flfl 1
g 1 1 fl wRfl g
&11 fl1 y 1 34 fl 1
g1 1 10 M 1 1 1
L1fl 11 1fl fl1
^1 1 fl1 &11 fl1 1 fl
1 fl1 1 V [ fl1
1 g fl11 fl1
fl 1 fl 1 1n 1 1fl
1 M 11 fl fl] fl1
g ^1 2 X fl11 fl1
fl =1 -S 1
fl 11 fl fl fl1fl
fl1 fl fl1 flc g1 1 flfl
fl1, V 1 1 fl
SL = 1 =
1 fl G1 fl
=, M fl11 La
fl1, fl1 fl , 1 1n fl fl
1 1 =fl [] 10
M 1 & 1 1 1 1
fl11 fl1 flc flfl1 fl1
fl1 fl1 1
72

fl, 2012

flf g
2011 1 1 &11 R [g]
1 1 1 1 10,000 L1
1 1 La 1f
= fl1 1 1 1 fl
1 45,000 fl 1 fl1 fl1
fl1 2002 1 n1- 2000 flfl
fl11 1 1y fl11
1 fl
, fl11 1 M
fl fl fl1 flflfl fl1 , 1 1n fl1 , fl 1
1 fl1 flc 1 fl
11 1n 1 1n 11 1
fl1 fl 1 1 fl1 , 1n
fl1 45,000 fl 1 1 1 1 1
, 1n -fl1 1 fl
fl fl
1 1fl S fl1
^1 S fl1 1
, fl11 L11 1fl fl
=1 ~- - fl111
fl1 1,500 fl 1n 300 fl
- fl11, - G,
^n , 1n
1, M -1 M '
1n 4,000 1 flf !
1 1 S 1 =
1 1fl1 1n 1n fl1 fl
1
1 1 , fl 18
fl fl fl fl1 , fl fl
1 1 1fl M
fl1 1n = 1 1 1 23.1 fl1
1 2019 31.4 fl fl1
11 1 X 11 fl
1 11 fl flfl fl 1
fl fl fl1 L11 fl fl1 fl
L S1 y
1 1 1
1 1 , 1 1fl fl (
fl11 fl fl 1 fl1
fl1 d fl1 1fl fl1 11
1 fl1 1fl Nfl 1
fl, 2012

M fl1, fl ... 1 |1
fl 1 fl 1fl S, 1 1
> L1 1n 1 fl 1fl
fl fl1 , 1 1fl 1n
1fl V 1 fl1 1... : 11
[perception management] S, fl
, 1fl 1 fl 1 fl 1 fl1

1$ :1 1fl fl fl
11 1flfl1fl 1 11
1 fl 1 1 fl1 y
1^1 1nX X fl1 fl flc fl
flfl1 M |, ^fl |flfl1fl, Xfl, fl1fl
fl1 : 1 fl 1n1 1n 1
fl 1 [corporate philanthropy]
1- fl1 1 fl1
fl, 1 fl1 fl 1
flfl , flfl 1n
fl 1 fl1 1
Mfl 1 fl1 L 1 fl,
x ' 1 fl1 1 flg 1 1
1 fl fl1 , 1 -Sflfl
flfl M fl1 fl1
1 fl1 fl S m
[1 ] fl fl1 L1
m [1 ]
n 1 fl fl fl fl1
, 1 fl 11 fl 11 [
fl 1 ]
fl fl fl 1 fl 1,
1 11 fl, fl 1n fl fl
}1 1 1 11 Lflflfl
M flX [high-octane debates]
1 |n [ fl
1 fl, S fl 1n fl
fl11 flfl1fl fl1 ,
flfl1 1 ] 1n 1
I [1 1 1S fl1 1] 1
1 [ flfl 1 11
] flfl1 , 1
1 1S1 1
fl G 1fl fl=7- 1
82

flf g
1 [press tent] 1 1 1 U
| 1n X5 fl , , 1 1n
fl1 fl1 1 fl
1n1 X L fl fl 1
M1 fl 1 1
1n 1 flfl1 , 11
1 fl fl [1n fl1
fl M] Rfl fl1
fl 1 Sn flfl 1
1n 1 flfl fl fl ,
fl qfl1 fl1
y flF fl1 [ , 1
1 1fl1 1n 1 fl1
1] , fl1L 1n fl
1 1nfl La fl1 fl1
fl1 , fl L
1n , fl 1 1 1 1 1fl1
7 1 fl1 1 L
1 La, fl 1n M1 1 1
1 flc L 1 1nX
fl1 1 X Lfl 1flfl
fl1 fl fl fl1, &1nQ
flc = fl X 1 flfl1 fl1
fl, ^n 1 11 fl,
1 fl1111 fl1 fl ~ ,
flfl 1 1n M 1U 1M
1 fl 1fl11 L-fl fl
1 1 fl1 fl1 fl ~
fl, 11 1 fl"11
fl1 fl 1U q1 fl1
fl ~ q, fl1, a
11 1 = 1 |fl fl1
L fl fl fl11 fl
fl ~ fl1 fl fl ~ fl1
fl fl, 1n 1 1fl11
1 fl- fl fl1 [- fl1 X
1 S 1fl11 fl
fl1 1 - fl1fl1 fl] flfl
1 1 = fl1 11 1

flc fl1 1 1 fl
fl1 fl1, fl1 fl1 fl
1 1 fl1 1I1 1 fl1

fl , 1 1 I11
fl1, '1 - fl1,
fl, 1 fl fl1 1n
1 1 fl 1 S fl1
1 fl fl1 fl fl fl fl
1
fl1 a 1 1
fl , L fl , flfl
fl fl1 fl 1 1
1 fl1, 1 -1 1 = fl
fl, 1 fl 1 : fl1, fl
1 flflfl, fl - 1
1 fl1 1
fl 1
flc fl 1 1
[Oprah] fl, 1fl
1n fl, 1 1 1
1i
1- fl1 fl fl 15
1 1 i 11
1n fl 1M 1n 1 1
fl 1 , 1
flflfl 1fl fl1[the Camera stellata] La , fl
fl 1fl11 5 , 1nX11 1Rfl,
flc 1 1 fl
fl1 1
g 1 flfl fl fl1
fl fl1 1 , fl
ij 11 , fl fl fl1 ,
, :-1 1n 1 ij
fl1 1 , fl 1 fl1 fl
1 fl1 11 fl1
fl 1 1 S 1 1, fl1
*fl1 1 1y fl M1,
fl1 fl1 1, fl1 1
fl1 fl fl [foundation] fl1
fl 1 1 1 fl-fl11
fl1 1y fl1 V 1 [1n
1] fl1 1n 1 fl1
fl M1 1 ij fl1 1 1
fl fl1, fl fl1
1 1911 fl ij , 1n 1fl1
92

fl, 2012

flf g
G, G fl1 fl 1fl1
1914 fl ij fl1 1 1n

1fl1 G 1n 1y 1
1 fl1 fl 1, ,
fl= 1 1 , fl1 1
, 1n , fl1 1fl1
I1 [ 111 Sfl 1 fl1
, fl1 11 flfl 1+
1n fl 1n 1 fl 1+ fl1
fl fl 1]
1fl1 1fl1 fl 1n
fl fl Q 1 1nX1 fl1,
fl1 fl 1n fl
fl1 1 fl1,
1
1n1 1y1 flfl1 1 G
fl fl fl1 fl1 X

fl,
G 1 11 fl1 fl ,
^, 1 1,
fl1 1Qfl fl fl1
fl 1 1 ij fl1
fl fl M1 Rfl fl1,
fl1 &1-, 1n X1
fl fl 1
flfl1 ZM , L
fl fl1 |fl-fl1fl1 -1
[ 1 fl 1
, fl 1fl] fl 1
fl 1 fl ^n fl X1 fl
1 fl 11 1n
fl11 fl 1n , fl1 26, fl
1 fl X fl fl fl
fl 1fl, fl 1n fl 1+L1
fl1, fl 1+L1 fl1 flfl
1n fl 1fl fl
fl1 fl1 1 ^^ 1 fl11
fl fl fl 1 fl1 fl1
fl11 - fl fl 1fl
1fl11 , 1 1fl111 , 1n fl
1 flfl M 1
11 fl fl1 fl fl fl
[ 1U 1 1 fl1, 11 26 fl1
] fl11 fl 1n fl1
- 11 1 1 S 1
1 1y fl1 fl1
1 , fl L fl1 flfl
fl fl1 1 -1 fl1 7
fl1
fl1 fl1 fl1 1 fl fl
1n 11 1 1 fl1 1y
fl1 fl fl fl [global corporate governance]1 1fl fl X 1+ 1y
fl1 1924 1fl1 1n fl G
ij 1 M fl 1
fl1 fl= 1 [ 1]1
G- 1 1 1
1947 11 Z1
1 fl-fl fl1 11
1 fl I1 22 fl

fl1 fl fl
1 fl fl1
1, , 1 fl
1n fl fl 1n flfl
fl fl , , 1, M 1,
G =
fl fl 1 1,
G fl fl ,
g, fl fl 1n ,
1& 1 1
1n fl
1 1

1 1 ,
fl11 gfl,
fl1 G, La,
^fl1 fl11,
I S^, 5 &1
1 8 fl,
1 1 fl1 1
La1 , fl 2 &?
fl 1 1,
fl, 2012

03

flf g
M 1943 1fl fl1 1+ 1 V
1 fl , 11 fl
, 1n 1fl1
8.5 11 fl1 1 S fl1 ,
1 1 11 fl1 fl
1946 1 1 L 11 M fl1
1 fl fl1, fl fl 1^1 Sfl
1+ fl , fl1 fl 11
fl fl [flS S
1fl1 G1 C 1n -
A fl1 - ]
fl 1n Lfl ^ XL
fl 1 Lfl 1n =1
, 1n 1 1 fl
-11 fl1 1n fl 11
V 1 fl 1
fl1 fl 1 [fl
fl La1 fl 1 fl 1], 1 1
1 [ 11 S fl1 fl]
1n 1 [fl fl1 fl
fl fl 1 ] 1 fl 26, X
1^ 1 1fl111 1 26 1n
X fl1 1
fl fl- 1 1 fl
1 1n 1 1
fl fl1 fl1 1 ijM fl1 1
1 fl fl fl1 fl 1i
1 fl 1
fl fl 1n
1 - fl1 fl 1 flv
1n :G(Think Tank)1 fl 1 1
fl1 fl 1 fl1, fl 1 fl1
1n fl fl fl1 1n 1 &flfl
1 111 i fl1 fl,
fl L 1 , i 11 SL S1
1 1 1 fl11 ,
-1 fl
flfl 1 fl1 fl1 [1
M fl M -, -fl1 -
fl1 fl fl] 1n flI 1fl
fl1 L1 1n 11 M fl1
1fl fl
11 1 Ufl C1

fl, fl 1fl1 1n 1 fl 1M1

[1 1
1 fl ] 1973 1y fl1, 1n
- flfl 1 fl M
1 M1 1fl, 1 1n 1
2 |1 flfl1 fl + 1n
1 1 fl1 x 1 1n 1
M1 fl =fl fl 1+L1 [
1 1n , 1 M fl
1 1, 11 1 =fl
1, 1 =fl 1 1n L n1
fl 1]
2 |1 fl, ,
fl1 fl Lfl , 1
1 11 1 I 1n
1n 1 1 flfl= 1
[~- fl111 fl] fl1
1, C1 fl 1n 1

G [fl 1 1fl1 G1
1 fl 1 S fl
fl-fl fl1] fl1 1936 fl-
fl fl1 G1 fl 11, S
1n fl I1 1
fl-fl fl1 1 fl La1 fl1 1n
( 1 fl 1 fl1 1n M 11 X1
Z X1 1fl1 fl
1 Sn fl1 flfl 1
1n X1 fl fl1 1
1 1 fl 1G
[RAND- Research and Development] 1 1fl
:fl1 fl 11 a-a1
1y fl1 1952 flfl 1
L1 fl1 flfl fl11 1 fl
fl1 La1 fl1 Fund fl1, S
I1 1 Sfl 1+L1
1, 1 1 flfl fl
XM1 X 1
G fl-fl1fl 1 fl1
1 fl 1
fl1 , 1n S flfl,
1 i S 1n fl
13

fl, 2012

flf g
, 1952 1 1fl O fl
&1nQ fl fl1, 1 1 1
1 [
fl] fl ^fl fl1 1 :
1flfl
11 1 S flfl [fl fl
] fl [ 1fl11
fl1 ij fl1] 1 1 1 I
1 fl11 ,
1 flfl 1973 1 O1
d fl1 1 1 1 Gfl
fl1 1 fl 1 1
1Q, &5 1n Lafl
1fl 1 1 1 [G1 1
Lafl 1n 1
fl 1fl1 fl1]
1957 1fl1 G 1
=fl 1 fl1
1 1 1 1 1 fl1 fl1
1 - fl1 1nX
fl &1nQ fl fl1 2000
G 1 I 1
fl1 11 , S fl 1n =fl
flfl1 ijfl
q 1n 1 fl1, fl
1 1n 11 fl flfl1 1
flc
fl 1 ,
fl1 1 fl ,
fl 11fl flfl fl-fl
1n flfl
fl fl , i 11 1
fl M Q
fl i 1, 1 fl1 1n fl1
fl11 fl 26 1 1
G1 1 11 M
fl1 fl1 fl 26
flflfl 1n 1 1 fl1
i 1 fl g fl1,
fl1 1 flc g, fl
| 1n 7fl I x1
fl 1 fl 1 flF fl1
1fl1 fl fl11 1

fl1 1 1fl fl1 1

G fl1 1 1
1n Lfl
1 1fl fl1 flfl 1
1fl I 11 Qfl1
1919 1y fl1 S Ifl M
fl1 1 - 1n
fl1 1 S1 |fl |fl
1 1 1 1
fl1
1 fl fl L 1 1 fl fl L
, fl1 1 1 1 fl
1 I fl1 fl 1
1 1 fl1 |flflfl -
1 1y fl1 1n 1 1 1 1
1 fl |fl |fl
fl1
U 11 1 1 1^
= S fl1 1
1n fl 1 flfl ^ 1
1n 1 1 fl 11
^ 1 flfl - R1 1
2010 fl h 200 fl R
fl1 1 fl flfl 18 1
1 R1 fl fl fl1,
fl 1 1 L 150 fl ^ 1 fl1
1 fl fl111 1 fl ~
fl1 1 fl ~ fl 1|
fl1
1^1 fl 1 1 1n fl
1
=1 fl 1fl1 1n G U
26 1n 1 1
fl 1fl11 flfl1 x1 1 1 fl fl1
1fl, 1 1n G
Lafl 1fl111
[ , fl 1
1 , flc fl 1 1M
11 L1 fl1 1y fl1
G G fl 1 fl
S fl1 G1 fl Sfl,
flfl fl 1fl X fl1
fl, 2012

23

flf g
i 11 Mfl1, fl1 1n
fl 11 1nX s 21 fl1 1,
1 1 fl 1 flfl111 [
fl 1] 1 1 1
fl5fl 1 1
1n 1fl1 1nX fl ? 1fl
1 fl1, 1fl11 26fl fl 1 1n
fl 1, 1n fl Mfl11 ( fl1
1 [2008 i 1 flfl 1
fl1 1 fl1] 1 1
1 fl1 fl :5 fl 11 1
[ fl1] 1 1 [dovetail]
fl1
fl 1 1 fl
Lfl 1 1n fl fl
fl1, fl1 [1n x1 fl
Q] fl1 1n
fl 1 fifl 1fl1fl fl1
|1 1 1 fl fl 1fl11 fl
fl1 1n Gfl 1n
fl G S 1y fl1 , fl 1n
fl 1 fl1 1 S
1 fl fl fl 1n 1
1 fl fl 1 1 fl1 1 [1n
fl1 ]
G G vfl 1
1 fl1 L 1 1 fl1fl
Gfl fl1 1fl : 1 1 fl
fl , 1n Lfl 1n =fl
1 fl1 1 S & , fl
1 fl1 fl fl &51 1n 1M
fl 1 fl fl11 S fl
-1 1 1 1
1n fl 1S fl
11 S 1n flfl1 flfl , SM1 fl1 1 &1n1
O fl1
1 fl La 1 1 fl1
fl fl |1 fl fl 1
1n fl 1 1nX 1
fl11 11 fl X1 fl
La fl1 11 fl fl 1 1fl1 Cfl
1 fl fl , 11 1

1 y fl 1n U
fl1 Mfl1 [UID- Unique Identification Number] 1 11 ,
1 , fl fl , flc fl1
fl fl 1n ,
1^fl fl11 V 1y fl1
fl 1 M fl
fl fl= fl1 1 fl fl1 fl
-M1 11 fl1
fl flfl [fl 1
1 1 1 1fl1 1 fl1 1U
fl 1 fl] 1fl 1n fl1
fl 1 fl fl fl
1, fl1, -11 - fl
1+L1 fl1 [digitize] fl
flfl 1 1 1 1
1 fl 1+ 1 1
fl1 [Enclosure of the Commons] fl X
G1 1n S fl11 1 fl11 1
11 1 fl1 1
Mg, 1 ,
1fl , 1fl 1 fl g1
fl 1 fl fl1
, 1n S fl 1
1
fl1y Gfl : 1n fl,
fl , fl , fl , 1
:, 1n fl11 S1 1n S1
1 fl I fl fl
S-S1 1 fl fl1 1 1
1 1 -1 126i 1y
fl1 1 1flfl 1
1 1n fl1 1 1 2 M
111 1 fl , 1
L fl M1 fl1 fl
fl1 1 1 fl Z 1n
La, MLa, , fl1, M, fl
, 1 1 1
1 Ufl 11 fl
fl1
G1 S i M 1n
1 :1 flfl , , ,
1n fl1 1 fl1 , G1
33

fl, 2012

flf g
Si 1 flfl fl ,
fl fl, M 1 [marginalized,
ghottoised] 1 1 fl1 S1
g fl1 Si fl fl, 1 fl fl
1n U1 [ , ijM ,
1 fl X
1+L1 1] flfl, , fl1 UQ
fl 1 1 fl fl fl11
Q 1 fl1 1y fl1 Q 1 1fl
fl 1n fl fl1
fl 1, fl fl
1S fl, fl 1Q[colonized
ordinariness] fl1, fl
fl 1 1 L1 U
1 1 fl 1
I1 [TINA] 1 fl fl

S 1fl1 1- 1n fl
fl 1 Sfl1 |X
fl fl 1 M , flc
fl 1 1fl11fl fl , 1
M 1 fl 11
1y 1 fl1 fl
flflfl1 1 1 1 fl 1 x
U , 1 U
fl 1n M fl1 M1 Gfl1
M 1 La G1 fl
450 11 1 1 M
G [21 1],
1 S GI [16 1]
1n G [15 1]
1 1n 1fl11fl
1 fl1 , , q1 - 1n i
11 1U fl fl11 26
fl fl d1 Mfl1 fl1
fl d1 26fl1- fl
1n fl L 1 26 fl
1 fl &1nQ 1, fl 1
flfl1 1n fl1 flfl
fl 1 U 26 1 1 fl
1n fl 1fl fl
fl 26 1
fl fl1 fl fl
fl, 2012

43

fl Gy 26 fl1
1 Lfl 1 1 S fl1 ,
1fl 1 1fl fl1 1 S fl11
1, 1n 1 fl 11 1 La fl1
fl1 La1 flf -1 1 ,
-fl1 1 Lfl
fl 1fl, fl fl, Rfl1fl
fl fl1 1n fl -M1 1n 1
1fl1fl fl fl 1M fl11 P1 fl fl1
[ G M 1 fl 1+1
fl1 |n S fl1 ]
fl [1n fl 26fl] 1
11 fl1, 1 ,
fl 1n 1 fl-fl S fl1
1 11 1 SRfl 1
fl 1-1 1 = fl
Lfl1 , 1
fl 1fl1 fl fl1
1 1 fl 1
flfl1 1fl 1" 11 1nX fl1 1 1
1 1nX fl 11 fl ,
1fl fl1 M
fl1 fl fl 26
1 [fl Xfl1] Lfl 1
x11 fl fl11 fl, 1nX fl11
fl
fl 11 26 fl
Q , y fl 1
fl 1+L1 fl1, -X-
flfl 1 1 flfl
1 1 , 11 1 1n
fl11 1 fl11 flfl U , ,
fl i1 1 1 1
1 1fl fl11 1+L1 fl1 fl
fl 1Rfl 1fl O, 26 1n
Gfl fl &1nQ fl fl1 fl11
1 fl fl Mfl fl y fl1
, M1 fl fl fl1 1 1n
fl 1 1+, flfl
1n 1 1fl1fl 1 1fl fl 1n
flfl fl1 fl1 1 1
flfl1 1 1 1 fl
11 fl1 1

flf g
fl &1nQ fl fl 1 fl fl 1
fl11 fl1
, flc ( , 1 1
fl1 1 flfl1 1 fl 1
11 1 fl1 1
Gfl1 1 1Rfl
1fl O 1 51fl
(afficial) 1 1n fl L fl
1 1 1 1Q 1, fl [1 1+,
Gfl1 =1 90,000 1 SLfl1
] 1 x1 1 La 1n
flfl 1 1nX
fl1 fl1 1 1 fl fl1 1 1,
1 Qfl1 fl 1n fl fl-fl
fl1, = fl1 1n 26 fl1 fl 1
fl1
1 1 1fl 1 1
1 1 1 26i fl1
Gfl1 flSL1 1 , 1n M11
fl 11 ^n 1 L1fl
1 1 1 S fl1
1 1 1y 11 1n fl
L 1 fl fl1
1n Lafl1 11 S fl
fl 1n fl -1 -
Gfl 1 1 1
1 -11 1
1 1n 1 fl =
, , La 11 1 1
1 1 fl1 1 fl 1
fl [' 1 1],
fl ( 1 1 Z1 i 1n
1n fl1 M1
S 1 fl1 1n
, 11
1 L-flfl fl1 fl fl,
1 1 1 1 U fl
fl1 1 1n 1
[ fl1 fl1fl fl S ]
1 fl fl1 26fl fl
fl M1 |n , fl , 1n1
1n [non-negotiable] fl S1
fl1 X, S 1n M fl
S 1 1y fl1 1n 1

1 1n fl 11 1 g fl1
1y fl1 1+ 1 fl 1 1
ijM fl1 1 S 1y , 11 1
1 1 11 fl 26fl1 [NGOised] 1 U 26 fl
fl1 11fl , 1n 1 fl1
fl-fl fl1 flc 1
1 fl fl
fl , 1 11 fl
fl fl Gfl
I 11 fl1 fl1 fl1
1fl fl-fl1 1 fl1 I1
fl flfl 11 1n flfl ,
1 fl
1 1 26fl1 ( 1 1fl
[fl fl1 X 1 &] 11 1S1
fl fl1 fl 11
111 1 , ' [Botox- fl fl
1 1 fl1 - fl] 1 fl1,
[1n fl fl ,
' 1n fl ]
1fl 1 26fl ij XL 1 fl
1 fl11 1 k 1 1
fl fl 1 11 1
fl1 , fl M , 1 fl1
fl fl11 1n fl
1 fl 111 fl 1fl
fl 1 fl1 11 fl1 fl
fl g fl11 1 fl fl,
1fl 1n fl fl fl fl1 fl
fl1 1 1 fl1 11 1, fl 1 fl -fl1 1 2001
S fl11 fl 1fl1 11
( 1 fl 1 fl 1fl
1 fl1 1 fl fl1
Ufl 1 [1n 1 ], flc fl1
1 fl 1 1 fl1 fl1
fl1 fl1 1
1 [ fl 1 11
1 1 fl ] fl 1 fl d
fl fl 1, fl, 1fl,
1 fl fl, Q1 fl, fl1, ,
, L ij1 fl1, , SL 1 q
53

fl, 2012

flf g
flfl fl1 6^ 1n 1 g
fl1 1 1n fl 1 1n 1 g fl 1
1, fl 1
1^fl U 11 1 11 fl
fl1 1^fl 1 , 5
, S 1n fl 1 1
flfl M1 1 [ fl
1 fl1 MMfl 1n fl fl
q ], 1n 1 1 y flS
1 1 fl fl y
flS fl fl1 1 1Q
1 1 fl 1 fl1
1 fl 1 1^ fl 1 1
1- Q1 1
1^flfl 1 fl1, fl1 1n 11
fl fl1 1 fl fl1 fl
fl fl, fl fl 1n-1 fl, fl Z
1n 1 1 fl L1
1fl Nfl1 fl 1,
fl fl11 1n fl = 1
fl1 fl 1n ij
fl1 flfl1 1 11 1-1
fl
1fl1, 1fl , , , 1 1n
1 1fl y1 -fl 1 fl11
1 1 ij 1n
S 1-M1 1 1
fl1 fl fl1 fl fl1 1 fl1
fl1fl fl1 c 1 fl1
fl1 ijM Sfl fl1 1 fl1 g

S G 1 1n 1
fl1 fl 1n S 19601
fl 1fl1 vfl 1 1
1fl 1 fl1 1n fl = fl1 1n
fl Mfl fl 1+L1 fl1 1
fl ; 1
1fl1 G 1fl11 1
1 1 fl 1 [ 1 fl fl1
] fl-fl fl1 flc I I fl- fl 1n vfl L1 1 fl
1 O1 1 S }
fl, 2012

1n 1fl1 G
1970 fl fl fl1 fl
1L fl1 , , M, , 1
S-S 1n fl fl
1y fl1 1yfl 1 1 15
1 , Lfl 1n 1 1
fl fl11 fl 1 fl 1
Si 1 fl 1y fl1
1 fl fl , , 1n
X1 1 1+
1 1 fl 1U 1
fl M 1 G 1n
flfl 1 + 1fl 1
fl -fl 1 fl1 1| fl1
1 fl, 1 1, , "fl, fl"1
G , , I 1n fl
1 1 1 fl 1 I1 1
-I ? flf fl
1 G fl 1 I1
fl1 fl I1 fl 1 1 fl
fl , I =,
1n fl1 flfl fl1 I1 I 1 I ? fl 1 fl fl
M1 fl d
fl1 1 1+
S 1978 1fl1 G
fl1 1
fl1 1 fl
fl1 [ ] 1 1
S 1 fl fl 1n fl fl
1fl 1n fl1
1 [ fl1 G1 fl
fl1 ] fl 1 1fl 1 flS
-1 >
Gfl fl 1y fl1
fl1 vfl fl 1n
11 1 flfl 1
1y fl1 1n flfl 1 1 flfl1
1 fl1 fl 1
G 1 fl L X 1n
fl fl1 , fl fl1
27 1 fl fl11 fl1 1n ,
63

flf g
fl1 fl 1 + fl1 fl1
1 fl1 1 L fl1
L M11 1 1n &fl fl1 ,
fl1 fl 11 fl ,
1 q11 fl , fl1
fl1 1fl11 fl fl 1 1
Mfl1 1n 11 fl
G fl1 2 ij1 fl1 M
1 , 1 Q G
fl fl1 1 fl
1 1 M fl 1 1n C
1 1 fl fl fl1
M1 wLfl Q 1
1fl fl M1 O 11 fl1
1, 1 fl1 fl
fl , L11 1 fl
vfl L11 1 fl fl1 flc
M UU fl1 1+ G
1n 1, L 1n
G1 1 fl1 1 1
1+L1
[Inc] d
-fl 1 fl1 1 fl 1 1
1 G '- fl fl1 flfl 1
fl G G1 1 1 fl1 X
1 1 Lafl
fl fl fl flc
11 11 1 fl
fl fl 2,
1n fl1 fl fl fl
11 11 1
ijfl fl
( fl L 1n S fl
flc , L 11
1 , 1n fl
fl fl1, fl,
1 1 fl fl fl fl1
G1 1 fl1 fl
Zflfl fl1 1 1 fl1 1
fl flfl -1 g fl1 1
1 M fl1 1 11
7 1n 1 fl 11 fl
1 , 1 fl 1 2

1 fl 11 1 1 -1 1
fl '1 |1 1 fl1
1 x 1n Lfl1 1y
1 M 0 1 fl1 1n
[C 1 1n 11 fl 1
fl]1 fl1 0 fl11 fl 1
M S1 S 1928 1y
a1 |flfl1 1 1, t
fl1 |fl |1 fl1 fl M1 ,
S L1, flfl 1
1 1 1 Mfl , [1n fl 11
fl flfl fl ] fl1
fl , fl 1
flfl1 Sfl1
fl1 t fl1
a1 1n fl 1+ ,
1 1nX fl 1n 1fl fl1 1 1
1y fl1 1n1 1 |n fl
fl11 1 fl1L 1n
Lfl1 1 1 1 1
[fl 11 |fl |1 1
fl1 1] fl1 X1 1n 1
fl , 1n U 1 1
1fl 1 [ fl &1nQ, flc fl fl
1 1 11 fl1] 1 -1
flf fl1
fl M 1 fl 1y
Gfl 1 ij 1
[targeted] fl- 1y 19901
fl1 1, fl 1 1y 1
1 1 11 1fl
1 1 50 1
, 1n fl 50 1
1 fl 1n 1 P
1 1 [India Initiative]
1yfl 5 11 1
I1- f 1
f1 1 10 11 fl1 x
f I1 1
, 1n M G 11 1
fl 1n
I G vfl 1y
fl11 fl [ G fl
73

fl, 2012

flf g
] fl 1 1 1
1 G G- :fl 11
1n M fl1
1 G- i, 1^ 1fl1,
1 1n fl fl1 fl fl1 flfl1
1 11 fl1, 111
fl flfl fl 1= 1 x fl
1 1 fl 1 1 G 1fl1
G1
15 1 , 1fl fl, 1fl
[fl -1 1nX 1
M fl1 1 ], fl 1n
1fl1 1 1n fl-fl fl1
1 1 G1 fl-fl1
fl 11 fl
fl1 1n fl 26, 1 =
fl1 1fl U fl 11 1n
1fl, fl 1n 1fl flfl fl1 1
fl1 fl 1n fl i fl1
1 1 G1 1fl,
fl 1n 1fl X fl1 fl1 fl1 ,
X 1 flc
fl1 fl 11 fl 1 1n
fl 1 1 a fl11 1 fl1,
1 X1 U 2007
1 fl1 11 1
fl 1 fl 11 3,200
fl 11 1 , 1 1 1n
fl fl1 a-a, fl a,
fl, X 1n 11 1 S fl1
1
1 fl a a1 1
fl1 fl X1 fl 1,
1fl 1n 11 a fl1 1
1 1 1 1 fl1 flS d,
fl
1n1 fl X1 fl
flS fl fl1, x fl M1
1n 1 1 X 1fl fl
fl11 -fl -1 [1n fl,
fl1 fl ] 1-1 Sn1fl
fl U yfl 1n 1fl fl1 1
fl 1 1-fl L 1n
fl, 2012

Gfl1 1 fl M11
1fl 1 1fl
gQ fl1 fl fl
fl fl S []
fl 1 11 fl fl
1 y flfl1 1
( [I1 flG1 1 1
fl1 fl1 fl1] 1, , fl
1n M 1 1-, 1n Gfl Lfl
1 fl 1 Gfl fl 1
1 fl 1Q,
1fl U1 1 1
1 1n fl1 fl1 1fl S1
fl1 flF fl1
1 1 G1 fl 11
fl 1G fl1, G, fl,
nfl [1 1
1 fl 1n 1
fl Lafl M fl1, fl fl
1fl1 fl 1n fl, 1M 1n 1
fl1, 1n fl ijM, 1, i 1n
1 1 fl Lfl ]
1 1 ' G1 1
[1 1, 1 fl1 6 fl1
fl ]
1 M 1 fl, 1
flfl LM 1n fl1 S fl fl1
(1 fl ,
, 11 1n 1fl flfl1 fl
fl1 fl 1fl 1 1n
fl1 1 L 1n fl11 1 S
fl 1
flc fl 11 1 ML 1 N,
X fl1 1n 1fl M 1 fl1 fl1 M
1 La fl1 N fl fl1
1 fl1 1 1 1
' fl, fl1fl fl,
1 1 flfl fl1 fl1
1 1n 11
'1 1fl
fl1fl g , fl , C
fl 11 1 1
1flfl y fl 1 1 1nX fl
83

flf g

fl 5 fl1 1 1 1nX
fl, 1 1nX fl, 1 1nX fl, 1
1nX fl, =1 1nX =fl 1 fl1 fl fl1
fl 1n N fl 1
1n ^ Rfl fl1
1 1 fl 1^ flfl 1 fl
X fl flfl 1 fl1 1nX
fl1
fl 1 S
x Ufl 1 Lfl
M i 11 X1 1 6.9
1 Lfl
flfl 1 1
, M fl1 fl ( 1
1 M 11
1 fl fl1 fl 1 fl M
1+L1 fl1 1 wL fl
1 1 fl1 1fl fi8 N
fl fl t fl1 1
1 fl fl1 1 flfl1
1 fl X1 fl1 1 fl X 1n
S 1n
1 U 1 I1 1
fl fl1,
,
1 1n fl fl1 1
1S1 fl1 1 1- q q flfl
1n 1+L1 fl1 1 flG fl

Afl1 I fl
fl1 1 flL1 Z?1
I fl fl1,
[ x1 fl 3-5 fl1
1 S fl1 fl] 1n
fl1 flfl
fl1 ^ fl fl 5 fl1
fl I Z? ,
fl 1 XL
1n 1 1 1 11 fl1
fl fl11 V fl 1 1 1

1 I fl11 1
1^ 1n 126i1 fl fl1 fl
1 fl 11 flfl
26i 1 fl fl
2 1n M | 1 fl
1 fl, 1
1 g i 11 s q fl-fl
L1 I1 =1fl1 1 1
Rfl fl1 fl1 ; , y 1fl
1 1fl fl1
I1 8 fl1 1fl 1 fl1
1fl 1 1 y 1 M

fl fl:1 26 , 2012 1 fl fl 1ng 11 'Capitalism : A Ghost

Story' g1 fl fl1 fl

1 flfl fl1 fl 11 S , fl
- fl1 1n fl 1 V fl
fl1 1 flQ fl 1 1 fl 1 1 fl1 , flfl M1 1
1n , 1 1n qfl -1 ( 1 1 &fl ,
1 1 1 fl1 Q fl11 1

93

fl, 2012