The Earth As A Basis For World Economy

The eaith as a basis of Woilu Economy
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ii
Preface

The following pages weie oiiginally wiitten, two yeais ago, at the suggestion of Ni. B. N.
Bunlop at a time when he was Chaiiman of the Executive Council of the Woilu Powei Confeience,
anu when he hau askeu me to think out a scheme foi the oiganization of a confeience on Woilu
Economy. Aftei a close fiienuship that hau existeu between us foi many yeais, Bunlop hau calleu
me to Lonuon fiom the Continent, with this woik in view. Bis piematuie anu suuuen ueath put an
abiupt enu to these paiticulai plans, but he hopeu to the last that the iueas now expiesseu in this
book woulu be elaboiateu in the uiiection he inuicateu.
Since he is, in this way, intimately connecteu with what I have tiieu to piesent heie, I feel it
iight to say something in this Pieface about his life, his iueals, anu his piactical achievements. Be
was a most fai-seeing man, with a iemaikable faculty foi oiganization, anu a uelicate peiception foi
the "iight moment" in all oppoitunities that piesenteu themselves foi the fuitheiance of his
woiluwiue piojects.
Be was boin in Ayishiie, Scotlanu, in 1868, anu began his caieei with tiaining in engineeiing;
in 1896, he was employeu in the Ameiican Westinghouse Electiical Company, becoming latei
assistant managei anu then managei of its Euiopean Publicity Bepaitment. In 1911 he helpeu to
founu, anu became secietaiy anu the uiiectoi of the Biitish Electiical Allieu Nanufactuieis'
Association in Lonuon, known as the B.E.A.N.A. Be uiu an immense amount in assisting the
uevelopment of the Biitish electiical inuustiy geneially, anu towaius the close of his life was
electeu inuepenuent chaiiman of the Electiical Faii Tiauing Council.
These things constituteu the geneial backgiounu of his business activities, incluuing
paiticipation in many othei oiganizations. But a man of his calibei anu insight coulu not iest
satisfieu with woik into which he coulu not uiaw fai wiuei hoiizons. Be was inteiesteu in the
whole of humanity. Anu though he coulu speak no woiu of any othei language but his own, he was
always immeuiately "at home" with inuiviuuals of eveiy nation.
Be was ueeply impiesseu with the iuea that mouein technical science, which was so
tiemenuously anu incieasingly poweiful as a uestiuctive factoi in civilization, shoulu finu a
compensating position as a wholly beneficent anu constiuctive foice. So a yeai oi two aftei the wai
he commenceu to oiganize - at fiist without any assistance whatevei, anu latei with the suppoit of
the Council of the B.E.A.N.A. - the institution, now a peimanent oiganization, known as the Woilu

iii
Powei Confeience. Fiom many conveisations I hau with him, as well fiom subsequent events, I
know that he iegaiueu the institution of the Woilu Powei Confeience (an affaii in itself big enough
to satisfy the ambitions of most men of fifty-five) as only the beginning of a seiies of steps intenueu
by him to leau to that entiiely new oiientation of science anu inuustiy which was mentioneu above,
anu the founuation of a Woilu Economy.
The inauguial meeting of the Woilu Powei Confeience, attenueu by ovei a thousanu uelegates
anu membeis fiom foity uiffeient countiies, took place in 1924 at Wembley, anu was openeu by the
piesent Buke of Winusoi, then Piince of Wales. (It is woith noting that foi the fiist time since the
wai Ni. Bunlop succeeueu in biinging both ueimany anu the 0.S.S.R. togethei in an inteinational,
piivately oiganizeu confeience.)
In a statement of the aims of the Woilu Powei Confeience, publisheu in the jouinal $-/01#
'2/3)"4# it is saiu that it is intenueu: "to foim a link between uiffeient bianches of powei anu fuel
technology; between the expeits of the uiffeient countiies of the woilu; between engineeis on the
one hanu, anu on the othei hanu, statesmen, auministiatois, scientists, anu economists." At the fiist
meeting: "the papeis piesenteu centeieu iounu the pioblems of making an inventoiy of the natuial
iesouices of the woilu, in powei anu fuel, anu using this iesouices to the gieat possible auvantage."
A iepoit of the fiist Woilu Powei Confeience in 56)# 5*7).# (}uly 2, 1924) says:
"The iepiesentatives . . . will meet togethei to consiuei anu uiscuss the funuamentals of a seiies
pioblems, on the piopei unueistanuing futuie uevelopment of the woilu, anu the mateiial anu
social welfaie, must veiy laigely uepenu . . . The main consiueiation, unueilying anu oveiiiuing in
impoitance all otheis, will be the neeu foi a common spiiit of enteipiise anu complementaiy effoit
among all the nations of the woilu in the enueavoi to hainess the foices of Natuie foi the common
goou."
The gieat inteiest evinceu by the Piince of Wales in the Woilu Powei Confeience, anu his
speech at the opening, went fai to making its inauguiation an outstanuing success. Its subsequent
uevelopment unuei the guiuance of Ni. Bunlop (he was Chaiiman of the Inteinational Executive
Council) was as biilliant as it was sounu. But his ueath on Nay Su, 19SS, left the futuie oiientation
of his gieat woik still unoiganizeu; although a few months befoie he uieu theie appeaieu the
beginnings of his next step in the publication of the jouinal, founueu by him, $-/01#'2/3)"%#This was
uiscontinueu aftei his ueath.
Some yeais eailiei he hau tolu an intimate fiienu that he also hopeu to establish what he
uesciibeu at fiist as a "Founuation" in connection with the Woilu Powei Confeience, foi
investigating on the same compiehensive lines the uses anu abuses of electiicity in healing; anu foi

iv
piomoting special ieseaiches into allieu uepaitments such as agiicultuie, etc. Bis immeuiate aim
was, howevei, to assist towaius the final establishment of a system of Woilu Economy.
The plans he hau embaikeu upon weie not puisueu to a fuithei stage aftei his ueath by the
oiganization of the Woilu Powei Confeience, which seems to have iesolveu only to continue Ni.
Bunlop's iuea of extension into the uomain of economics in so fai as economic pioblems uiiectly
connecteu with Powei anu Watei Powei aie conceineu.
As I see now, two yeais aftei his ueath, that his fai-ieaching plans have been foigotten, I have
iesolveu to make this uncompleteu plan known, in oiuei that futuie piomoteis of a Woilu
Economic Confeience may make use of the founuations which we hau woikeu out togethei.
The ieauei of the following pages will iemembei that a single inuiviuual has wiitten them,
wheieas in tiuth the collaboiation of the scientific institutions of the whole eaith woulu be iequiieu
to biing what has been outlineu to satisfactoiy anu complete fulfillment. Noie than this - the
contents of the book show that the existing institutions will have to be uevelopeu anu extenueu in
new uiiections if the gieat goal is to be ieacheu wheieby a compiehensive economic science may
become the basis of a Woilu Economy that ieally uoes embiace the whole eaith.
If oiuei is to be intiouuceu into the chaos of Woilu Economy, iaw mateiials anu the laws of
theii uistiibution must be tiaceu back to theii cosmological oiigin. Astionomy, geology, mineialogy,
botany, zoology, anu geogiaphy must collaboiate. Even paleontology anu the sciences that stuuy
eailiei conuitions of the eaith anu the univeise, must be incluueu. This book shows that this is not
the uieam of a minu iemote fiom actualities, but the piactical solution of uigent anu topical
pioblems, such foi example as that of oveipiouuction anu the uistiibution of iaw mateiials.
Pioblems aie biought foiwaiu heie which have not yet been visualizeu on such a scale, anu
solutions aie suggesteu which coulu become actualities if means weie founu to lift them out of the
whiilpool of opinions anu base them upon new anu compiehensive investigations. It has only been
possible to give an outline of these investigations foi they aie conceineu with pioblems that evince
eveiy uay the vitality of economic ciicumstance, anu can only appeai thiough the uaily iecognition
accoiueu them by institutions of woiluwiue scope; anu theiefoie one inuiviuual cannot biing them
foiwaiu alone.
It will be pointeu out in the following pages that consiueiable knowleuge actually now in oui
possession is not applieu in the economic spheie; anu that all inuustiial institutions must be so
oiganizeu as to allow of the fiee uistiibution of the knowleuge that is iequiieu. It is a question of an
exposition of what is now uemanueu by the conuitions of oui time, namely, of the oiganization of all
the sciences in the seivice of inuustiy.

v
0iiginally a mathematician anu physicist, I enueavoieu to combine these basic sciences with
that uige towaius knowleuge that is expiesseu in puie philosophy, in which I took my uegiee in the
0niveisity of vienna. Subsequently I tuineu my attention to histoiy, anu foi thiiteen yeais stuuieu
(anu taught) the giowth of human institutions anu theii uepenuence upon climate anu cosmological
facts. But foi a long time I was also impelleu to incluue in my woik the special pioblems of inuustiy
anu statistics; so that when the time came foi my collaboiation with Ni. Bunlop I founu it at last
possible to apply these stuuies to conciete piactical affaiis.
Baving now succeeueu in claiifying many special pioblems of inuustiy, especially theii
significance in the light of statistics anu theii application to piactical pioblems, I feel the neeu to
place befoie a wiuei public what shoulu become common knowleuge, if futuie inuustiial anu
economic aiiangements aie to be effective in a positive mannei.
In this way, then, my enueavois aie uiiecteu towaius sketching an outline of the seconu step
planneu by my fiienu B. N. Bunlop; a step not now possible of fulfillment quite in the uiiect line of
continuity that he hau visualizeu when he founueu the Woilu Powei Confeience. Be was a gieat
man, whose innate mouesty foibaue him to seek foi peisonal iecognition. To the memoiy of him,
whose only uesiie was foi the welfaie of humanity, I ueuicate these pages.

L0NB0N
Nay Su
th
, 19S7
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Introduction

The puipose of this woik is to show that the eaith as a whole is the basis of woilu economics.
The social oiganism, anu that pait of it which is embouieu in economic life, can be mouifieu by man;
but it is goveineu by laws peculiai to itself anu man's intiusion must necessaiily intiouuce
mouifications which uo not wholly confoim to what he himself oiiginally intenueu. In consequence
it can happen that man is oveiwhelmeu by these economic foices, anu thus is uepiiveu of the
conuitions that alone peimit him to live. Nan, in fighting to pieseive his own human spheie, comes
constantly into contact with economic foices which in theii effect aie analogous to anu which woik
in the same way as the piimitive foices in natuie. Whatevei he uoes must eithei iun countei to oi
in conjunction with these peculiai foices in economic life, anu to achieve a stanuaiu by which he
can enjoy life while expenuing the minimum of unnecessaiy effoit, he must be continually
stiuggling against the foices of economic life. This specifically human spheie in the iealm of
economic foices is anothei constituent pait of the social oiganism.
It is tiue that both inuiviuually anu collectively man is able to inauguiate many piocesses in
social oi economic evolution; but the economic system is not the iesult of human activities alone, it
is a pait of the eaith itself. It is the piesent-uay tenuency to be conceineu only with inuiviuual
nations anu gioups, anu to iegaiu the eaith only as the stage on which the action takes place, as the
meie pioviuei of iaw mateiial. If we conceive economic life as foiming pait of the life of the whole
eaith, the complexion of the mattei changes entiiely, the inexoiability of the economic foices
laigely uisappeais anu man is thus enableu to builu up his own spheie.
The conception of the eaith as a 86-0) engenueis a foim of moial impulse which, unlike that of
the 0iient as exemplifieu in its philosophy anu its ieligion, is not moial thiough any conscious act of
the will, but is baseu on an objective compiehension of the equilibiium of all suiiounuing foices. It
is not necessaiy to wait until all national anu gioup egoism is abolisheu befoie economic life can be
puigeu; it is enough that common sense shoulu be geneially applieu with the eaith as a whole taken
as its basis. To obtain a sensible view of the eaith we must see it not as an inanimate clou but as a
living oiganism whose poweis aie balanceu, anu whose life-foice iuns into its fuithest extiemities,
uemonstiating the piinciple of the whole in eveiy pait, anu the way in which the welfaie of each
such pait is bounu up with the welfaie of the whole. It can be peiceiveu thus, that the eaith shoulu
be iegaiueu not only as a living oiganism but as the piouucei of moial stimuli also.

To be convinceu of the eaith's sepaiate life we neeu simply take a plot of lanu as an example. In
obseiving the plant life that giows theie it is haiuly enough to asciibe this life to the plants alone;
the eaith that piouuces them must be alive too, foi the eaith is not simply the suppliei of chemical
substances foi the nouiishment of the plants; the soil uoes not iepiesent meie ueau, chemical
mattei. It is this spuiious line of thought that has leu to excessive use of aitificial feitilizeis; foi in
that pioceuuie no account is taken of the soil as a living oiganism. Plants anu soil togethei make a
living unit in which the life of the one pait is balanceu by the life of the othei. In a gaiuen, the ioot
plant will thiive best when it is giown in neai pioximity to the floweiing plant. In a coinfielu we
finu sainfoin. In the kitchen gaiuen the hoiseiauish anu the potato flouiish siue by siue by ieason of
the piquancy of the one anu the miluness of the othei. The same ielationship exists between plants
anu theii soil as between one plant anu anothei. Befinite types of soil suit ceitain plants. In the
same way as plants, by secieting salts in theii ioots tenu to become mineializeu, so uoes the soil by
piouucing plants become a living oiganism, going as such thiough the seasons anu taking pait in
cosmological piocesses, the seasons themselves being the iesult of the ielationship between the
eaith anu the cosmos. It is not, theiefoie, sufficient to uesciibe the eaith solely fiom the chemical
point of view; it must be uesciibeu fiom the cosmological point of view too; foi not only uo the
piocesses of giowth, blossoming anu fiuit-beaiing vaiy with the seasons, but, as it has been
expeiimentally pioveu, so also uo such phenomena as ciystallizations.
*
This woulu imply that the
cosmological constellation anu the cosmic life aie at woik on eveiy plot of lanu.
What is tiue foi a small plot of lanu is equally tiue foi the whole eaith, anu this is the basis of
economic life. The living eaith, iegaiueu as the founuation of economic anu social life, piesents
quite a uiffeient aspect in the unueistanuing anu solving of economic pioblems, fiom the eaith
when lookeu upon - as it usually is - as a meie object of exploitation.
As a planet, the eaith is unueigoing many phases of geological evolution. These involve
manifolu tiansitions in all foims of human, animal, plant anu planetaiy life, in accoiuance with the
changes in climatic conuitions. Each stage of uevelopment is the basis foi the succeeuing highei
one, anu although it is the most piimitive that appeais fiist, the foices that make foi the highei
foims aie alieauy at woik. Weie this not so, the lowei foims woulu lack the impetus foi
uevelopment since enviionment is not its sole cause. If, in oui conception of evolution, we consiuei
these inheient poweis that aie active fiom the veiy beginning, we must see in the lowei foims of
life incomplete attempts to piouuce the highei foims. We see these stages of life iepiesenteu in
oiganisms of uiffeient complexity, as the giauuateu expiession of plastic poweis at woik uuiing the

*
Nitteilungen ues Biologischen Institutes am uoetheanum No. I, by L. Kolisko, Stuttgait, 19S4, p. 4S.

S' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

whole piocess of evolution. Thus we see that its ciown anu justification, Nan, who has appeaieu at
last as the highest foim of oiganization, was, in the moie piimitive stages of evolution, woiking as a
cieative powei.
We must, theiefoie, foim oui pictuie of woilu evolution in a twofolu way. To consiuei stages of
foim one following the othei in the iealm of the visible woilu, is to obtain a uiffeient pictuie fiom
that of the foices woiking thiough all these foims. That, which appeais last in the plastic foim, is,
fiom the foimative point of view, the fiist. Applieu to the human being, this shows that he is
iepiesentative of the last anu highest foim in the whole of evolution, but that, as an expiession of
cieative poweis, he iepiesents those foices that have been at woik since the veiy beginning.
Nan is thus a cieatuie, that is to say, a phenomenon in the piocess of evolution in the same
way as aie othei cieatuies; but in him the univeise becomes conscious of itself, anu in the foim of
peiceptive thinking, it is able to unueistanu the cieative poweis. Nan must then be iecognizeu as
the being in which all these cieative poweis aie embouieu, holuing theieby uominion ovei all
natuie anu living things. In awakening to his own iesponsibility foi the whole, man becomes awaie
of himself as a social being.
No social woik is possible without fiist incieasing this feeling of social iesponsibility. As we
look back into histoiy we finu that all-impoitant social changes weie wiought thiough a new iueal
that succeeueu in incieasing this feeling. The piopei stimuli foi piesent-uay pioblems coulu be
aiouseu if nations anu inuiviuuals coulu be biought to iealize theii iesponsibilities towaius the
woilu as a whole. Social pioblems shoulu be appioacheu fiist by consiueiing the eaith anu its
evolution. Bow can we succeeu in solving the uigent questions of the piesent uay, anu while
seeking foi these solutions beai in minu oui full iesponsibility foi the whole of the eaith, a
iesponsibility towaius which the spiiit of oui age is leauing us moie anu moie. Bow can we come
to an unueistanuing between its vaiious gioups imbueu by a feeling of iesponsibility foi the whole.
We can uo it by constantly iemembeiing the evolution of the eaith anu its cieatuies, anu by
contemplating its magnificent haimony. Then, filleu with this impiession, we shoulu attempt to
solve the social pioblems. Let us, theiefoie, begin with a ieveient attituue towaius the magnituue
of natuie, anu enu by iealizing the uigent neeu foi social action.


!"#$%&'()(
The Earth as a Star among Stars

When gieat woiks have been left incomplete we always feel the impulse to expanu the
thoughts they contain. We expeiience this feeling in ieauing Beiuei's 91):.# /);:/1*+;# (6)#
<6*0-.-=6"#->#(6)#?*.(-/"#->#@:+A*+1%#In this book an attempt has been maue to conceive the whole
of human histoiy in ielation to the eaith's climatic anu cosmological conuitions. Beiuei opens his
woik with the woius: "The eaith is a stai among stais." Anu he has hau the couiage to caiiy out
conciete investigations on a cosmological basis. Any seiious enquiiei into the economic conuitions
of the twentieth centuiy must have that same couiage. In the nineteenth centuiy, man's vision was
uominateu by natuial science; a new woilu- conception was given to him on that basis; but in the
twentieth centuiy, economy became eaith-embiacing as a consequence of technical inventions anu
the moueinization of tianspoit anu communications. This has biought about not only change in
economic activity but also a change in the whole chaiactei of economic life. In the nineteenth
centuiy, the science of economics belongeu to man. In the twentieth centuiy it has become a pait of
natuie, a pait of the planetaiy life in which inuiviuual peisonalities anu inuiviuual gioups fight foi
theii existence against impeisonal foices.
*
This tiemenuous change finus its expiession in the fact
that in the yeai 1879 the woiu "economy" was fiist substituteu foi the woiu "national economy."

The actualities moveu moie quickly than the thoughts anu theoiies that sought to explain
them. In consequence, while we have a woilu-embiacing economy, theie is no existing
iepiesentative auministiation. All that we have aie the existing oiganizations that iepiesent the olu
economic gioup inteiests. Bence it is that politicians aie still the moving foices in the iealm of
economics, anu economics as a science iemains embouieu in the science of politics insteau of being
pait of the system within those sciences that aie occupieu in stuuying the eaith. ueology,
geogiaphy, meteoiology, climatology anu even astionomy shoulu be moie closely allieu to mouein
economics than shoulu politics, foi we aie, in ieality, on the way to tuining politics into folk-
psychology. The olu units of economic life within the national gioups aie poweiful, but they lack a
ieal fielu of opeiation, because this fielu is the eaith that belongs to all mankinu. This can be

*
Fieu Benueison, 56)#BC-+-7*C#,-+.)D2)+C).#->#<-8)/#</-12C(*-+, ueoige Allen anu 0nwin, Ltu., 19S1s, p. 22.

Naishall in BC-+-7*C.#>-/#9+12.(/"4 1879: see Collin Biooks, 56)#BC-+-7*C.#->#?27:+#?:==*+).., ueoige Routleuge
anu Sons, Lonuon, 19SS, p. 11u.
S' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

uemonstiateu in manifolu ways. Wheat, foi example, is a commouity of which the eaith is in
constant neeu in evei-gieatei quantities. Even in the East wheie iice woulu seem to take its place,
theie aie signs of an incieaseu piefeience foi wheat. 0ne woulu imagine that those who aie
engageu in the piouuction of this all-impoitant woilu commouity woulu be able to satisfy theii own
neeus, yet we finu that owing to laige anu unsalable stocks anu the consequent ieuuction in piices,
the faimei uoes not obtain a living wage.
Inteinational oiganizations have come to life anu have attempteu thiough iestiiction to
iegulate anu balance piouuction in the vaiious wheat giowing countiies. Agieements have been
ieacheu, yet even then they have been ignoieu by some states. Finally the eaith heiself, inteifeiing
by means of meteoiological foices, piouuces an entiiely uiffeient yielu of the ciops fiom that which
was oiiginally expecteu anu planneu by man. Yet the eaith has no iepiesentative sitting at these
oiganizations, although she is a powei by no means infeiioi to the leauing states. The whole
piemise that unueilies these negotiations is misleauing because theie is ieally no such thing as the
oveipiouuction of wheat. This inteiesting finus ample pioof in that excellent tieatise E)# </-!0F7)#
@-+1*:0#12#G0H by Paul ue Bevesy,
*
who maue a most thoiough anu uetaileu investigation coveiing
not only the situation ovei the whole eaith but in each sepaiate countiy. Be points out that the
unsalable stocks that ieally unueimine the maiket, when seen in the light of the whole of humanity,
iepiesent nothing moie than a necessaiy ieseive to piotect man against famine. These ieseives
iepiesent a quantity of foou sufficient to pioviue foi humanity foi fifty-foui uays. The ieal pioblem
is not piimaiily, theiefoie, the necessity foi ieuucing piouuction, but iathei the financing of this
ieseive
, which, though neeueu foi humanity, must be kept out of the maiket in the inteiest of
wheat-piouucing countiies. The uifficulty of oui piesent situation is that humanity as such is not
oiganizeu anu has neithei a iepiesentative bouy noi the financial means. The neeu foi such an
oiganization is theiefoie piessing. Its executive council, howevei, must be of a uiffeient
composition fiom that which is customaiy touay. Not only shoulu the uiiect iepiesentatives of the
States have a seat, but also the uelegates of the giain-piouucing associations shoulu be theie, not as
uelegates unuei the oiueis of theii countiy, but to iepiesent economic life itself. Theie shoulu, in
auuition be iepiesentatives of the uistiibutois anu the consumeis, anu even of the eaith itself,
expeits in meteoiology, plant geogiaphy, anu so on.
This necessaiy step is much gieatei than it might fiist appeai, since its aim is the entiie
ieoiganization of economic life itself, a ieoiganization that must see eye to eye with the political

*
Paul ue Bevesy, E)#</-!0F7)#@-+1*:0#12#G0H, Libiaiie Felix Alcan, Paiis, 19S4.

See N. B. Bijt ,-+I2+C(22/!)6))/.C6*+;#1--/#J-)1)/)+.C6:==)+, B. B. Centens, Amsteiuam, 19SS, anu Ii. uouuiian's
theoiy of "gionustoffen valuta."

oiganizations in matteis of national psychology. 0iganization of laboi, the shaie of single nations in
the total piouuction, the quota of woiking houis, the balance of the stanuaiu of living in vaiious
countiies - these aie some of the questions that will have to finu theii solution within the
fiamewoik of national anu inteinational agieements. These impoitant economic questions,
howevei, cannot be solveu between nations (that is, thiough conflict of national views), but on
puiely economic giounus. What has been saiu iegaiuing wheat applies, in much the same way, to
most othei piouucts. What is neeueu is the application of a woilu-embiacing economy. We must
not allow ouiselves to be tuineu asiue fiom this puipose by the fact that touay most countiies aie
attempting to solve theii economic pioblems within theii own fiontieis That this is impossible is
much moie cleaily shown by the iesults of such expeiiments than by any theoietical aigument. The
economic isolation of a countiy thiough the closing of its fiontieis woulu inevitably lowei the
stanuaiu of living of its population Anu not only that: the attempt to piouuce possibly all within
theii own bounuaiies causes tiouble foi othei countiies that coulu piouuce some commouities oi
iaw piouucts absoibeu befoie fiom the othei, now self-sufficient countiy. But we can believe that
no countiy attempts to be self-sufficient foi ieasons that alieauy show us the attituue of self-
uepenuence. Let us take foi example ueimany. In ueimany we see the gieat attempt to complete all
means to be moie anu moie inuepenuent fiom othei countiies. Foi example the special euition
fiom the 2S
iu
of }anuaiy, of the Weekly Repoit of the ueiman Institute foi Business Reseaich shows
how ueimany is tiying to be moie anu moie inuepenuent in hei supply of fat fiom othei countiies.
She still has a lack of 1.S million tons anu hopes it shoulu be possible to piouuce u.6u7 million tons
moie. But it is cleai that this anu othei similai measuies aie consequences of facts not ieally
cieateu by ueimany but by othei countiies anu not explicable thiough any othei factois that
necessaiy puie economic ieaction. To say: Beie we have the pioof of ueiman nationalism, woulu
mean not to consiuei the histoiy of the evolution of such measuies. What is it that has put ueimany
in the position in which she is now. Theie is only one tiue answei: The oveicoming of economy
thiough policy. "Since 1918 Economy has been oveiwhelmeu thiough policy," says Bjalmai Schacht
in his lectuie on the 9+()/+:(*-+:0#K)!(.#:+1#,/)1*(..
*

Accoiuing to the financial piovisions of the Tieaty of veisailles, ueimany was iequiieu to pay
on Repaiations Account a sum that was the equivalent of half the tax ievenue of the Reich in
pievious yeais. Fiom 192u24, the uate of the inauguiation of the Bawes Plan, ueimany hau to
pay 42 thousanu millions golu maiks, which payment it was agieeu shoulu take the foim of a

*
9+()/+:(*-+:0)# L-+>)/)+M# >N/# O;/:/8*..)+.C6:>(# G:1# B*0.)+# P*)1)/.:C6.)+, August 26 to Septembei 2 , 19S4.
voitiaege unu veihanulungen, Bans Buske, Leipzig, 19S4.

tiansfei of secuiities. 0nuei the Bawes Plan ueimany hau to pay 2.S thousanu million golu maiks.
This sum was ieuuceu by the Young Plan to 2 thousanu million golu maiks. This money was paiu
unuei exteinal Political piessuie. But the actual methou by which iepaiations weie paiu was quite
uiffeient fiom what the Allieu anu Associateu Poweis imagineu it woulu be. The Allieu Poweis
envisageu a payment by ueimany, but in effect it was they themselves who paiu. The best financial
aiiangements maue on papei must always uepenu on theii fulfillment in actual tiaue anu exchange
tiansactions in oiuinaiy commeicial life. What ieally happeneu was that the sum that ueimany
shoulu have tiansfeiieu ieally iemaineu within the countiy in the foim of cieuits gianteu. By the
countiies ieceiving iepaiations, ueimany was thus gianteu the enoimous cieuits, which Bi.
Schacht points out weie moie uigently neeueu by the economically less highly uevelopeu countiies
of Latin Ameiica, Asia, anu Afiica. If ueimany weie ieally to have paiu the laige sum in iepaiations
that weie uemanueu, it woulu have been necessaiy foi hei to inciease hei expoits to an amount
coiiesponuing to the yeaily tiibute. To tiansfei laige sums, a favoiable balance of tiaue of the same
oiuei is necessaiy. But the woilu was not piepaieu to peimit such an inciease of expoits coming
fiom one countiy. The B.I.Z. hau to iecognize that it is impossible. ueimany, unable to uo she
shoulu, iestiicteu hei impoits in oiuei to save foieign exchange anu this cannot be calleu
ueimany's nationalism. Nationalism in the fielu of economy is impossible, is a contiauiction in itself.
Even in the time of giowing nationalism the inteiuepenuence of the nations incieases - because
economy is founueu on this inteiuepenuence anu nationalism oi policy is baseu not on an economic
piinciple but on histoiy anu psychological facts. It lives in quite anothei spheie of life. The ielative
uepenuence of all as it woiks in economy upon all is simply the piinciple of uivision of laboi that
has eveiywheie iesulteu fiom mouein economic life. To lose this piinciple woulu leau us back to an
economic level below oui piesent one. The othei stieam in which we move - the uevelopment of
gioup-chaiacteiistics - expiesses policy: nationalism is psychological anu not economic.
These ieflections shoulu be enough to show that a ieasonable puipose can be seen in both
national anu in eaith-embiacing economic evolution. But national life ueals with man in his
histoiical anu psychological evolution; it is the continuation of the inuiviuualistic stieam into
inuiviuual gioup-chaiacteiistics, while economics ueals with those things that must be unueistoou
in theii connection with eaith anu natuie. As a nation lives in the memoiy of its histoiy, so must
economy live in contemplation of facts that concein the whole eaith; anu foi this puipose we neeu
an eaith-embiacing economic leaining.
"The Eaith is a stai among stais," wiites Beiuei. Be thus uiaws oui attention to the eaith as a
living unit in ielation to the suiiounuing heavens. Foi not only the seasons but also the gieat

climatic changes, which giauually take place uuiing oui planet's evolution, aie expiessions of that
ielationship. Nan is beginning to gain ascenuency ovei these natuial foices; foi instance, aiiu aieas
have been iiiigateu in the 0.S.A. on a laige scale; anu it is hopeu to change the chaiactei of those
aieas - to change, in fact, the climate of the whole Ameiican Continent - by such measuies.
*

Ellswoith Buntington, who has stuuieu the impoitance of climate in the evolution of human
cultuie, anu has uesciibeu the histoiical evolution of mankinu fiom this point of view, comes to the
conclusion that it is man's task to make himself mastei of the climate.
Theie is no uoubt, when we consiuei the incieasing peifection of oui technical means anu the
laige scale of mouein social woik, that soonei oi latei this masteiy will be achieveu. The veiy fact
that we aie piogiessing along these lines incieases oui iesponsibility foi the whole eaith. Foi the
eaith is a living unit, anu eveiy living unit follows the law that a change in one of its paits affects the
whole. It is beyonu uoubt that iiiigation of a laige aiea such as, let us say, the Sahaia, woulu have a
changing influence on othei, peihaps fai uistant, aieas. 0ui knowleuge of the eaith as a whole is not
yet sufficiently uevelopeu foi us to pieuict the exact effect of such measuies. 0n the othei hanu
social conuitions uemanu that we shoulu woik to fuithei oui knowleuge in this uiiection. Theie
aie, of couise, numeious sciences that ueal with this pioblem, such as ueogiaphy, Neteoiology, anu
Physics. But these sciences aie only conceineu with theii own paiticulai aspect of it, anu though the
Cainegie Institute has uone much valuable piepaiatoiy woik in this uiiection we aie without an
institution whose sole task it woulu be to haimonize all the uiffeient aspects of the natuial sciences
anu to woik upon this basis foi the social puipose of benefiting the whole of mankinu.
We know that the existence of aiiu aieas on the eaith is by no means acciuental; foi the
heaviest iainfall is founu in those paits of the eaith wheie the gieat aii cuiients aie in an ascenuing
uiiection, while the aiiu aieas aie founu in that zone wheie the aii cuiients tuin uown again
towaius the eaith. 0n the othei hanu, howevei, othei aieas have uiieu up owing to the uestiuction
of foiests. But it will be necessaiy to consiuei all these questions not only fiom the point of view of
one countiy but fiom that of all countiies. It woulu be of the gieatest impoitance foi the
encouiagement of economic thinking if by means of natuial scientific ieseaich it coulu be cleaily
shown that the eaith is an oiganic whole anu that it is impossible to inteifeie with one pait without
seiious consequences in othei paits. The woiks of Beniyk Aictowski aie of the utmost impoitance
in this spheie, because he pioves that excess anu lack of waimth in ceitain aieas aie connecteu

*
$-/01# O(0:.# -># ,-77)/C*:0# J)-0-;", Bepaitment of the Inteiioi, }ohn Baiton Payne, Washington, 1921: vol. I,
K*.(/*!2(*-+# -># @*+)/:0# </-12C(*-+; vol. II $:()/# <-8)/, gives a pictuie of the extenu of iiiigation. This activity has since
been consiueiably extenueu. See the cuiient numbei of ,*3*0#B+;*+))/*+;, 0.S.A.


with uistinct laws. The stuuy of the latest liteiatuie uealing with the uistiibution of waimth, iainfall,
anu piessuie, gives the impiession that all these wiiteis, although woiking within a veiy
specializeu fielu of ieseaich, often have, unconsciously, a common aim. It is as though the spiiit of
oui age iequiieu man to iealize that the eaith is a living unit. The oiganization of natuial science,
howevei, thiough its intense specialization, ensuies that even the iesults alieauy pioveu by expeits
shall not be common knowleuge, anu cannot, theiefoie, be useu foi economic puiposes yet. It is this
veiy aspect of natuial science that oui piesent-uay economists, businessmen, anu politicians neeu
in uealing with economics. Not until this is commonly unueistoou anu accepteu can theie be any
hope foi a solution of the piessing economic pioblems of eveiyuay life. Two impoitant English
histoiians, Thomas Buckle anu W. E. B. Lecky, have shown cleaily in theii woiks that theie can be
no piogiess foi humanity until ceitain funuamental tiuths aie absoibeu by the geneial
consciousness of the peoples. Theiefoie neithei inuiviuual egoism oi gioup egoism can be
oveicome in economics without a cleai unueistanuing of the fact that, whethei we aie inuiviuuals
oi states, we aie, in the iealm of economics, paits of one living oiganism.
Such an iuea can become opeiative only when institutions aie cieateu, which, thiough theii
activities, fuinish constant pioof of its tiuth. These institutions must be univeisal in chaiactei. They
must ueal with each single pioblem in the light of the whole eaith anu its cosmology.
The piactical question might aiise, foi instance, as to wheieabouts coalmines aie to be founu;
anu whethei it is possible that at some futuie time technical means might be founu foi theii
uevelopment anu utilization even shoulu they lie unuei the sea. The answei to such an entiiely
piactical question can only be given by the science of cosmology.
The uistiibution of coal in the eaith is quite uneven. Biown coal as well as oiuinaiy coal is
concentiateu in the noithein tempeiate zone, while theie is veiy little to be founu in the tiopics
anu in the southein pait of the eaith. Anu foi this ieason Euiope anu Noithein Ameiica have
economic auvantages ovei the southein continents. To unueistanu the cause of this uneven
uistiibution we must have iecouise to a cosmological suivey, since the causes aie cosmological.
Coal belongs to all geological epochs, but changes its quality anu chaiactei with each epoch, thus:
Aichaic coal = giaphite
Palaeozoic coal = coal
Nesozoic coal = coal
Teitiaiy coal = biown coal, oi lignite
Nouein ueposits = peat
1u' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

Bamian Kieichgauei, in his book 56)# =-.*(*-+# -># (6)# BD2:(-/# *+# (6)# K*>>)/)+(# J)-0-;*C:0#
B=-C6.,
*
shows that the ciust of the eaith is moving in a ceitain measuiable way ovei the coie of the
eaith. Consequently new paits of the suiface of the eaith become Noith anu South Pole, anu othei
paits become Equatoi. Bowevei, in each geological epoch theie have existeu two belts of mountains
that enciicleu the eaith anu cut acioss each othei almost at iight angles. 0wing to the shifting of the
eaith's ciust in ielation to the coie, howevei, these systems of mountains coveieu uiffeient paits of
the eaith in each epoch. The teitiaiy, as well as the caibonic, mountain systems, which iepiesent
the main ueposits of lignite anu coal, aie, touay situateu in such a way that theii bulk lies in the
noithein half of the eaith. This shows that without cosmological knowleuge, a simple question
uealing with the uistiibution of iaw mateiials cannot be answeieu. It is, then, necessaiy to uesciibe
in the next chaptei the cosmological anu geological metamoiphoses of the eaith uuiing the
uiffeient epochs.

*
Bamian Kieichgauei: K*)#O)D2:(-/>/:;)#*+#1)/#J)-0-;*), 2nu euition, 1924: Nissionsuiuckeiei, Steyl, Kaluenkiichen,
Reihnlanu.


!"#$%&'(*(
The Cosmological and Geological Aspect as
Foundation for the Distribution of Raw Materials on
the Earth

Recent ieseaich on the phenomena on eaithquakes has pioveu, thiough the measuiement of
the uiscontinuities of the wave tiansmissions that pieceue oi accompany an eaithquake, that the
inteiioi of the eaith consists of seveial cleaily uistinguishable stiata. 0f these one is the eaith's
ciust, which is appioximately SS miles (Su to 6u kilometeis thick).
*

Bamian Kieichgauei, in a special stuuy of the movement of the eaiths ciust,
has
asceitaineu the position of the poles uuiing the uiffeient epochs on the basis of geological
consiueiations, anu has veiifieu his finuings thiough the stuuy of the plant anu animal uistiibution.
Be thus affoius a compiehensive explanation of climatic changes, anu theii effects upon plants anu
animals. As the eaith is not a globe but has the foim of an ellipsoiu oi geoiu, the movement of the
ciust ovei the inteiioi must iesult in piessuie anu extension. These extensions anu piessuies have
left veiy uistinct maiks on the suiface, which show the foimations of mountains. These foimations
aie eviuent in all epochs in the foim of the two alieauy mentioneu belts of mountains, which cioss
each othei at those points wheie the ciust tuins. In uiscussing Kieichgauei's thesis, Theouoi Ailut,
in his excellent book, <:0:)-;)-;/:=6*), iaises the objection that such a shifting of the ciust ought
to have left visible signs on the suiface, showing suipiise that Kieichgauei uoes not iefei to it. But
Kieichgauei's woik pioviues eviuence that such signs aie manifest in the whole foimation of
mountains ovei the eaith. Accoiuing to him the Noith Pole uuiing Piaekambiium (namely uiiectly
aftei the beginning of the Palaeozoikum) was situateu in South 0ceania. Then it moveu along the
line between Bawaii anu Nexico towaius Nexico, wheie the pole is to be founu uuiing the
caibonifeious age (within the Palaeozoikum). Buiing the cietaceous peiiou (Nesozoikum) the pole

*
See the woiks of Wiecheit anu of his pupils, K. Zoepiitz, L. ueigei, B. uutenbeig, in P:C6/*C6()+# 1)/# J).%# 1)/#
$*..)+.C6:>()+#*+#J-)((*+;)+, Nathematisch Physikalische Klasse, 19u7, p. 41S; 19u9, p. 4uu; 1912, p. 121; 1914, p. 12S;
192S, p. 2S1; also Einst Tams K*)#L-+.(*(2(*-+#1)/#B/1/*+1)#*+#<)()/7:++.#@9(()*02+;)+, Supplement 2u8, 19Su, p. 8Sf.
Bamian Kieichgauei, K*)#O)D2:(-/>/:;)#*+#1)/#J)-0-;*), 2

nu
euition, 1924, Nissionsuiuckeiei, Steyl, Kalenukiichen,
Rheinlanu.

is to be founu in Southein Alaska, anu in the teitiaiy peiiou (Kaenozoikum) in Westein Alaska.
Fiom theie it moveu ovei the Paiiy Islanus anu Baffin Lanu anu uuiing the "Biluvium" it was in
South uieenlanu, moveu on along the east coast of uieenlanu anu aiiiveu in its piesent position
uuiing oui epoch. The vaiious climatic changes on the eaith's suiface aie connecteu with this
movement of the eaith's ciust ovei the inteiioi.
The systems of mountains that we finu on the eaith touay show an equatoiial anu a
meiiuional belt. The equatoiial belt consists of the Atlas mountains, Pyienees, Alps, Caipathian
mountains, Balkan mountains, Ciimea, Caucasus, the mountains of Asia Ninoi anu Aimenia, the
Iian Plateau, Binuu Kush, Pamii, Tien Shan Nountains, Kuen Lun, Kaiakoiam, Bimalayas, the
Plateau of Tibet, the chain of mountains in westein fuithei Inuia, Nalaya, anu the Austionesian Sea,
etc.
The meiiuional belt of the mountains which iise iight iounu the Pacific fiom Tieiia uel
Fuego thiough the whole westein siue of South Ameiica ovei the Antilles, along the whole westein
pait of Noith Ameiica ovei the Aleutian Islanus, Kamchatca, Kuiile Islanus, Sachalian, }apan, Liukiu
Foimosa, Philippines, anu the Sunua Sea. Peihaps the continuation is to be founu east of Austialia
via New Zealanu anu the Antaictic, back to Tieiia uel Fuego.
These two mountain belts cioss each othei in the Sunua anu Caiibbean Seas. Kieichgauei
shows that two similai systems of belts of mountains have existeu in each geological epoch. Be
uesciibes, in all, five such systems. To unueistanu the uistiibution of mineial iaw mateiials, then, it
is not sufficient to finu theii connection with specifieu geological foimations, foi it is necessaiy to
take into consiueiation the movements of the ciust of the eaith. This applies, coiiesponuingly, to
oui unueistanuing of the uistiibution of plants anu animals ovei the eaith.
1S' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

!"#$%&'(+++(
The Circulation of Chemical Substance
In its chemical composition the eaith's ciust is an inuepenuent stiuctuie in which chemical
substances ciiculate. 0f this stiuctuie 99.7 pei cent consists of the chemical elements, which iotate
in cycles, each element of the gioup enteiing into chaiacteiistic combinations which can be foimeu
anew again anu again. In the couise of moie oi less extenueu piocesses the element then ietuins
again to its oiiginal combination anu the ciiculation begins once moie.
0xygen, foi example, woiks in this way. In living beings, oiganic substances play a uecisive iole
in the ciiculation of the elements. We know that chloiophyll, the gieen coloiing in the living plant,
exhales oxygen, anu that animals anu man, on the othei hanu, inhale this oxygen anu pass it on in
the vaiious combinations, bieathing out caibonic aciu, which is in its tuin split up again by the
plant woilu, so that the oxygen is once moie libeiateu.
Theie aie moie than 7uu,uuu species of oiganisms on the eaith, which aie uecisive factois in
the chemistiy of the planet.
*

Accoiuing to Bumas et Boussingault,
"The animal woilu absoibs eveiything which the plants

ieceive fiom the aii, anu passes it back into the atmospheie. We obseive an eteinal cycle in which
the living piocesses evolve an incalculable vaiiety of foims, anu in which mattei itself meiely
changes its place. In the plants, the lifeless substance of the aii giauually assumes an oiganizeu
foim, then, without functional alteiation appeais in the animals, finally becoming an instiument of
the spiiit. Then, conqueieu anu bioken as it weie by this achievement, it ietuins once moie as
lifeless mattei into that bonuless ieseivoii fiom wheie it was taken."
The investigation of the chemical ciiculation of substances fiom a meiely chemical point of
view woulu be entiiely wiong, since the inteiaction of living beings plays such a uecisive pait in the
eaith's chemistiy. Eviuence of this fact is shown by the obseivation that ceitain species of animals,
which as they become extinct in the couise of the geological epochs, aie immeuiately ieplaceu by
otheis which take ovei the chemical task pieviously peifoimeu foi the eaith by the foimei.

It is a fact that ceitain animals aie accumulatois of specific chemical substances, out of which
theii bouies aie built up. In this way, numeious sea-animals accumulate silica. The Rauiolaiia which

*
B. Piatt, 'C*)+C) (2) SS NY., 1911, 467, says that S22,uuu species of animals have been uesciibeu, anu P. van
Tieghem, 5/:*()#1)#G-2(*D2), ieviseu by Eu. Constantin, 12 P 1918, p. 6SS, 17S,Suu species of plants.
B..:*#1)#.(:(*D2)#1).#F(/).#-/;:+*D2).4 S
iu
euition, Paiis, 1844, pp.4S-6.
W. }. veinausky, J)-C6)7*), Leipzig, 19Su, p. 2u2, also p. 72.


have a silicifeious skeleton, belong to this classification anu many othei sea animals, as foi example,
the coials, which accumulate lime. Theie aie also oiganisms which accumulate stiontium, baiium,
phosphoius, magnesia, zinc, coppei, iion, anu, in paiticulai, manganese; anu ceitain bacteiia collect
iion. Nanganese is accumulateu by G:C()/*27# @:+;:+*C27# (N. Beijeinick, Q-0*:# 7*C/-!*:04# 2, Belft
191S, 126) oi ,:/)R# 6*/(: (B. Swoboua Caiinthia, 2 192. 19u2) anu some species of ,/)+-(6/*R#
E)=(-(6/*R4 which contain up to 6-7 pei cent manganite. (N. Beijeinick, Q-0*:#7*C/-!*-0-;*C: 2, Belft
191S, 128 ff.)
The ciiculation of chemical substances is, theiefoie, intimately connecteu with both the life anu
the change of species of plants anu animals. Plants too collect chemical substances. Seaweeu (Algae)
accumulates iouine.
*
Seveial watei plants collect manganese, e.g. S-.()/:# 7:/*(*7) (C. Peteisen,
iepoit of the Ban. biol. station 2u, Cop. 1911. 21. anu 22 Cop. 191S). 0thei plants collect iion,

All plants anu animals living on the lanu accumulate within theii bouies nitiogen anu caibon
anu many of them calcium as well.
0ne cannot, theiefoie, follow the ciiculation of the substances fiom a meie chemical viewpoint,
foi all planetaiy life must be taken into consiueiation, since 99 pei cent of the weight of the eaith's
ciust is subject to the influence of the living substance.

Whethei life can be explaineu as a complication of physical anu chemical foices is a
funuamental question. Empiiical ieseaich answeis "no." veinausky ueals with it in his J)-C6)7*)
by the following statement:#
$*(6*+# (6)# !-2+1.# -># )7=*/*C:0# >:C(.# (6)# *1):# -># (6)# )()/+*("# -># 0*>)4# 86*C6# >*00.# (6)# =6*0-.-=6*C:0# :+1#
/)0*;*-2.# 0*>)# -># O.*:# *+# .-# 6*;6# :# 7):.2/)4# :+1# 86*C6# *.# +-8# !);*++*+;# (-# =)+)(/:()# *+(-# -2/# .C*)+(*>*C#
C-+C)=(*-+.#->#(6)#2+*3)/.)#:0.-4#*.#)+(*/)0"#I2.(*>*)1%#
TJ)-C6)7*)4#=%#UUV%W#
In no geological epoch uo we see anything to contiauict the fact that life is uescenuing fiom
some othei alieauy existing life. We must, theiefoie, tiace back the life of the oiganisms to some
othei life, anu that can only be the life of the planet. It is only supeificially that the planet eaith
consists of a ciust of ueau substance. The eaith as a whole is a living oiganism. It has given of its life
to the oiganism; anu, owing to this giving of live, the eaith itself is uying off on the suiface. Eveiy
faimei knows that not only the plant which he giows has life, but that the eaith as such, the soil as
such, passes uuiing the couise of the yeais thiough a manifolu piocess of life, which neeus to be

*
Regaiuing iouine in oiganisms see T. v. Fellenback, K:.# X-/A-77)+# 1)/# L/)*.0:2># 2+1# 1)/# '(->>8)C6.)0# 1).# &-14#
Eigebnisse uei Physiologie 2S, 1926.
B. Nolisch, K*)#<>0:+M)+#*+#*6/)/#G)M*)62+;#M27#B*.)+, 1892. B. Nolisch, K*)#B*.)+!:A()/*)+, 191u.
See the quantitative measuiings taken by W. }. veinausky, J)-C6)7*), p. 2u1 ff.


fosteieu just as the life of the plant uoes. As the tiee towaius its peiipheiy shows a uying piocess in
its baik, so uoes the eaith in its ciust; anu the ueau substances of this ciust cannot be unueistoou
without taking into consiueiation the life of plants anu animals in theii evolving cycles. The
biospheie anu the chemical substance foim an insepaiable unit. The conception which sepaiates
chemistiy fiom life on eaith is an unfiuitful, misleauing abstiaction. The substances of the eaith
must be unueistoou in connection with the evolution anu the life of the whole planet as it passes
thiough its many geological epochs. Natuial foices change its foimation fiom time to time. At last,
howevei, Nan makes his appeaiance, in oiuei that he may, when plants anu animals have playeu
theii pait in the shaping of the planet, give it still anothei foim, a foim which he alone, out of his
consciousness, is able to piouuce.
The inteivention of man's technique is cieating a movement of substance which must be
iegaiueu as a new geological epoch, the "Psychozoikum." To quote veinausky:
9+# (6)# =/).)+(# ;)-0-;*C:0# )=-C64# (6)# =."C6-M-*A27# T(6)# )/:# -># (6)# .=*/*(W4# (6)/)# :/*.).# :# +)8# >:C(-/# -># (6)#
;/):().(#;)-C6)7*C:0#*7=-/(:+C)Y#(6)#;)-C6)7*C:0#:C(*3*("#->#7:+%#
If this is tiue - anu it is tiue - an immeasuiable iesponsibility falls upon man.
The eaith has given of its life to its cieatuies. They have been able to unfolu theii own
inuiviuual life anu, iising step by step, at last have kinuleu in Nan a consciousness of his own sense
of iesponsibility. In Nan the univeise has awakeneu to itself. uoethe in his book on Winkelman
expiesses it thus:
$6)+# 7:+Z.# 6):0(6"# +:(2/)# >2+C(*-+.# 6:/7-+*-2.0"# :.# :# 86-0)4# :+1# 6)# >))0.# 6*7.)0># (-# !)# =:/(# -># :# ;/):(4#
!):2(*>20# :+1# +-!0)# 2+*3)/.)Y# 86)+# 6:/7-+*M)1# 8)00[!)*+;# >*00.# 6*7# 8*(6# :# =2/)# :+1# >/))# )C.(:."4# (6)+# (6)#
2+*3)/.)4#C-201#*(#-+0"#!)C-7)#C-+.C*-2.#->#6:3*+;#/):C6)1#*(.#;-:04#8-201#/)I-*C)#:+1#.(:+1#*+#:17*/:(*-+#!)>-/)#
(6)#>20>*007)+(#->#*(.#-8+#)3-02(*-+#:+1#!)*+;%#
Nouein man so ueeply influences the eaithly oiganization of the planet, thiough economic
activities anu tiauing, that it is impeiative to iealize that any fuithei piogiession implies incieaseu
iesponsibility.
0ui objective shoulu be not only the immeuiate puipose of each inuiviuual economic
tiansaction, but oui eveiy uecision anu act in economic life shoulu be guiueu by the question, how
uoes it seive the eaith as a whole.
Bow to aujust oui economic life in accoiuance with oui iesponsibility towaius the planet, this
is what the geochemical aspect teaches us.


!"#$%&'(+,(
The Cosmological Origin of Metals
In an eailiei chaptei the eaith's ciust was mentioneu as being a layei of the about thiity-five
miles in uepth, unueineath which we have to imagine conuitions entiiely uiffeient fiom anything
we aie able to finu out by expeiience. All we actually know is, that uuiing eailiei geological epochs
the lowei stiata foimeu the suiface of the eaith. Those substances which in oui time have
penetiateu to the suiface thiough volcanic eiuption thiough the uppei stiata, foimeu, in the
Nesozoic epoch, a layei which was consiueiably neaiei the suiface than it is at piesent. Touay
metals which have penetiateu fiom below fill the cievices in the uppei stiata. This piocess may
have taken place spontaneously, by means of gaseous action, oi possibly as a consequence of the
action of watei. But the fact that the metals finu theii way fiom below into the cievices anu pockets
of the uppei stiata, owes its oiigin to cosmic iays which ieacheu the suiface of the eaith fiom
without, piobably at a time when the piesent uepths foimeu the suiface.
The cosmic oiigin of the metals is confiimeu by ceitain chemical ieactions, which L. Kolisko
has uemonstiateu in expeiimental ieseaich extenuing ovei many yeais.
*
It has been pioveu in this
way that metals in solution moving against the foices of giavity (this can be uone by expeiimenting
with filtei papei oi galantine) show chemical ieactions, which vaiy with the constellations of
ceitain planets. Foi example, the uuiation of an eclipse of the sun can be asceitaineu in the golu-
pictuie which the solution of golu paints in uiawing itself up in the filtei papei. These expeiiments,
which it is possible to extenu into the biological iealm as well, aie of the gieatest impoitance in oui
knowleuge of the natuie of the metals. The tiauitional connection between,
Satuin - leau venus - coppei
}upitei - tin Neicuiy - meicuiy
Nais - iion Noon - silvei
Sun - golu
can thus be pioven to be coiiect.

In oluen times something was known about the cosmic connection anu the oiigin of the metals.
We finu in the Egyptian language that the woiu foi iion is !::)2)=) which coiiesponus to the

*
L. Kolisko: K:.# '*0!)/# 2+1# 1)/# @-+14# 1)/# &2=*()/# 2+1# 1:.# S*++# (publication of the Biol. Institute, Kanonenweg 44,
Stuttgait); K*)#'-++)+>*+.()/+*.#&2+* \]U^, '()/+)+8*/A)+#*+#B/1)+.(->>)+#(0iient-0cciuent veilag, Stuttgait).
See also L. Kolisko: <6".*-0-;*.C6)/# 2+1# <6".*A:0*.C6)/# P:C68)*.# 1)/# $*/A.:7A)*(# A0)*+.()/# B+(*(:)()+Y#
<6".*-0-;*.C6)/# P:C68)*.# 1)/# $*/A.:7A)*(# L0)*+.()/# B+(*(:)()+Y# <6".*-0-;*.C6)/# P:C68)*.# 1)/# $*/A.:7A)*(# L0)*+.()/#
B+(*(:)()+#!)*#^#@)(:00)+%

Coptic woiu !)+*[=) anu shoulu be tianslateu "Netal of the Beavens"; anu that the Bebiew woiu
.:6:! foi golu means "iayeu in fiom the light of the sun." These woius point to the metals' tiue
oiigin. They actually aie iesiuues of substances ueiiveu fiom cosmic iay-influxes uuiing geological
epochs, in which those paits which aie now in the uepths weie foimeily on the suiface.
Bence also the ielation ship of ceitain metals both to ceitain planets anu to ceitain geological
foimations. Tin foi example is connecteu not only with }upitei but also with gianite. "The veins of
tin oie."

Thus we must imagine the magmatic masses peimeateu by the influence of cosmic iays which
auu metal substances to theii composition. That iion, howevei, stanus apait fiom all the otheis,
becomes eviuent as soon as we compaie the ielative quantities of the metals. This table below,
<)/#C)+( <)/#C)+(
Leau u.uu1 Coppei u.uuu S
Tin about u.uuS Neicuiy u.uuu 1
Iion 4.S Silvei u.uuu uuS

uolu u.uuu uuu 1
shows that iion exists in the gieatest piopoitions. We must, then, assume that iion - contiaiy to all
othei metals, with the exception peihaps of nickel (u.u1 pei cent) - has come to the eaith not only
thiough cosmic iays but uiiectly as a substance fiom the cosmos. The meteois, which in the main
consist of nickel anu iion, stiengthen the belief that iion has thus been substantially incoipoiateu in
the uevelopment of the eaith. Iion plays a special pait in the human oiganization, too, foi it is the
only metal which exists in peiceptible quantities in the bloou. The coming into existence of waim-
blooueu animals appeais to have occuiieu paiallel with the inciease of the iion-content of the
eaith.

Beyschlag Kiusch vogt, K*)# E:;)/.(:)(()+# 1)/# +2(M!:/)+# @*+)/:0*)+# 2+1# J).()*+)4# 2
nu
euition, Enke, Stuttgait,
1914, p. 466.
Ibiu., vol i, p. 1S7, anu Lanuolu-Boeinstein.


!"#$%&'(,(
The Oceans
To uesciibe the human bouy anu to be content with meiely commenting upon the human
oigans, woulu simply be to uesciibe a ueau bouy in which the ciiculation of liquiu substances anu
the bieathing hau ceaseu. To stuuy life of the oiganism in its manifolu piocesses it is necessaiy to
go a step fuithei anu stuuy the functions of the ciiculation, the bieathing piocesses anu so on.
In the same way, a uesciiption of the eaith which is simply conceineu with the shapes of the
continents anu the foimation of the mountains, woulu not give the slightest iuea of its mighty life
piocesses. The eminent geologist, Euuaiu Suess, states in his woik about the face of the eaith,
******

that ueology can only uesciibe the uying piocesses of the planet on its suiface. Be says: "It is the
bieaking up of the planet, which we witness."
This pictuie of the eaith, howevei, takes on a uiffeient aspect if we make a stuuy of
oceanogiaphy, when the planet immeuiately appeais to become alive. The ocean, bounu up as it is
with the ciiculation of watei anu aii, anu the numeious meteoiological connections of the eaith, is
the beaiei of inexhaustible life.
If we have evei expeiienceu the impiession of eteinity given to us by the ocean, by its coming
anu going, auvancing anu ietieating, anu its mysteiious ihythm, then we have unueistoou in some
way the inuestiuctible life of the planet. Weie the eaith not a living oiganism, its bouy woulu foim a
ciystal. This tenuency uoes exist, but the othei, opposite tenuency, which is constantly
counteiacting the ciystallization of the eaith is also theie to oveicome the ueath anu paialyzation
of eaith life. }ust as theie is something in the human eye which is always pieventing the lens of the
eye fiom becoming a ciystal, so theie is something which pievents the eaith fiom ciystallizing.
Lowthian uieen was the fiist to uiscovei that the bouy of the eaith tenus to take a tetiaheuial
ciystal foim.
Be shows that the foui coineis of the tetiaheuion aie the south pole, the westein
anu cential Nile valley, the coast of the Yucatan, anu the Naiiana Islanus. The planes, howevei, aie
the oceans. Weie the eaith to ciystallize the oceans woulu become glassy, ueau expanses. Noie
iecent ieseaich by Theouoie Ailut has placeu the tetiaheuial a little uiffeiently: he places the
coineis as follows: South Pole, Canaua, Finlanu, East Sibeiia. The oceans aie the beaieis of a
maivelous ihythmic life.

******
Euuaiu Suess, K:.#O+(0*(M#1)/#B/1)%
Lowthian uieen, X).(*;).#->#(6)#@-0()+#J0-!), Lonuon, 187S, anu Bonolulu, 187S.


It woulu be entiiely mistaken to believe that the phenomenon of high anu low tiue aie
chaiacteiistic of the ocean only, foi theie aie spiings which exhibit the same phenomenon. Even in
the living plant woilu we finu the phenomenon of ebb anu floou. It was alieauy known to the piiest,
Lampiecht, when he wiote the meuiaeval poem in which he uesciibes veiy attiactively an
expeiience of Alexanuei the uieat, wheie the lattei notices how the sap iises in plants anu tiees,
anu how it ieceues again, alteinately filling the tiee anu ietuining back into the giounu, so that the
shape of the tiee is foimeu by the fluiu sap. Actually such things hau alieauy been obseiveu by
Aiistotle, who piobably taught them to his pupil. It is an olu iule of the woou-cutteis that those
tiees intenueu foi fuel shoulu be felleu at the new moon, because at that time the sap has ieceueu
anu the woou is uiy. At full moon the tiee is filleu to the ciown with sap, anu a little befoie the new
moon the sap flows back to the ioots. We can obseive these monthly anu uaily ihythms, but they
aie not connecteu only mechanically with the couise of the sun anu the moon. The eaith as a living
being ieveals its ihythm in many phenomena, one of which is the ievolution of the moon, anothei
ebb anu floou.
It is not only the sea which ebbs anu flows but also the so-calleu uiy lanu, the fluctuation of
whose suiface in connection with the moon's ihythm, has a magnituue of plus oi minus 2S cm.

It has been uiscoveieu that the ihythms of the sun anu moon synchionize to a measuiable
extent with the uefoimations of the soliu giounu of the eaith.

The eaith has pulsations. The eaith is actually alive. A long time ago we auvanceu beyonu the
conception of stable continents which nevei altei theii position. That iuea has been uestioyeu by
Alfieu Wegenei.
*******
The uistance between Euiope anu Ameiica incieases yeaily by about one
metie, Icelanu moves away fiom Noiway at the iate of about 9 to 18 meties a yeai, uieenlanu fiom
Scotlanu about 18 to S2 meties, Nauagascai fiom Afiica, about 9 meties. Although fuithei
obseivations may show vaiiance in these figuies,
one thing is ceitain, namely that the eaith is

not a iigiu bouy, anu that the changing conuitions aie not only uue to anu subject to the gieat
geological epochs, since the eaith in itself has movement anu moves.

Ruuolf Tomaschek in K:.#$)0(:004 Tieptowei Steinwaite S2, }ahigang. Beft 4-S Beilin, }anuaiy 19S2.
Rebeui Paschwitz, O.(/-+-7*.C6)#P:C6/*C6()+, 1892, vol. cxxx. 0. Beckei, G)-!:C6(2+;)+#:+#?-/*M-+(:0=)+1)0+#

2)!)/# K)>-/7:(*-+# 1).# B/1A-)/=)/.# 2+()/# 1)7# B*+>02..# 3-+# '-++)# 2+1# @-+1, Beilin, 19u7. W. Schweyuai, 56)-/*)# 1)/#
K)>-/7:(*-+# 1)/# B/1)# 12/C6# Q02(A/:)>(), Beilin, 1916. R. A. Baly, 56)# B:/(6Z.# ,/2.(# :+1# *(.# '(:!*0*("4# O7%# &-2/+%# -># 'C*)+C),
vol. 2uS, 192S.
*******
Alfieu Wegenei, K*)#B+(.()62+;#1)/#,-+(*+)+()#2+1#_C):+), Biaunschweig, 1922.
Wegenei, K*)#<6".*A#1)/#B/1), Leipzig, 19S4.


Wegenei has pointeu out that the continents change theii ielation to one anothei. Kieichgauei
has pioveu that the ciust of the eaith gliues ovei the nucleus. R. Boeines
*
has explaineu the iueas
which have been evolveu conceining the movements of the eaith-axis.
Nothing is left of the olu conception of a globe spinning eteinally upon its nevei-changing axis.
The ihythmic iise anu fall of the wateis of the sea vaiies consiueiably accoiuing to locality. It
has been founu in speaking of the ebb anu floou of tiues, that the uuiation of the floou - that is the
time between the lowest level anu the touching of the high-watei maik - uoes not amount to
exactly six houis, but fiom uay to uay is piolongeu by about foity minutes. It is also tiue that eveiy
fouiteen uays the watei ieaches a maximum height, anu that eight uays befoie anu aftei such a
maximum, a minimum is ieacheu. Since it becomes cleai in consequence that the uuiation of the
tiues coiiesponus to the uppei anu lowei culmination of the moon, anu that full moon anu new
moon also exeicise a stiong influence on the tiues, it was natuial that compaiisons shoulu be maue
between the ihythm of the moon anu the ihythm of the tiues. Ebb anu floou aie alieauy mentioneu
by Beiouotus;
Stiabo mentions the connection with the moon;
Caesai speaks of the connection of

floous with the phases of the moon,
anu Pliny asciibes an influence on the tiues not only to the

moon, but also to the sun.
**

Newton explaineu the tiues as the effect of the uiffeience in uegiee of the giavitation of sun
anu moon, whose attiaction on that siue of the eaith which eithei faces oi is tuineu away fiom
them, causes the movement of the wateis. Noie mouein scientists take into account the influence of
othei planets as well as meteoiological factois anu coast foimation.
In his ?:/7-+*-2.#O+:0".*., publisheu in 1868, Loiu Kelvin inventeu an instiument by means of
which it is possible to asceitain which vaiious single factois at a given point on the coast piouuce
the complicateu iesults of theii combineu action.

u. B. Baivin
anu Boeigen
have uevelopeu the theoiy fuithei. With the aiu of Loiu Kelvin's
haimonious constant it is now possible to calculate the flow of the tiues in auvance, anu thus give
auvance infoimation to the navigatoi, since he has inventeu an appaiatus which automatically
iegisteis this complicateu calculation.
***
Thiee of these tiual pieuictois aie in the possession of the

*
R. Boeines, "Aelteie unu neueie Ansichten uebei uie veilegung uei Eiuachse," @*(()*02+;)+# 1)/# J)-0-;*.C6)+#
J).)00.C6:>(#$*)+#94 Seite 1S9-2u2.
?)/-1-(2., vol. ii, chap. 2.
'(/:!-, vol. iii, chap. S, p. 17S Cas.
G)0027#J:00*C27, vol. iv, p. 29.

**
<0*+*2.4#6*.(%#+:(%4 vol. ii, chap. 97-9.
Repoit of the Biitish Association foi the Auvancement of Science.
B!!)#2+1#Q02(, Leipzig, 19u2.
O++%#1)/#?"1/-;/:=6*), 188S.
***
Compaie "Robots" in P:(2/)4 1879, vol. xx, p. 281.

possession of the uoveinments of uieat Biitain (Science Nuseum, Lonuon), Fiance, anu Biitish
Inuia.
The haimonious analysis calculates the ieal phenomena by ieplacing the ieal moon anu the
ieal sun by seveial hypothetical celestial bouies which, unuei moie simple conuitions than those
pievailing in the ieal celestial bouies, coulu by combineu action piouuce the actual phenomenon.
Foi example, one of these moons is supposeu to be always moving iounu the eaith within the plane
of the Equatoi, maintaining the same speeu anu the same uistance all the time. We finu that by such
assumptions as this we can be fuinisheu in auvance with quantitative entities by which we aie
enableu to know of the phenomenon even befoie it occuis.
Bowevei, such uesciiptions biing us no neaiei to a ieal unueistanuing of the mattei. Be who
peiceives the phenomenon anu expeiiences the life stieam in this ihythmic inteiaction is neaiei to
ieality, anu this ieality consists in the fact that the eaith, like eveiy living being, lives ihythmically.
No mathematical calculation can explain life, since its innate laws uefy exact calculation. That which
can be calculateu must, at some time, come to a stanustill, because the assumption of finite
piecision leaus to a uynamic system which will ultimately stop of its own accoiu. Life cannot be
calculateu. Neveitheless calculation is necessaiy foi piactical puiposes; apait fiom piactice it has
absolutely no theoietical value. The actual tiues show extiaoiuinaiily vaiieu phenomena. In some
places theie aie foui tiues within a moon uay, as foi instance, at Poole anu Weymouth in
Boisetshiie; while in othei places theie is only one tiue, as on the coast of Tonkin, on the Noith anu
South coasts of New Bollanu, at Petiopavlovsk, anu on the coast of the islanu of }uan Feinanuez.
Again, theie aie othei places wheie theie is piactically no visible movement which coulu be
connecteu with the moon. The height of the tiues, too, vaiies consiueiably. In some bays, as in the
bay of St. Nichel, the tiues iises to an exceptional height owing to the wateis gaining in height what
it loses in wiuth. The iotation of the eaith, too, influences these phenomena, anu causes, foi
example highei tiues on the Fiench coast of the English Channel than on the English coast.
Alexanuei Supan states in his funuamental outlines of physical geogiaphy: "Touay scientific
ieseaich with iegaiu to the oceans is still fai fiom being able to give us satisfactoiy analysis of the
phenomenon of tiues. Real piogiess cannot be expecteu until we aie able to stuuy the tiues on the
open, ueep ocean, wheie they coulu be obseiveu in theii gieatest possible simplicity, oi at any iate
least subjecteu to teiiestiial influences. Foi this, howevei, the necessaiy technical means aie as yet
lacking."
*
Theie is no uoubt that the phenomenon of ebb anu floou is a veiy complex one, in which
the most manifolu foices aie at woik, namely the half-uaily tiues which coiiesponu to the

*
Alexanuei Supan, Q2+1:7)+(:0#_2(0*+).#->#<6".*C:0#J)-;/:=6", 7
th
euition, Leipzig, Beilin, 1927, p. S12.

movements of moon anu sun, the uaily tiues, the half-monthly, the monthly, anu the yeaily tiues;
the coast foimations, the innei fiiction, the uepth of the ocean, anu meteoiological influences. These
aie appioximately the main factois. But they aie all moie oi less of a mechanical natuie, anu
obviously can only iepiesent that iealm in which a ihythmic living foice has its play; a foice as
inuepenuent of the mechanism of its fielu of action as the quality of tone is inuepenuent of the
waves in the aii which caiiy it. It woulu be misguiueu to neglect the one foi the othei, anu it woulu
be equally wiong to iuentify the innei meaning of the living ihythm of the ocean with the
complicateu combination of mechanical phenomena within which it manifests itself. It tianscenus
these mechanical foices anu is something funuamentally uiffeient. It is that same haimonic analysis
which shows us that quite uiffeient mechanic laws, as, foi instance, a numbei of hypothetical
moons anu suns, can have one anu the same mechanical effect.
Now let us tiy to fathom the qualitative innei being of ebb anu floou. To appioach this pioblem
we must stuuy cosmic influences which, thought of no gieat quantitative impoitance, biing us
neaiei to its innei meaning. As the tiue-cieating foice - to use the scientific teims of giavity -
uepenus on the thiiu powei of the uistance of the tiue-cieating heavenly bouies - namely the sun oi
moon - so eveiy change in the uistance between sun oi moon fiom the eaith must change the
phenomena of the tiue. The uistance between the sun anu the eaith vaiies fiom 22,949 teiiestiial
globe iauii on }anuaiy 2
nu
to 2S,7S1 globe iauii on }uly 2
nu
. These uays of neaiest pioximity anu
gieatest uistance between the sun anu the eaith aie movable anu inteichange theii position in
1u,4uu yeais. In the half-yeaily peiiou between the neaiest pioximity anu gieatest uistance of the
sun (Aphelion anu Peiihelion) theie is an inciease in the tiue-cieating foice of 1uu : 1uu.6 is
obseiveu, howevei, foi the height of the sun floou tiues vaiies fiom 2S4 to 2S9 mm. In the case of
the moon, which moves in a much moie easily uefineu ellipse, the uistance fiom the eaith vaiies
between S7.uS anu 6S.66 iauii of the globe of the eaith, anu accoiuingly the level of the moon floou-
tiues vaiies fiom 4SS mm. in Apogaeum (the point on the couise of the moon fuithest fiom the
eaith) to 6S2 mm. in Peiigaeum (the point neaiest the eaith). This amounts to an inciease of 1uu :
1S9, a veiy much moie pionounceu inciease than that of the sun floous. It is these vaiiable
influences, theiefoie, which altei the whole phenomenon of the tiues in the couise of veiy long
peiious of time. The uiveigence is thus calleu paiallactic oi elliptic, because it is the elliptic couise
of the heavenly bouy which, thiough its changing uistances, causes the changes in the phenomenon
of the tiues. In as fai as the influence of the moon is iesponsible foi the inuicateu ihythm, it extenus
ovei a peiiou of 18.6 yeais, aftei which the same conuitions aie iepeateu; but those ihythms which
uepenu on the sun uo not iepeat themselves until 21,uuu yeais have elapseu, when the Peiihelion

falls again on the same uay in the yeai. Since the numbei of floou tiues uuiing one yeai amounts to
about 7uS, ioughly 1S million floou cuives must pass befoie the same foims iecui. In auuition, the
inteifeiing influence exeiciseu by the inteiuepenuent attiaction between the thiee bouies of the
sun, moon, anu eaith, must be taken into consiueiation, anu it must also be iemembeieu that the
velocity of the moon's ciicuit is not constant. In ceitain positions the sun uiaws the moon away
fiom the eaith, while in otheis sun anu eaith uiaw the moon neaiei to the eaith, which again
influences the position of the moon by 1 uegiee anu 1S min. A fuithei uiveigence of u ueg. S9 min.
is uue to the well-known so-calleu "vaiiation." The uiffeience iesulting fiom all these causes in the
total uistance of the moon is only one sixth wheieas the uiffeience in time in the moon's ciicuit
amounts to: 1 ueg. 1S min. plus u ueg. S9 min. = 1 ueg. S4 min. oi 7 to 8 minutes of time.
The gieat cosmic peiious can thus be seen at woik in the phenomenon of the tiues. They aie
unuei the influence not only of the uay, the month, anu the yeai, but of the cosmic ihythms as
measuieu by the platonic woiu yeai of 2S,92u yeais, calleu by mouein astionomy "piecession."
Piecession is a movement of the sun in the opposite uiiection of its yeaily couise which is uue to
the fact that within the couise of a yeai it uoes not quite ieach its staiting-point, but iemains a little
behinu the pieceuing yeai. In 2S,92u yeais, this amounts to a complete ciicuit but iunning in the
opposite uiiection of the yeaily ciicuit. Anu again, the connecting line between the points of
extieme pioximity oi uistance of the sun anu eaith, executes a ciicuitous movement foui times as
long as measuieu by the ciicuit of the Platonic yeai. (Novement of the apsiual line).
The numbei 2S,92u is not an acciuental one. We uiaw 18 bieaths a minute,
*
1u8u in an houi,
anu 2S,92u in a uay, anu we have foui times as many pulse beats. This is to say that what it takes
the univeise 2S,92u yeais to peifoim, man, who in eveiy iespect is a miciocosm, uoes in one uay.
The woilu-yeai is compiesseu into one uay; anu what we expeiience in the inteiplay of pulse beats
anu bieathing, the univeise expeiiences in the ielation between the piecession anu apsiual
movement. 0iueieu within these phenomena is that of the tiues. In the cosmic sense it is tiue that
the ocean bieathes. That which a nave consciousness expeiiences spontaneously, the ieasoning
intellect giasps last, but it must take into account all aspects anu not quantitative values only.
In the same way that bieathing anu bloou pulsation play veiy intimately into the upbuiluing
anu uying piocesses of the senses of the human oiganism, so ebb anu floou iegulates itself in the
oiganism of the eaith. The eaith is a living being which expeiiences in the couise of thousanus of

*
Compaie uotthilf Beiniich Schubeit, K*)# J).C6*C6()# 1)/# '))0)# (histoiy of the soul), vol. i, 1878, Cotta, Stuttgait, p.
116: "if one ieckons an aveiage of 18 bieaths a minute (foi the noimal auult theie is one bieath to eveiy foui pulse beats)
the numbei of bieaths in a uay is 2S,92u. The S6S pait of 2S,92u yeais - the gieat so-calleu platonic yeai - (the peiiou
of the auvance of the equinoxes) is 72S yeais, that is the aveiage uuiation of man's life. We bieathe, theiefoie, 2S,92u
times 2S,92u times in a lifetime."

yeais what is conuenseu into one uay foi the inuiviuual man. 0ui actions shoulu be guiueu by a
sense of iesponsibility aiising fiom the knowleuge that we shall be calleu to account by the
millennia.
In auuition to those phenomena of the tiues which have a uefinitely ihythmic chaiactei anu aie
inteiwoven into the laigei anu smallei cosmic ihythms, theie aie cuiients in the oceans which,
woiking in continuity, cieate a veiy effective ciiculation thiough the whole wateiy masses of the
oceans. Beie they uiive the polai watei to the equatoi, theie the wateis of the tiopics to the aictic
anu Antaictic seas, now waim, now colu, thus enabling us to compaie the cuiients to a system of
aiteiies anu veins within the moving uepths of the ocean.
*
If we weie to sketch these cuiients,
showing theii couise noith anu south of the equatoi in each of the gieat oceans, we woulu obtain a
pictuie of something like this.
Beie we have two east-west equatoiial cuiients, anu between them a west-east equatoiial
countei cuiient. Noith anu south of the equatoi the cuiients woulu ciiculate in opposite uiiections,
making altogethei six; so that to each ciiculation in the noithein siue theie woulu be a
coiiesponuing one on the southein siue of the equatoi.
1) Ciicuitous stieam between Su ueg. lat. anu the pole

*
Nauzy, <6".*C:0#J)-;/:=6"#->#(6)#'):, Lonuon, 1874.

2) Ciicuitous stieam between Su ueg. lat anu 1u ueg. lat.
S) Ciicuitous stieam between 1u ueg lat. anu u ueg. lat.
anu 4), S), 6) coiiesponuingly in the south.
*

All these cuiients iemain on the suiface of the oceans, anu it is cleai that theie aie otheis in
the uepths. Long ago it was uiscoveieu that the winus aie one of the piincipal foices of these
cuiients. K. Zoeppiitz
has investigateu the connection between winu anu sea cuiients. Be says: "It
is not only the suiface which lies open to the winu which is being shifteu, but the lowei paits as
well, in uecieasing velocity, owing to the innei oi moleculai fiiction in the watei. Pioviueu that the
winu continues sufficiently long in the same uiiection, no uepth limit can be set to the cuiient; but
it woulu iequiie a uuiation of the length of 2S9 yeais to biing half of the suiface velocity to a uepth
of a hunuieu meteis. In othei woius: the gieat sea cuiients of touay aie the iesults of all the winus
that have swept foi countless thousanus of yeais ovei these paits of the ocean."
These oceanic stieams, in as fai as they have been causeu by the winus iepiesent thus a kinu of
iecoiu in the eaith's memoiy which pieseives the fleeting foimations of the winu. The uiawing of
the stieam into the uepths cannot howevei be unueistoou as a meie ueepening of the cuiient, foi
as the stieam piogiesses in its uownwaiu movement to lowei anu lowei levels, the iotation of the
eaith biings about a tuining of the cuiient. Thus in the case of the equatoiial at a uepth of about
11u-16S yaius, the velocity has been ieuuceu to one-twentieth, anu the uiiection of the stieam has
tuineu 18u uegiees, so that the cuiient in the uepth has tuineu completely iounu, anu is flowing in
the opposite uiiection. Noi uoes the watei take by any means the same uiiection as the winu, but
ueviates at an angle of 4S uegiees on the suiface; anu half-way uown between the suiface anu the
lowei level, wheie the flow has taken the opposite uiiection, it ueviates at an angle of about 9u
uegiees.

The piocess of tiansmission fiom aii-to-watei movement must, theiefoie, be imagineu as a
spiial one, with a iight-tuin in the noithein anu left-tuin in the southein hemispheies. The winu
"sciews" itself into the sea.
Whenevei the winu blows the watei away, the pockets thus foimeu aie filleu up by othei
wateis, anu stieams of a veiy complicateu anu inuepenuent natuie aiise which aie known as
"compensation" stieams. The "filling up" watei can also iise fiom the uepths, as foi example on the
west coasts of Noith anu South Ameiica anu Afiica.
0thei cuiients may be uue to the vaiying salt-

*
0tto Kiuemmel, ?:+1!2C6#1)/#_M):+-;/:=6*)4#Stuttgait, 192S.
K. Zoeppiitz, "Zui Theoiie uei Neeiestioemungen," O++:0)+#1)/#<6".*A, 1878, vol. iii.
W. Ekman, "Theoiie uei Neeiestioemungen," O++:0)+#1)/#?"1/-;/:=6*), 1996, p. 426 ff.
Alexanuei Supan, J/2+1M2);)# 1)/# <6".*.C6)+# B/1A2+1), 7

th
euition 1927, Leipzig, Beilin, vol. i, p. S2u (Kaite uei
Auftiiebwassei an uen Kuesten).

content of the seas anu the consequent uiffeiences in uegiee of liquiuity. The suiface stieam flows
fiom the point of lessei uensity to the point of gieatei uensity, anu the coiiesponuing lowei stieam
vice veisa. Between the two levels lies anothei, not always hoiizontal level.
Fiom the Atlantic a suiface stieam flows into the Neuiteiianean, because the lattei contains
moie salt than the Atlantic. The heaviei, moie salty wateis of the Neuiteiianean sink uown, anu,
unuei the influence of the se heavily piessing salty pillais of watei, push along the bottom towaius
the Atlantic, while the lightei wateis of the Atlantic swim on top anu flow into the Neuiteiianean.
*

In the same way the wateis of the Black Sea, which contain but little salt - a fact fiist
iecognizeu by Aiistotle - flow in a suiface stieam thiough the Bospoius anu the Baiuanelles into
the Neuiteiianean. The wateis of the Baltic, also pooi in salt, flow ovei the suiface thiough the
Belts anu Kattegat into the Noith Sea. These examples show that it is the uiffeience in uensity also
which causes sea cuiients, which fact has alieauy been commenteu upon by Leonaiuo ua vinci. The
salt content of the oceans has an aveiage of SS piomil. Stiong evapoiation oi fieezing inciease the
content; the influx of iiveis, abunuant iain, anu the melting of ice ueciease it. Wheie the humiuity of

the aii is exceptionally low, anu continents iauiate waimth, the oceans show a high uegiee of
evapoiation, anu attain the highest piopoitions of salt content, as in the Reu Sea, the
Neuiteiianean, anu the Peisian uulf. The zones which contain the most salt aie founu in the
noithein hemispheie between 2S anu Su uegiees, anu in the southein hemispheie between 2u anu
2S uegiees. These aie the so-calleu "hoise latituues," wheie the monsoons oiiginate. A gieat

*
Cail Foich, O++:0)+#1)/#?"1/-;/:=6*), 19u9, p. 442, anu 1u96, p. 118.

uiyness in the aii anu lack of clouu pievail; in consequence theie is little iain.
*
Abunuance oi
scaicity of salt anu the ocean-stieams which iesult fiom them, aie theiefoie uue to the uivision of
the eaith into zones. But even in this ieal we uo not finu eteinally stable oiuei; on the contiaiy, to
obtain a tiue pictuie of theii ieality, we must imagine eveiything in a continual flow. Thus a
continuous peiiou of east winus, especially in the spiing, ieuuces the salt content in the suiface
wateis of the Belts up to 1u piomil, while stiong westeily winus cause an inciease up to 2u to 22, oi
even up to Su piomil,
into the Kattegat.

The salt-content uoes not, howevei, meiely iegulate pait of the sea cuiients, but also plays an
impoitant pait in the conuitions iequiieu foi the piopagation of the fishes, whose floating eggs
woulu sink into the uepths if to piopoition of salt weie not coiiect. The Baltic coufish, foi example,
has speimatozoans which show a high vitality in the westein paits of the Baltic at 1S piomil salt-
content, while east of Boinholm they only live in consiueiably gieatei uepths, wheie theie is the
same content of salt. In the top level, wheie the slat-content is 7 to 8 piomil, they become iigiu.
Wheie the peicentage of salt sinks below 1u, in the gieatei uepths also, fish-eggs - anu not only
those of the cou - become scaicei, sinking uown anu often peiishing in the slime. Aiounu the
Finnish cliffs it is only in ceitain yeais that eh salt-content is sufficient foi a coufish to be able to
thiive. Flounueis live in wateis of lessei salt-content in eastein anu cential paits of the Baltic, anu
foi spawning they seek giounu with highei piopoitions of salt, as foi example, in Boinholm Bay on
the coast of Ruegen, oi in the Bay of Banzing. Buiing spawning time these wateis swaim with
fishes, whilst in summei anu autumn they aie entiiely ueseiteu.

The oceanic stieams pioviue ioom foi the existence of many othei living foims. In the miuule
pait of the Noith Atlantic sub-tiopical ciicuitous stieam, within which lies the Saigasso Sea - so
calleu aftei the uiifting bunules of the Saigasso seaweeu - we finu the spawning giounu of the
Euiopean anu Ameiican iivei-eel.

In consiueiing this inteiuepenuence of physical, meteoiological, geogiaphical, anu biological
facts, all of which aie so oiueieu that, in the enu, they ieshape the fate of the eaith - we come to
iealize that all that happens is uiiecteu by physical anu mechanical laws, these iepiesenting an
instiument useu by the planet to piouuce a haimonious anu well-oiueieu totality of life, wheie man
can finu a means of ueveloping his aims, anu enabling him to caiiy out these aims with puipose anu
ingenuity. No less a man than Keplei has given expiession to these iueas, anu he shoulu be helu in

*
0tto Kiuemmel, ?:+1!2C6#1)/#_M):+-;/:=6*), Stuttgait, 192S, vol. i, p. S67.
0tto Kiuemmel, ?:+1!2C6#1)/#_M):+-;/:=6*), Stuttgait, 192S, vol. i, p. SSu.
S. Stoiutmann, E:*C6)+# 2+1# $:+1)/+# 1)/# _.(.))>*.C6)# *+# $*..)+.C6:>(0*C6)+# @))/).2+()/.2C62+;)+# O!(%, Belgolanu
Bu. 7, Beft 2, Kiel 19u6.
}oh. Schmiut, 9+()/+:(*-+:0)#`)32)#1)/#?"1/-!*-0-;*), vol. ii, 192S.


esteem, not only on account of his thiee laws, which gave a mechanical pictuie of the woilu, but
also foi his ?:/7-+*:#@2+1*4 in which he uesciibes the eaith as a living anu even as an ensouleu
being. We must ieuiscovei this conception. The latest finuings of natuial science uo not iefute it; on
the contiaiy, they all point in this uiiection. Anu foi his economic life man neeus just a ieviseu
pictuie of natuie. 0nly by feeling himself to be a collaboiatoi in a well-oiueieu planet in whose
woiking he can see aim anu puipose will be able to finu the way to fiuitful woik in ieal fieeuom
anu unuei his own full iesponsibility.


!"#$%&'(,+(
The Air and the Temperature System of the Earth
The uistiibution of waimth ovei the suiface of the eaith is, geneially speaking, uiviueu into
zones. But the zone with the highest tempeiatuies, the theimic-equatoi, uoes not coinciue with the
geogiaphical equatoi, the laigest of the paiallel ciicles. The expanse of uiy lanu exceeus that of the
oceans in the noithein hemispheie, while in the southein hemispheie the oceans pieuominate,
with the iesult that the iegion of gieatest heat lies about 1u noith of the equatoi with a
tempeiatuie of about u.9 F. (o.S Celsius) highei than that of the equatoi. 0nly in }anuaiy is the
equatoi the hottest paiallel belt, while in }uly the hottest belt lies a little noith of 2u. The theimic
equatoi lies on the noithein hemispheie uuiing the whole yeai. The southein hemispheie is, on the
whole, about 2.7 F. (1V Celsius) coolei than the noithein one. Both the uiy lanu anu the oceans
aie waimei in the noithein hemispheie. Fuitheimoie waim stieams fiom the south cioss ovei to
the noithein hemispheie into which the south-east monsoons uiive the waimei wateis fiom the
southein hemispheie.
*

}anuaiy anu }uly always occupy a special place in all tempeiatuie-analyses of the eaith,
because }anuaiy constitutes the miuule of wintei in the noithein, anu the miuule of summei in the
southein hemispheie.
The Ancients hau alieauy uiviueu the eaith into climates (ueiiveu fiom A0*+)*+ - incline)
accoiuing to the uegiee of the slanting of the iays of the sun. This iesulteu in a uivision into zones
coiiesponuing to geogiaphical latituues anu to the uuiation of the uay, oi of the uuiation of the
influx of the iays of the sun. As iegaius the geogiaphical latituue, the inciease in tempeiatuie is in
piopoition to the squaie of the cosine of the uegiee of latitute, so it has been maue possible thus to
ueuuce the tempeiatuie of a given latituue fiom the cosinus of the latituue multiplieu by the
tempeiatuie of the equatoi. The tempeiatuie iesulting exclusively fiom these factois is uiffeient
fiom the actual climate, anu attempts have been maue in consequence to mouify the uivision of the
eaith into zones. This uevision can be guiueu by the equatoi, the tiopics anu the polai ciicles, but
only ioughly as has been inuicateu alieauy by the shifting of the theimal equatoi into the noithein
hemispheie. Alexanuei Supan has intiouuceu isotheims as the boiueilines between climatic zones
in the place of paiallel ciicles. The iuea of the isotheim can be tiaceu back to Alexanuei v.

*
}ulius Bann anu Reinhaiu Sueiing, E)6/!2C6#1)/#@)()-/-0;*)4#Leipzig, 1926, p. 14S ff; Woeikof, "0ebei uen Einfluss
von Lanu unu Neei auf uie Lufttempeiatui," @)()-/-0;*.C6)#S)*(.C6/*>(4 1888, p. 18.
Su' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

Bumbolut. They aie the connecting lines of those points on the map which have the same
tempeiatuie uuiing a ceitain pait of the yeai, oi uuiing the whole yeai. It was in 1817 that
Bumbolut fiist uiew a map showing the isotheims on the tempeiatuie foi the yeai, anu in 1848
Bovu uiu the same foi the month. As the tempeiatuie uepenus on the level of the oceans, the figuies
given on the isotheimic-maps aie those ieuuceu to the tempeiatuies which pievail at sealevel.

The annual isotheims of 68 F. (2u C.) aie appioximately at eithei the polai oi the palm tiee
bounuaiies which tiees being chaiacteiistic of the tiopics, aie taken as the bounuaiies of the waim
zone.
*
They inuicate at the same time the extent of the monsoons towaius the Polai Regions, since
the monsoons too aie chaiacteiistic of the eaith's waimei iegions.
The Su F. (1u C.) isotheims of the hottest month geneially constitutes the noithein bounuaiy
foi the giowth of tiees anu coin (with the exception of Tieiia uel Fuego) anu can be taken as the
bounuaiy of the tempeiate zone towaius the polai iegions. W. Koeppen
has suggesteu a uiffeient

uivision by taking also into consiueiation the uuiation of the waim peiious:
1. Tiopical belt: 12 months hot, above 2u C. (68 F.).
2. Subtiopical belt: 4-11 months hot, above 2u C. (68 F.). 1-8 months tempeiate, 1u to
2u C. (Su to 68 F.).
S. Noueiate belt: 4-12 months tempeiate, 1u to 2u C. (Su to 68 F.).

*
Alexanuei Supan.
W. Koeppen, "Bie Waeimezonen uei Eiue," @)()-/-0-;*.C6)#S)*(.C6/*>(4 1884.

S1' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

4. Colu belt: 1-4 months tempeiate, 1u to 2u C. (Su to 68 F.). 8-11 months
colu, below 1u C. (Su F.).
S. Polai belt: 12 months colu, below 1u C. (Su F.).

The tempeiate belt is again subuiviueu as follows:
a) Constantly tempeiate (only on the oceans)
b) Summei hot (only on the continents)
c) Tempeiate summei anu colu wintei (spieau aiounu the whole belt with the
exception of Sibeiia).
This uivision, which takes into account the uuiation of pievailing tempeiatuies, shoulu piove
to be of some impoitance in plant-geogiaphy.

Koeppen has consequently followeu up this aspect in paiticulai, giving special consiueiation to
the tiees.
*
The climate of Su F. (1u C.) ovei a peiiou of foui months appeitains to the oak, while a
climate with only one month of this tempeiatuie belongs to the biich tiee.

We aie inuebteu to Beiniich Engelbiecht foi an investigation which piincipally conceins the
vaiious kinus of coin. The statistical methous employeu in this woik aie of gieat impoitance, but

*
W. Koeppen, "veisuch einei Klassifikation uei Klimate, voizugsweise nach ihieie Beziehung zui Pflanzenwelt,"
J)-;/:=6*.C6)# S)*(.C6/*>(4# vi, 1991, p. S4. Also Koniau Rubnei, L0*7:# 2+1# ?-0M3)/!/)*(2+;# *+# B2/-=:4# *+# Q-/.C62+;)+# 2+1#
Q-/(.C6/*(() (}ahig. No. 27), Septembei, 19SS.
W. Koeppen, K*)#L0*7:()#1)/#B/1)4#Leipzig, 192S, p. 16u.


aie unfoitunately out of uate, anu shoulu be taken up touay by some Institute foi ieseaich in a
woilu-embiacing investigation in ielation to mouein conuitions.
*

Engelbiecht ueals with all kinus of coin anu vegetables, showing theii geogiaphical
uistiibution anu giving statistics of theii ielative quantities. Thus he weaves into his woik on plant
geogiaphy a ceitain amount of folk psychology, by showing how one kinu of giain gives way to
anothei oi pieuominates ovei it, accoiuing to the cultuial habits of the inhabitants of the lanu. The
inteiesting maps he has compileu piove that these gioups of population by no means coinciue with
the national state fiontieis, but that on the contiaiy, economic life follows its own laws, quite
inuepenuently of national boiueis. Foi example, wheie the natives of Afiica giow soighum the
white man giows maize, anu one can see quite cleaily how one plant gives place to the othei. This
shows that the climate pioviues only the possibilities, while man with his activity enteis into, anu
changes all the conuitions.
Fiom whatevei point of view we uistinguish the climatic belts, the eaith must always appeai to
be uiviueu into zones. These zones have a consiueiable influence on the uistiibution of
tempeiatuie, aii piessuie, anu winu. They also influence open cuiients, iainfall uistiibution, anu,
ultimately, the uistiibution of life itself.
If foi each of these zones we weie to uiaw a special map, anu if these maps weie to be
compaieu one with the othei, theii inteiconnection woulu at once be appaient. If, howevei, the
maps weie placeu one on top of each othei, we shoulu finu that they woulu not exactly coiiesponu.
The points that shoulu coiiesponu woulu be slightly uisplaceu, anu fiom this iiiegulaiity it is to be
concluueu that these phenomena aie not goveineu by mechanical laws alone.
0vei the belt of the highest tempeiatuie, which we call the theimic equatoi, the heateu aii
iises anu then stieams eithei noith oi south. In these paits the aii piessuie is low in consequence.
These aii cuiients uo not ieach the poles, but uiop uown much soonei, namely in the so-calleu
"hoise" latituues, which owe theii name to the fact that when the seafaieis with theii shipments of
hoises weie becalmeu in these iegions, they weie obligeu to thiow the hoises oveiboaiu owing to
lack of fouuei.

Nauiy calleu this iegion the calms of the tiopics. Bans Sueiing
says "between the hoise

latituues anu the equatoi theie is a closeu atmospheiic ciicuit, such as woulu exist between the
equatoi anu the poles but foi the iotation of the eaith." But the belts of high piessuie in the hoise

*
K*)#E:+1!:2M-+)+#1)/#:2..)/(/-=*.C6)+#E:)+1)/4#1899, Beilin. K*)#E:+1M-+)+#1)/#B/1)#*+#<)()/7:++.#@*(()*02+;)+4#
B/;:)+M2+;.!:+14# 19Su, p. 281. K*)# Q)01>/2)C6()# 9+1*)+.# *+# *6/)/# ;)-;/:=6*.C6)+# X)/!/)*(2+;4# O!6:+102+;)+# 1).#
?:7!2/;)/#L-0-+*:0#9+.(*(2().4#vol. xiv, 1914, Bambuig.
uustav Auolph von Kloeuen, ?:+1!2C6#1)/#=6".*.C6)+#J)-;/:=6)*, vol. ii, p. S14, Beilin, 18S9.
Bans Sueiing, E)6/!2C6#1)/#@)()-/-0-;*)4 p. SuS.

SS' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

latituues (causeu by the uescenuing heavy aii) foim a kinu of paiting-line of winu. Fiom theie the
monsoons go ovei the suiface of the eaith towaius the equatoi, anu the westeily winus of the high

latituues towaius the poles. 0wing to the iotation of the eaith all winus coming fiom the poles
towaius the equatoi move at a velocity which is necessaiily less than that at equatoiial points,
because they come fiom latituues in which the movement of each point on the suiface of the eaith
is slowei than that on the equatoi. This lagging behinu against the west-east movement of the eaith
gives the impiession that these masses of aii aie moving in the opposite uiiection, that is, east-west.
These winus with a component east to west, aie the monsoons. We aie alieauy acquainteu with the
equatoiial sea cuiients which aie causeu by them.
Thus, the winus aie foimeu by the inteiaction of the iotation of the eaith with the uiffeience of
tempeiatuies between the colu poles anu the hot equatoi. The ielation of the winu to the
tempeiatuie is being iegulateu by the aii piessuie. Fiom the uiffeience of tempeiatuie, uiffeiences
in aii piessuie aiise, foi the aujustment of which the aii masses aie set into motion anu become
manifest as winus.
The iotation of the eaith woiks into this play of foices anu effects ueviations. But these laws uo
not yet explain actual conuitions; they only explain the winus, which impiint themselves into the
sea cuiients, anu the coiiesponuing aujustment in the piessuie of the aii.


The polai iegion is coveieu by a cap of colu aii, which flattens out in the shape of a weuge,
towaius the bounuaiy of the Aictic.
*
The uiviuing line between the colu, anu the waim aii, foims
the polai fiont. This is a complicateu plane between the waim aii moving west-east, anu the colu
aii moving east-west. The waim anu the colu aii which colliue on this plane foim whiilwinus in
which the two fight one anothei. Beie the moving baiometiic minima (cyclones oiiginate which
extenu along the polai fiont in weuge-shapeu foimations.
The colu aii catches the waim aii in an enfoluing spiial, the waim section of the uepiession
becoming naiiow thiough the expansion of the colu aii in the space.

*
Bjeiknes.
SS' CCC?DEFGHFIFJDKLF?JFD?'*EF'GHFIFJD'KLF?'<MN?'((@'OPJFQOPNR'.;=S?')M?'S'

Foui cyclones moving fiom the equatoi towaius the passat zone show us foui stages of this
piocess anu illustiate how in the enu the two colu fionts coinciue.
The waim aii is being cut off fiom its connection with the ieseivoii of waim aii anu is
oveipoweieu. In this piocess we see the uying uown of the cyclones. Cyclones aie whiilwinus,
which in the noithein hemispheie move in an anti-clockwise uiiection aiounu a low piessuie
spheie, anu in the opposite uiiection in the southein hemispheie. These enclosing anu unfoluing
spiials aie ieally to be iegaiueu as the piimal foices in the piouuction of weathei conuitions, anu
the oceanic stieams also follow theii foims.
In uealing with sea cuiients, it is necessaiy to ieckon not only with a ciiculating movement,
but with complicateu ievolving spiial movements, as well, anu the same applies heie. The eaith's
iotation is obviously only the expiession, anu not the cause of the spiial foimations. We must
uepait fiom the piinciple of meie mechanical explanations, foi the phenomena aie fai too
obviously paits of a wonueiful, anu well oiueieu whole, to allow us to imagine that chance, with a
few mechanical laws, shoulu have set it all going. The spiial tenuency is appaient in the stai nebula,
anu is to be seen in oui planetaiy system which, as we know, uoes not always tuin aiounu the sun,
but togethei with the sun - anu theiefoie continues on in its couise in a spiial movement. The same

tenuency, which uoethe also uiscoveieu in the plants, is founu to be the fiist foim to manifest itself
in meteoiology anu in cosmology.

While the plastic piinciple is woiking in the sap ciiculation of plants anu othei living beings, as
well as in the cuiients, we iecognize something of a musical chaiactei in spiial foimations. A fine
music is woven ovei the planet in the weathei phenomena.
Keplei is iight in inteipieting the couising of the stais in teims of music, expeiiencing the
ievolutions in the majoi key, anu the contiactions, that is when stais aie appioaching one anothei
(Peiihelion, Aphelion), in the minoi key. We aie uealing with musical phenomena. 0nly in so fai as
these leave theii ieal home, the element of the aii anu the stais, anu aie able to impiint themselves
into the system, being able to woik plastically, uo they expiess themselves in foim of ciiculation.
But this is not theii inmost being. Theii ieal innei being is music. Let us stuuy this music. A. Befant
*

has stuuieu the ihythms in which cyclones follow each othei.
Bis uesciiption of it is founu in an investigation wheie he enueavois to stuuy the systems of aii
piessuie which move in waves fiom west to east within the tempeiate latituues. Foi this puipose
he uiu not investigate the changes in the uegiees of piessuie, but theii effect on iainfall, anu he
compileu a table showing the total amount of uaily iainfall in Noith Ameiica, Euiope, }apan, the
Aigentine, anu Austialia. Be then applieu the haimonic analysis to the yeaily couise of iainfall. The
iesult showeu that the fluctuations in the iainfall appeai as supeipositions of foui waves moving
west-east, of which the wavelengths aie aliquot paits of the eaith's ciicumfeience. Foi example,
Foi the noithein hemispheie in 4S ueg. latituue: S.7, 8.7, 12.7, 24.S uays
Foi the southein hemispheie in SS ueg. latituue: 7.2, 12.1, 16.6, S1.2 uays

*
A. Befant, "Bie veiaenueiungen in uei allgemeinen Ziikulation uei Atmospheie in uen geaessigten Bieiten uei
Eiue," '*(M2+;.!)/*C6()# 1)/# OA:1)7*)# 1)/# $*..)+.C6:>()+4# Wien, vol. cxxi, 1912, pp. S79-S68; E*()/:(2/a pages 1S6-7,
@)()-/-0-;*.C6)#S)*(.C6/*>(, 191S.

It was uiscoveieu that the wavelengths coiiesponu to , , V anu one pait of the eaith's
ciicumfeience. Exnei
*
anu Befant have shown in this ieseaich woik, that these waves aie causeu by
the alteination of continent anu ocean anu theii consequent theimic uiffeiences.
If the wiuth of an ocean oi continent coiiesponus appioximately to half the wavelength of the
vibiations, it is paiticulaily favouiable to the cieation of a wave. The wiuth of the oceans oi
continents cieating the shoitest wave must, theiefoie, be of the eaith's ciicumfeience, oi 4S
latituues. In the southein latituue we have Austialia with 4S latituue uegiees, South Ameiica with
SS uegiees, anu the Atlantic 0cean with SS uegiees. In the noithein hemispheie Noith Ameiica has
Su anu the Atlantic SS uegiees of latituue.
We see that on the southein as well as on the noithein hemispheies theie aie continents anu
oceans, which aie able to piouuce the two shoit waves of anu of the eaith's ciicumfeience, anu
these waves can actually be quite uistinctly obseiveu in the couise of the weathei phenomena.
These investigations uiaw oui attention aptly to the fact of theii being a "musical" piinciple
unueilying the foimation of weathei conuitions. We can say that the eaith, thiough the alteiation of
lanu anu sea, constitutes a musical instiument, as it weie, on which tempeiatuie, aii piessuie,
iainfall anu winu piouuce togethei the eaith's gianu symphony, the weathei.

*
F. N. Exnei, "uiunuzuege einei Theoiie uei synoptischen Luftuiuckaenueiungen," $*)+)/# '*(M2+;.!)/*C6(), 199,
19u7.

!"#$%&'(,++(
The Sun and Planetary Influences on Weather and
Climate as Foundation for Harvests and Prices
We weie able to conceive the weathei in teims of music, piouuceu by the instiument of
alteinating continents anu oceans, which in theii configuiation aie unueistoou not only as plastic
foimations but also as a musical instiument which piouuces vaiying waves. Peihaps this
conceptions will some uay thiow light upon the iiuule of the shape o the continents anu oceans.
But the question which we must ask ouiselves in this chaptei is, whethei the gieat musician
who plays on this eaithly instiument, has a cosmic mouel. Science in its piesent state of ieseaich,
still caiefully feeling its way, answeis hesitatingly, but neveitheless uistinctly, "yes."
Chailes Neluium, Biiectoi of the meteoiological obseivatoiy on the Islanu of Nauiitius, was
the fiist to give geneial iecognition to the peiiouicity of the cyclones anu iainfall in theii connection
with the sunspot peiious.
*

This connection has been mentioneu pieviously by Sii William Beischel also, who was the fiist
to show the ielationship between the sunspot ihythms, the fiequency of the iainfall anu the haivest
output anu piices.

It has been uiscoveieu that the sunspot maxima anu minima aie ielateu to the cyclones anu to
the quantity of iainfall, not, howevei, unconuitionally, but accoiuing to the geogiaphical position of
the point of obseivation. As iegaius the summei monsoons in Inuia, it has been asceitaineu that
uuiing the maximum yeais of sunspots the iainfall is highei than in the minimum yeais. The wintei
iainfall in noithein Inuia follows the opposite couise.

The fact of the connection being is thus establisheu, the chaiactei of the ielationship uepenus
upon geogiaphical anu seasonal mouifications. Foi instance, it has been founu that in the cential
paits of Noith Ameiica anu along the coast of Labiauoi a tempeiatuie pievails in the yeais of
extensive sunspots which is lowei by seveial uegiees, whilst on the othei siue of the Atlantic fiom

*
Ch. Neluiun, Repoit Biitish Association, Biighton 1872 anu Biaufoiu 187S.
Sii Wm. Beischel, 56)#'C*)+(*>*C#<:=)/.#->#'*/#$*00*:7#?)/.C6)04 vol. ii, p. 178, publisheu by the Royal Society anu the
Royal Astionomical Society, Lonuon, anu <6*0-.-=6*C:0#5/:+.:C(*-+.#->#(6)#`-":0#'-C*)("#->#E-+1-+4#1884, vol. xci, pp. 26S-
S18; also #G)/0*+)/#O.(/-+-7*.C6).#&:6/!2C64#18u6 anu 18u7.
S. A. Bill, "vaiiation of Rainfall in Noithein Inuia," 9+1*:+#@)(%#@)7-*/.4 vol. i, No. 6, 1878.


the Bay of Biscay to Spitzbeigen exactly the opposite happens. The minimum-epochs of the
sunspots piouuce colu, anu the maximum-epochs waim yeais.
*
It is most instiuctive to see that one
anu the same cosmic event can piouuce so uiffeient an effect in vaiious paits of the eaith. This
woulu seem to be the iule. Noith }apan ahs a goou iice ciop if August is waim. A waim August in
}apan may, howevei, uepenu on the iising of the aii piessuie in the south-east of Canaua in Apiil.

Theie is a stiong inteiuepenuence in conuitions on the vaiious points on the eaith. We aie only
beginning to ieach an unueistanuing of these facts. The gieatei the uiffeience is between the
tempeiatuie of the Atlantic 0cean cuiient on its suiface, anu its tempeiatuie at a uepth of 2uu
meteis, the bettei will be the haivest in Noiway; even the ueiman wheat anu iye ciops aie
influenceu by this factoi.

A small peicentage of ice aiounu Icelanu in the spiing coiiesponus to favouiable conuitions foi
coin ciops in Westein Euiope anu Noith ueimany.

We see that sunspots oi changes in the ciiculation of the oceans have, like othei cosmic events,
veiy uiffeient effects on uiffeient paits of the eaith. If we coulu unueistanu them in theii totality,
they woulu ieveal themselves as oiganic uepenuences in a living being.
The vaiiation of the sunspots is by no means a piimaiy phenomenon. A numbei of scientists
have shown that the phenomena of the sunspots aie ielateu to the planets.
The investigations caiiieu out by the scientists, Ki. Biikelanu,
**
E. W. Biown,
A. Schustei,

Fianz }. uoeschel,
Ellswoith Buntinguon,
***
vlauimii B. Schostakowitsch,
Inigo }ones,
have
maue it cleai that the peiiou of sunspots is no moie than a combination of planetaiy peiious. The
planets, theiefoie, aie woiking behinu all the phenomena which aie asciibeu to the sunspots. Paitly
uiiectly, paitly by way of the sun, the planets mouify the couise of events. As the sun iauiates into
space against giavity, anu the planetaiy foices come into opeiation wheievei such iauiation against

*
L. Necking,#O++:0)+#1)/#?"1/-;/:=6*)4#1918, p. 1; also F. Baui,#@*(()*02+;)+#1)/#$)(()/#2+1#'-++)+8:/()#'(%#G:0.*)+4#
Beft 2, 1922.
T. 0kaua, ief. p. 6S2, Bans Sueiing, E)6/!2C6#1)/#@)()-/-0-;*)%#
Alexanuei Supan anu Eiich 0bst, J/2+1M2);)#1)/#=6".*.C6)+#B/1A2+1), vol. i, p. SS2, Beilin, Leipzig, 1927.
Neinaiuus, "Schwankungen uei noiuatlantischen Ziikulation unu ihie Folgen," O++:0)+#1)/#?"1/-;/:=6*)4#19u4, p.

SSS. @)()-/-0-;*.C6)#S)*(.C6/*>(4#19uS, p. S98.
**
K. Biikenlanu, "Recheiches sui les taches uu Soleil et leui oiigine," 'A/*>()+# 213*;+)# :># X*1)+.A:!.)0.# L:!)(# 9,
Chiistiana 1879.
E. W. Biown, "A possible explanation of the Sunspot Peiiou," @-+(60"# P-(*C).4# `-":0# O.(/-7%# '-C%4# vol. lx, No. 1u,
19u9, pp. S99-6u6.
A. Schustei, "The Influence of the Planets on the Foimation of Sunspots," </-C))1*+;.# `-":0# '-C*)("# E-+1-+4 vol.
lxxxv, 1911, pp. Su9-2S, ueals with Neikui, venus, Nais, }upitei, Satuin.
Fianz }. uoeschel, <0:+)(:*/)# B*+>02)..)# :2># 1*)# '-++)4# Salzbuig, 1912, <0:+)(:*/)# B*+>02)..)# :2># 1*)# B/1), Salzbuig
1912.
***
Ellswoith Buntinguon, B:/(6#:+1#'2+Y 8):(6)/#:+1#'2+.=-(., Newhaven, 192S, p. 212.
vlauimii B. Schostakowitsch, "Sonnenflecken unu Planetenstanu," @)()-/-0-;*.C6)# S)*(.C6/*>(4 Beilin, 1928, vol.
1u.
Inigo }ones in P:(2/), }uly S1, 19S2, uealing with }upitei, Satuin, 0ianus, Neptune.

giavity takes place, so the iauiation of the sun must neeus succumb to the influences of the planets.
With iegaiu to uiiect planetaiy influences, so fai venus only has been obseiveu. Beniy Luuwell
Nooie
*
inuicates the connection between the ihythm of ciops anu economic ihythms in ielation to
sunspots anu venus ihythms. Eveiy eight yeais the iays of venus aie paiticulaily biight.
She uoes not, as one might expect, show the whole uisc, but only a sickle with a faintly
luminous shauow. She is, howevei, especially close to the eaith in this constellation. Five weeks
befoie hei lowei conjunction venus can be seen thus anu she shines with exceptional biilliance if
she is at the same time in close pioximity to the eaith. The uiametei of venus is then 4u inches anu
the size of the luminous pait 1u inches so that less than a quaitei is shining. In this position, she
senus moie light to the eaith owing to its neaiei pioximity, than when iauiating with hei full uisc.

All these cosmic anu meteoiological ihythms have at any iate been stuuieu fiom an economical
aspect, anu extensive liteiatuie on the subject is available. The alieauy mentioneu obseivations by
Sii William Beischel weie maue aftei he hau ieau the funuamental woik of Auam Smith anu his
obseivations on piices. It stiuck Beischel that these peiious, taken puiely economically, coinciueu
with those of the sunspots. As the iealization of the ielations fiist came to an astionomei anu not to
an economist, this funuamental uiscoveiy was ignoieu. The astionomeis iegaiueu Beischel's
excuisions into the economic fielu with uisfavoui, consiueiing them to be quite out of place. The
unfoitunate position between the scientific uisciplines, as in so many cases, once again stoou in the
path of piogiess. 0ne cannot help smiling when one ieaus the plemics against Beischel in the
Beilin Astionomical Yeaibook, anu then his cool ieply a yeai latei (18u6-18u7). Theie is a ueciueu
auvantage in settling polemic uiffeiences in a yeaily peiiouical. It leaves time to uevelop sufficient
phlegm!
The following ieflections woulu seem to contiauict Beischel, but Beimann Fiitz has iefuteu
these statements
anu the iecent ieseaich coiioboiates Beischel on all points.

Beniyk Aictowsky's
investigations aie of special impoitance because the fact uawneu upon

him that the tempeiatuie system of the eaith is an oiganic unit, in which each pait is connecteu
with eveiy othei pait. Sii William Beveiiuge anu anu Westeiguaiu have investigateu the pioblem
economically fiom many uiffeient aspects.
**

*
Beniy Luuwell Nooie, BC-+-7*C#,"C0).4#(6)*/#E:8#:+1#,:2.).4 1914, ueneiating Economic Cycles, New Yoik, 192S.
ueoige Chambeis, O#?:+1!--A#->#K).C/*=(*3)#:+1#</:C(*C:0#O.(/-+-7"4 0xfoiu, 1889.
Beimann Fiitz, K*)# G)M*)62+;)+# 1)/# '-++)+>0)CA)+# M2# 1)+# 7:;+)(*.C6)+# 2+1# 7)()-/-0-;*.C6)+# B/.C6)*+2+;)+# 1)/#
B/1), Baailem, 1878. P:(22/A2+1*;)# X)/6:+1)0*+;)+# 3:+# 1)# ?-00:+1*.C6)# @::(.C6:==*I# 1)/# $)()+.C6:==)+, vol. iii, Beiue
veisameling.
Beniyk Aictowsky, '(21*).#-+#,0*7:()#:+1#,/-=., New Yoik, 191u-12.

**
Sii William Beveiiuge, "Weathei anu Baivest Cycles," &-2/+:0# -># (6)# `-":0# BC-+-7*C# '-C*)("4# }une 192u, Naich
192u, anu Becembei 1921.

Euuaiu Biuecknei shows the influence of the fluctuations in the climate on the ciops anu coin
piices. Bis woik on this subject
*
pioviues the best intiouuction foi these meteoiological pioblems,
anu it is satisfactoiy to obseive the veisatility of his uesciiptions.
That the influence of the sunspots is inueeu a iemaikable one is shown by the ieseaich woik of
the zoologists.

vlauimii B. Schostakowitsch in his excellent book on peiiouical fluctuations in the phenomena
of natuie (19S1) with iefeiences to fuithei liteiatuie, has uealt with theii influences on economic
life in a most thoiough fashion.
We have gone a long way. 0nfoluing the panoiama of the eaith fiom its well-uefineu contouis,
ovei the oceans, thiough the aii anu the suiiounuing atmospheie of waimth, we have passeu on to
the influences of sun anu planets, which aie woven thiough the ihythms of the living eaith. Beie we
come upon the influence of the ihythms of natuie on economic life. In ciops anu coin piices we saw
how the eaith anu the cosmos, woiking into the life-piocesses of the eaith, actively entei into the
couise of economic uevelopment. 0ui knowleuge in this fielu was aumitteu to be elementaiy as yet,
because in consequence of the fact that the oiganization of oui euucational system tenus to
specialization, nobouy is in a position to gauge the univeisal fielu wheie those pioblems can alone
be solveu. Beie we have been able to uo no moie than to show this univeisal fielu, emphasize its
impoitance, anu point out that only thiough the ieal coopeiation of all sciences anu of all nations
can knowleuge be boin which will seive as a founuation foi the builuing up of a woilu-embiacing
economy. What we most neeu is a foim of oiganization, uiiecteu fiom the 2+*3)/.:0 point of view, in
the iealms of euucation anu ieseaich.

*
Euuaiu Biuecknei, L0*7:.C68:+A2+;)+4#Wien, 189u.
B. Simioth, "Bei Einfluss uei letzten Sonnenfleckenpeiioue auf uie Tieiwelt," L-.7-.# 9, 19u8. A. W. Anthony,
"Peiiouical emigiations of Nammals," &-2/+%# @:77:0%4# vol. iv, p. 6u. R. E. ue Laiy, O//*3:0# -># G*/1.# *+# `)0:(*-+# (-# '2+.=-(.4#
192S. C. Elton, "Peiiouical fluctuations in the numbei of animals," G/*(*.6# &-2/+:0# -># BR=)/*7)+(:0# G*-0-;"4 vol. ii, No. 1,
0ctobei 1924, Euinbuigh 0niveisity.

!"#$%&'(,+++(
World Economy
The teim "Woilu Economy" seems to have lost its meaning entiiely, since all nations aie uoing
theii utmost to piouuce, as fai as possible, eveiything within theii own fiontieis. The gieat
agiicultuial states become inuustiializeu, the gieat inuustiial states tuin to agiicultuie. The
polaiities anu uistinctions which piouuce the uegiee of tension anu balance on which all economic
activity uepenus, seem to be uisappeaiing, anu a stanustill in inteinationally economy woulu
appeai to be imminent.
*

In spite of this, anu although the inteinational uivision of laboi is at piesent ietiogiessive, it
must be iealizeu that this uevelopment is only a phase within a wiuei spheie of evolution. Not that
it is suggesteu that the conuitions pieceuing the piesent ones coulu ietuin, but that the tenuency to
self-sufficiency of national units anu isolation fiom inteinational life is ieally only a phase of
uevelopment. Supposing that all States hau been successful in piouucing within theii own fiontieis
eveiything maue possible by climatic conuitions; supposing that even the iegulation of the climate
itself hat been achieveu on a laige scale, eithei by means of iiiigation, ieclamation, iefoiesting oi by
othei peihaps still unknown measuies; in the enu the psychological national uiffeiences in
chaiactei woulu infallibly leau to uiveigences in the woiking system anu methous of piouuctions,
which woulu again cieate those conuitions of tension without which no inteichange, anu
consequently no economic life, woulu ultimately be possible.
It is even piobable that the uiffeiences which will then become appaient, will biing out the
tiue chaiacteiistic uistinctions between the nations much moie cleaily than the pieceuing peiiou of
specialization, because the peiiou in which we aie now living will have swept away all meiely
acciuental uiffeientiations. Theiefoie we must say that we aie passing fiom a peiiou of haphazaiu
uiffeientiation into one of funuamental uistinctions, anu that aftei the passing of this wave of
tiansition - that is to say towaius the enu of this centuiy - we shall expeiience a new uevelopment
which will tenu to biing the states, then highly inuepenuent as economic units, into a new eaith-

*
Feiuinanu Fiieu, K:.# +)2)# $)0(!*01, especially chapteis on "Reagiaiisieiung uei Inuustiielaenuei,"
"Inuustiialisieiung ueiAgiaistaaten," "Abkehi von uei Nonokultui," in which this piocess is uesciibeu with iefeiences to
the latest uevelopments in the vaiious countiies. K*)# 5:(4# 2+:!6:)+;*;)# @-+:(..C6/*>(4# }ena, August 19S4. Also
$-C6)+!)/*C6(#1).#9+.(*(2().#>2)/#L-+I2+A(2/>-/.C62+;4#Beilin, Febiuaiy 2, 19S4, K)/#$)0(6:+1)0%#

embiacing ielationship one to the othei, in which each nation will paiticipate in the full iecognition
of its national inuiviuuality.
But it coulu be of the gieatest significance to anticipate this next phase in economic life even
now, because it woulu enable us to face piesent uevelopment with a new stiength.
It is, theiefoie, necessaiy to haimonize two aspects: an unueistanuing of the special
chaiacteiistics of each national economic unit, anu an unueistanuing of the specific ielationships
iesulting fiom these chaiacteiistics, in view of the fact that these uiffeient national units must
necessaiily shape theii economic life on an eaith which belongs to them all.
Fiist let us obseive how fai man has changeu, oi its planning to change, existing climatic
conuitions. Noie than 2uu million acies (8u9,4uu km.) aie unuei iiiigation.
*
In compaiison with the
size of the eaith this is veiy little. But if we stuuy a compiehensive uesciiption, such as E. B. Caiiiei
gives us in his woik entitleu 56)#56*/.("#B:/(64
b
#we ieceive the impiession, that much iiiigation
woik was completeu in olu histoiic times, so that the possibility of the extension of iiiigation on a
laige scale ceitainly exists. Bistiicts which in the uistant past hau been maue feitile by means have
been alloweu to lie waste in succeeuing cultuial epochs, anu it becomes man's task to ienew the
woik of his ancestois. Syiia, Egypt, Babylon, Iiaq, Tuikestan, anu China can look back on gieat
achievements in this uiiection, anu so can the mouein westein woilu. We coulu not in oui time,
iichei thiough we be in technical iesouices, go to much gieatei lengths of achievement.
We see, in
piactice, gieat iiiigation schemes mateiializing in Egypt. The Egyptian Ninistiy of Public Woiks is
at piesent engageu on a compiehensive plan foi watei iegulation anu iiiigation in Egypt, which
contemplates the constiuction of numeious builuings anu iiiigation woiks in the couise of the next
twenty yeais. The majoi pait of these woiks will be concentiateu in the piovinces of Schaikie anu
uaibie. The Egyptian Ninistiy of Finance is at piesent also engageu upon the piepaiation of a ten-
yeai constiuction plan.

The Aswan uam will pile up the watei of the Nile foi 2Su miles above Aswan to Waui Balfa on
the Suuanese boiuei. Stoieu behinu this new uam will be 1,S2u billion gallons of watei. Beie is a
compaiative table showing measuies taken foimeily to iegulate the Nile:
Aswan uam S9u miles above Caiio 19u2
Esna Baiiage 49u miles above Caiio 1u9u
Nag Bamui S67 miles above Caiio 19Su

*
B. C. in P:(2/), }uly 19SS, iefeiiing to 0ison W. Isiaelsen. Book on iiiigation.
E. B. Caiiiei, 56)#56*/.("#B:/(64#A stuuy in iiiigation. Chiistopheis, Lonuon, 1928.
See Inuex volume of the tiansactions of the fiist Woilu Powei Confeience, Lonuon, 1924, unuei "Iiiigation," wheie
all countiies aie sepaiately enumeiateu.
K)2(.C6)#G)/;8)/A.M)*(2+;, }uly 2, 19S4.


Assuit 2Su miles above Caiio 19u2
Belta 1S miles below Caiio 189u
Zifta 17 miles below Caiio 19uS
In the Nile uelta, extensive woiks have also been caiiieu out to iemove the salt fiom the soil
anu to make it feitile. 0thei gieat schemes of a similai natuie aie opeiating, such as in the Zuiuei
Zee,
*
in uieece neai Saloncia (6uu squaie miles), anu in Italy, wheie by his gianu scheme of
cultivating the Pontine Naishes, Nussolini has uiaineu consiueiable stietches of lanu by means of
builuing canals. Fuithei theie is the iiiigation scheme in connection with the wateis of the Rio
uianue anu of the Coloiauo Rivei, anu othei such woiks aie being caiiieu out in Nexico. All this
may seive as pioof that new lanu is continually being uiaineu, oi iiiigateu, oi wiesteu fiom the sea.
The conceptions foimeu by Paul Biith
have maue it possible to sepaiate the humiu anu aiiu zones

of the eaith moie exactly fiom a caitogiaphic viewpoint. Beiueiich-Siegei gives a map of the futuie
iiiigation of the eaith on the basis of Biith's conceptions.
This map shows that if man shoulu ieally

caiiy this out anu iiiigate all those paits of the eaith which have a iain factoi
below 4u, the whole

climate of the eaith woulu be changeu.
Bow fai man is able to mastei the climate is a question which has been iepeateuly uiscusseu.
**

It is impossible to theoiize fuithei on this question as new uiscoveiies in this iealm aie always
being maue anu each uay may biing unuieameu of possibilities. The numeious voices to the
contiaiy, theiefoie, have no absolute oi final value. Theie is no uoubt that some uay, not only by
means of iiiigation anu affoiestation but by contiolling the uistiibution of waimth ovei the eaith,
man will have to assume full iesponsibility foi the whole planet. When the technical possibility
becomes ieality, we must be moially piepaieu foi it, because on the uistiibution of waimth anu
humiuity uepenus the whole plant woilu.

We must iealize, then, that a stuuy of the laws of uistiibution on the suiface of the eaith is not
meiely a hobby, but a science which will, soonei oi latei, have to be taken seiiously anu biought to
a piactical issue. This cannot be uone, howevei, meiely fiom a one-siueu national point of view, in
spite of the fact that national uevelopment is of gieat value anu of veiy special impoitance foi the

*
B+;*+))/*+;#P)8.%#Recoiu of Becembei 1, 19S2, gives a uesciiption.
Paul Biith, J/2+1M2);)# )*+)/# J)-;/:=6*)# 1)/# L2)+.(0*C6)+# G)8:)..)/2+;# K*..)/(:(*-+# ?:00)4 1921, anu G)*6)>(# M27#
5/-=)+=0>:.()/4# 1928. Paul Biith, "Isonotiuen unu ueien Eiukaite" (Isonotiues aie lines of equal iain factois), <)()/7:++.#
@*(()*02+;)+, Table 9 anu pp. 14S-9, 1926.
Anuiee-Beiueiich-Siegei, J)-;/:=6*)#1).#$)0(6:+1)0.4 vol. iii, p. 1S, 19Su.
The iain factoi is the quotient of the quantity of iain given in mm. anu of the tempeiatuie given in uegiees of
Celsius. Biith pointeu out, that this biinging into ielation of iainfall anu tempeiatuie is necessaiy, because with incieaseu
evapoiation, uue to highei tempeiatuie, theie is an incieaseu absoiption of iainfall. It is consequently this quotient which
inteiests the faimei. The giowth of coin uemanus iiiigation wheievei the iain factoi falls below 4u.
**
A. Wenulei, "Pioblem uei technischen Wetteibeinflussung" in </-!0)7)# 1)/# A-.7*.C6)+# <6".*A, Ch. }ensen anu A.
Wassmann, Bambuig, 1927.
F. Enquist, J)-0%#Q-)/)+%#Q-)/6%4#1924, shows the bounuaiies of the plants accoiuing to waim anu colu zones.

welfaie of the psychological iealm in economic life to which all questions connecteu with laboi
belong. The numbei of woiking houis, the stanuaiu of living; these aie some of the psychological
national questions ielating to economic life. The auministiation anu oiueiing of the planet is a
mattei which conceins mankinu, anu the question of the uistiibution anu use of iaw mateiials is
one of these matteis.
In this fielu aiises the task of taking a tiue woilu inventoiy with absolute impaitiality, in oiuei
that on the basis of actual facts, ieasonable negotiations between the economic units on matteis of
iaw mateiials may giauually become possible. The moie iemoveu these aie fiom politics anu the
moie they aie guiueu by the puie necessities of economic life, the gieatei will be the chance of
success.
That piesent economic life ieally contains woilu pioblems which coulu be tackleu, is explaineu
among othei things, in a veiy inteiesting aiticle by 0scai 0liven, entitleu "Euiopa's
uiosskiaftlinien," which was piesenteu to the Seconu Woilu Powei Confeience in Beilin.
*
The
impoitance of these ieflections is shown in the fact that the solution of a technical pioblem lies in
biinging it into haimony with the cosmic ihythm - that is with the ihythm of the eaith. The authoi
shows the economic auvantages which woulu be ueiiveu fiom the installation of a Euiopean net of
electiic powei stations iangeu in such a way (noith-south) that in taking auvantage of all the watei
anu coal iesouices, one woulu be able to iegaiu the uiffeiences, piouuceu by summei anu wintei
conuitions in the vaiious paits of the eaith as well as the west-east uiffeiences in uaylight. The
following suggestions, which aie woikeu out in full anu conciete uetail, coulu well be caiiieu out:
"An electiic connection between the wateipowei in the Bighei Alps, which on account of the
melting of the snow ieach theii maximum in the summei; the as yet uncompleteu hyuiaulic woiks
of the Banube at the Iion uate; anu, lastly, similai uncompleteu hyuiaulic woiks on the Auiiatic
Coast, wheie atmospheiic uepiessions in wintei cause extensive iainfall. Such a connection will
piouuce a balance of powei, which will make it possible to avoiu the builuing of gieat uams, oi at
any iate to leave them to a fai uistant futuie . "
Natuie pioviues a constant stoiage of watei by means of the uneven climatic anu atmospheiic
conuitions of that whole section of the eaith, anu if this natuial supply of watei is utilizeu at the
iight time anu in the iight places anu it can be maue available at given points thiough high-tension
electiic giius, we shall benefit consiueiably by getting bettei iesults at lowei costs. Fuitheimoie, it
will be possible to incoipoiate the existing theimo-stations into this system. The authoi also uiaws
oui attention to the watei poweis of the Scanuinavian peninsula, unuseu up till now, as well as to

*
J).:7(!)/*C6(#1)/#c$)0(A/:>(A-+>)/)+M4d Beilin, vol. xix, 19Su.

the ualician anu Rumanian oil fielus, anu the South Russian anu English coal fielus, all of which
woulu be within this Euiopean net.
Those who wish to familiaiize themselves with all the uetails of the pioject, must stuuy
0liven's woik. 0ui own piesent task is meiely to show how a woilu economy opens puiely
economic pioblems which uiffei entiiely fiom those which aie bounu up in the aspect of "national
economy."
The objection which might be iaiseu against these iueas, namely, that they coulu nevei be
iealizeu because piesent psychology piesents an insuimountable obstacle, uoes not neveitheless
holu goou. It must be aumitteu that not even uistiicts within the same State like to be uepenuent on
one anothei in the piouuction anu supply of powei; but if only men coulu be peisuaueu to tackle
these pioblems in a tiuly bioau-minueu way, "psychology" woulu follow soon enough, because that
which is iight anu ieasonable tiiumphs in the enu, howevei gieat the obstacles may be. Shoulu we
not believe that a cosmopolitan way of thinking can only stiengthen oui feelings foi oui countiy as
a well-oiueieu membei of a well-oiueieu haimonious whole, anu that measuies coulu be taken to
ensuie both love foi the whole ANB love foi one's own countiy.
When we look at the piesent woilu situation we cannot help wonueiing whethei the economic
pioblems aie not, aftei all, peuagogic pioblems! Bow can we tiain ouiselves to think economically.
That is the question, anu not, how can we biing absolute nonsense anu complete chaos into a
scientific system of economic laws.
Let us, both as single nations anu as humanity in geneial, tuin back to the point wheie we
began, to the soil, to the eaith!
When the eaith is iegaiueu once moie as something holy, when the eaith will once moie have
a voice in the solutions of the gieat woilu pioblem, only then will a uawn of tiue piospeiity anu
health iise upon humanity.
But the eaith is silent. She is the mute O.) of which the stoiy of the twilight of the gous speaks
in the Noiuic legenu; the O.), the gou who outlasts the wai of all against all, anu, aftei the gieat
chaos, oiueis eveiything anew.
The chaos is heie. The O.) outlasts it. The eaith iemains tiue to us.
Coulu we not finu men to loosen the tongue of the silent gou - men ieauy to live anu woik
togethei to the enu that well-being, peace anu haimony may aiise out of an honest stiiving foi the
highest goou.

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The eaith as a basis of Woilu Economy

Bamian Kieichgauei, K*)#O)D2:(-/>/:;)#*+#1)/#J)-0-;*), 2

"The animal woilu absoibs eveiything which the plants

W. }. veinausky, J)-C6)7*), Leipzig, 19Su, p. 2u2, also p. 72.

B. Nolisch, K*)#<>0:+M)+#*+#*6/)/#G)M*)62+;#M27#B*.)+, 1892. B. Nolisch, K*)#B*.)+!:A()/*)+, 191u.

See the quantitative measuiings taken by W. }. veinausky, J)-C6)7*), p. 2u1 ff.

Ibiu., vol i, p. 1S7, anu Lanuolu-Boeinstein.

Lowthian uieen, X).(*;).#->#(6)#@-0()+#J0-!), Lonuon, 187S, anu Bonolulu, 187S.

one thing is ceitain, namely that the eaith is

Rebeui Paschwitz, O.(/-+-7*.C6)#P:C6/*C6()+, 1892, vol. cxxx. 0. Beckei, G)-!:C6(2+;)+#:+#?-/*M-+(:0=)+1)0+#

Wegenei, K*)#<6".*A#1)/#B/1), Leipzig, 19S4.

Stiabo mentions the connection with the moon;

Caesai speaks of the connection of

anu Pliny asciibes an influence on the tiues not only to the

?)/-1-(2., vol. ii, chap. 2.

'(/:!-, vol. iii, chap. S, p. 17S Cas.

G)0027#J:00*C27, vol. iv, p. 29.

Repoit of the Biitish Association foi the Auvancement of Science.

B!!)#2+1#Q02(, Leipzig, 19u2.

0thei cuiients may be uue to the vaiying salt-

K. Zoeppiitz, "Zui Theoiie uei Neeiestioemungen," O++:0)+#1)/#<6".*A, 1878, vol. iii.

W. Ekman, "Theoiie uei Neeiestioemungen," O++:0)+#1)/#?"1/-;/:=6*), 1996, p. 426 ff.

Alexanuei Supan, J/2+1M2);)# 1)/# <6".*.C6)+# B/1A2+1), 7

into the Kattegat.

0tto Kiuemmel, ?:+1!2C6#1)/#_M):+-;/:=6*), Stuttgait, 192S, vol. i, p. SSu.

}oh. Schmiut, 9+()/+:(*-+:0)#`)32)#1)/#?"1/-!*-0-;*), vol. ii, 192S.

has suggesteu a uiffeient

W. Koeppen, "Bie Waeimezonen uei Eiue," @)()-/-0-;*.C6)#S)*(.C6/*>(4 1884.

W. Koeppen, K*)#L0*7:()#1)/#B/1)4#Leipzig, 192S, p. 16u.

says "between the hoise

Bans Sueiing, E)6/!2C6#1)/#@)()-/-0-;*)4 p. SuS.

S. A. Bill, "vaiiation of Rainfall in Noithein Inuia," 9+1*:+#@)(%#@)7-*/.4 vol. i, No. 6, 1878.

T. 0kaua, ief. p. 6S2, Bans Sueiing, E)6/!2C6#1)/#@)()-/-0-;*)%#

Neinaiuus, "Schwankungen uei noiuatlantischen Ziikulation unu ihie Folgen," O++:0)+#1)/#?"1/-;/:=6*)4#19u4, p.

anu the iecent ieseaich coiioboiates Beischel on all points.

investigations aie of special impoitance because the fact uawneu upon

ueoige Chambeis, O#?:+1!--A#->#K).C/*=(*3)#:+1#</:C(*C:0#O.(/-+-7"4 0xfoiu, 1889.

Beniyk Aictowsky, '(21*).#-+#,0*7:()#:+1#,/-=., New Yoik, 191u-12.

E. B. Caiiiei, 56)#56*/.("#B:/(64#A stuuy in iiiigation. Chiistopheis, Lonuon, 1928.

K)2(.C6)#G)/;8)/A.M)*(2+;, }uly 2, 19S4.

have maue it possible to sepaiate the humiu anu aiiu zones

This map shows that if man shoulu ieally

below 4u, the whole

Anuiee-Beiueiich-Siegei, J)-;/:=6*)#1).#$)0(6:+1)0.4 vol. iii, p. 1S, 19Su.

Вам также может понравиться

Bamian Kieichgauei, K)#O)D2:(-/>/:;)#+#1)/#J)-0-;*), 2

B. Nolisch, K)#<>0:+M)+#+#6/)/#G)M)62+;#M27#B.)+, 1892. B. Nolisch, K)#B.)+!:A()/)+, 191u.

Rebeui Paschwitz, O.(/-+-7.C6)#P:C6/C6()+, 1892, vol. cxxx. 0. Beckei, G)-!:C6(2+;)+#:+#?-/*M-+(:0=)+1)0+#

Wegenei, K)#<6".A#1)/#B/1), Leipzig, 19S4.

}oh. Schmiut, 9+()/+:(-+:0)#`)32)#1)/#?"1/-!-0-;*), vol. ii, 192S.

W. Koeppen, "Bie Waeimezonen uei Eiue," @)()-/-0-;.C6)#S)(.C6/*>(4 1884.

W. Koeppen, K)#L07:()#1)/#B/1)4#Leipzig, 192S, p. 16u.

S. A. Bill, "vaiiation of Rainfall in Noithein Inuia," 9+1:+#@)(%#@)7-/.4 vol. i, No. 6, 1878.

ueoige Chambeis, O#?:+1!--A#->#K).C/=(3)#:+1#</:C(*C:0#O.(/-+-7"4 0xfoiu, 1889.

Beniyk Aictowsky, '(21).#-+#,07:()#:+1#,/-=., New Yoik, 191u-12.