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ETAP Star
Agenda
Concepts & Applications Star Overview Features & Capabilities Protective Device Type TCC Curves STAR Short-circuit PD Sequence of Operation Normalized TCC curves Device Libraries
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 2
Definition
Overcurrent Coordination
A systematic study of current responsive devices in an electrical power system.
Slide 3
Objective
To determine the ratings and settings of fuses, breakers, relay, etc. fuses breakers relay etc T isolate the fault or overloads. To i l t th f lt l d
Slide 4
Criteria
Economics Available Measures of Fault Operating Practices Previous Experience p
Slide 5
Design
Open only PD nearest (upstream) of the fault or overload Provide satisfactory protection for overloads Interrupt SC as rapidly (instantaneously) as possible Comply with all applicable standards and codes Plot the Time Current Characteristics of different PDs
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 6
Analysis
When: New electrical systems Plant electrical system expansion/retrofits Coordination failure in an existing plant
Slide 7
Spectrum Of Currents
Load Current
U t 100% of f ll l d Up to f full-load 115-125% (mild overload)
Overcurrent
Abnormal loading condition (Locked Rotor) (Locked-Rotor)
Fault Current
Fault condition Ten times the full load current and higher full-load
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 8
Protection
Prevent injury to personnel Minimize damage to components
Quickly isolate the affected portion of the system Minimize the magnitude of available short circuit short-circuit
Slide 9
Coordination
Limit the extent and duration of service interruption S l ti f lt i l ti Selective fault isolation Provide alternate circuits
Slide 10
Coordination
C t A C D B D B A
I
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
Slide 11
Required Data
One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams) Power Grid Settings Generator Data Transformer Data
Transformer kVA, impedance, and connection Motor Data
Load Data Fault Currents Cable / Conductor Data Bus / Switchgear Data Instrument Transformer Data (CT, PT) Protective Device (PD) Data
Manufacturer and type of protective devices (PDs) One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
Slide 13
Study Procedure
Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay diagrams) Obtain the available system current spectrum (operating load, overloads, fault kA) Determine the equipment protection guidelines Select the appropriate devices / settings Plot the fixed points (damage curves, ) Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves p Analyze the results
Slide 14
Slide 16
Question
What are the scaling factors to plot the 0 48 kV 0.48 and 13.8 kV TCC curves?
Slide 17
Slide 18
Fixed Points
Points or curves which do not change regardless of protective device settings: dl f t ti d i tti
Cable damage curves g Cable ampacities T Transformer damage curves & inrush points f d i h i t Motor starting curves Generator damage curve / Decrement curve SC maximum fault points
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 19
I2t
I2t
Motor Gen
Xfmr
Cable
Slide 20
Cable Protection
Standards & References
IEEE Std 835-1994 IEEE Standard Power Cable 835 1994 Ampacity Tables IEEE Std 848-1996 IEEE Standard Procedure for the Determination of the Ampacity Derating of Fire-Protected Cables IEEE Std 738-1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the CurrentCurrent Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors The Okonite Company Engineering Data for Copper and Aluminum C d t El t i l C bl Al i Conductor Electrical Cables, B ll ti EHB 98 Bulletin EHB-98
Slide 21
Cable Protection
The actual temperature rise of a cable when exposed to a short circuit current for a known time is calculated by:
Slide 23
Shielded Cable
The normal tape width is 1 inches
Slide 24
Slide 25
Transformer Protection
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 26
Transformer Category
ANSI/IEEE C 57 109 C-57.109
Minimum nameplate (kVA) Category Single-phase Three-phase g y g p p I 5-500 15-500 II 501-1667 501 1667 501-5000 501 5000 III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000 IV above 1000 above 30,000 b b 30 000
Slide 27
Transformer Categories I, II
Slide 28
Slide 29
Transformer
FLA
200
Thermal
I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
t (sec) ( )
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58
Frequent Fault
Mechanical
K=(1/Z)2t
Inrush I h
2.5
Isc
25
I (pu)
Slide 30
Slide 31
Transformer Protection
MAXIMUM RATING OR SETTING FOR OVERCURRENT DEVICE PRIMARY SECONDARY Over 600 Volts Over 600 Volts 600 Volts or Below Transformer Rated Impedance Not more than 6% Circuit Breaker Setting 600 % Fuse Rating Circuit Breaker Setting 300 % Fuse Rating Circuit Breaker Setting or Fuse Rating 125% (250% supervised) ( p )
300 %
250%
400 %
300 %
250%
225%
Table 450-3(a)
Slide 32
Transformer Protection
Turn on or inrush current Internal transformer faults External or through faults of major magnitude Repeated large motor starts on the transformer. The motor represents a major portion or the transformers KVA rating. ti Harmonics Over current protection Device 50/51 Ground current protection Device 50/51G Differential Device 87 Over or under excitation volts/ Hz Device 24 Sudden tank pressure Device 63 Dissolved gas detection Oil Level Fans Oil Pumps Pilot wire Device 85 Fault withstand Thermal protection hot spot, top of oil temperature, winding temperature Devices 26 & 49 Reverse over current Device 67 Gas accumulation Buckholz relay Over voltage Device 59 Voltage or current balance Device 60 Tertiary Winding Protection if supplied Relay Failure Scheme Breaker Failure Scheme
Slide 33
Differential
Time over current Instantaneous restricted ground fault Time delayed ground fault Gas detection Over excitation Overheating
Slide 34
Question
Slide 35
Answer
For delta-delta connected transformers, with line-to-line line to line faults on the secondary side the side, curve must be reduced to 87% (shift to the left by a factor of 0 87) 0.87) For delta-wye connection, with single line-tog ground faults on the secondary side, the y curve values must be reduced to 58% (shift y ) to the left by a factor of 0.58)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 36
Question
Slide 37
Motor Protection
Standards & References
IEEE Std 620-1996 IEEE Guide for the Presentation of Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction Machines. IEEE Std 1255-2000 IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Motors ANSI/ IEEE C37.96-2000 Guide for AC Motor Protection The Art of Protective Relaying General Electric
Slide 39
Motor Protection
Motor Starting Curve Thermal Protection Locked Rotor Protection F lt Protection Fault P t ti
Slide 40
Thermal O/L (Device 49) Motors with SF not less than 1.15
125% of FLA f
1 = XS + X d "
RELAY PICK UP =
1 6 TO 2 1.6
If the recommended setting criteria cannot be met, or where more sensitive protection i d i d th i t t t ti is desired, the in-stantaneous relay ( a second relay) can b set l (or d l ) be t more sensitively if delayed by a timer. This permits the asymmetrical starting component to decay out. A typical setting for this is:
RELAY PICK UP =
1.2 TO 1.2
Slide 43
Fault Protection
(NEC A t / T bl 430-52) Art Table 430 52) Non-Time Delay Fuses
300% of FLA
Slide 45
Low-voltage Motor
Ratings
Continuous amperes Nominal voltage (V) Horsepower Starter size (NEMA)
Types of protection
OL
Short circuit: circuit b k current i it breaker t trip elements Fuses Undervoltage: inherent with integral control supply and three-wire control circuit
CB
FU
Ground fault (when speci fied): speci-fied): ground relay with toroidal CT
Slide 46
MOTO HP OR
250%
200%
150%
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
12 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 8 6 6 2 2 2 1 2/0 4/0
759 531 468 332 209 144 283 189 227 276 346 266 375 317 358 304 298 307
1251 875 772 547 345 360 439 292 347 407 610 469 530 447 393 375 355 356
Slide 48
Quantity
3 3 3 3 3 3
OL OC TR/O
BC
Negative-sequence voltage 1 relay (per bus), or both OL OC TR/OC Undervoltage: Inherent with integral control supply and threewire control circuit, when voltage falls suffi-ciently to permit the contractor to open and break the seal-in circuit Temperature: Temperature relay, p g operating from resistance sensor or ther-mocouple in stator winding
UV
OL
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
(49) I2T
O/L
MCP
200 HP
MCP (50)
LRAs
LRAasym
Slide 54
Protective Devices
Fuse Overload Heater Thermal Magnetic Low Voltage Solid State Trip Electro-Mechanical Motor Circuit Protector (MCP) Relay (50/51 P, N, G, SG, 51V, 67, 49, 46, 79, 21, )
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 55
Fuse Types
Expulsion Fuse (Non-CLF) Current Limiting Fuse (CLF) Electronic Fuse (S&C Fault Fiter)
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Let-Through Chart
7% PF (X/R = 14.3)
300 A
12,500
100 A 60 A
5,200
100,000
Fuse
Generally: CLF is a better short-circuit protection N CLF ( Non-CLF (expulsion f l i fuse) i a b ) is better Overload protection Electronic fuses are typically easier to coordinate due to the electronic control adjustments
Slide 63
Selectivity Criteria
Typically: N CLF Non-CLF: CLF: 140% of f ll l d f full load 150% of full load
Safety Margin: 10% applied to Min Melting (consult the fuse manufacturer)
Slide 64
Molded Case CB
Thermal-Magnetic Magnetic Only g y Motor Circuit Protector (MCP) I Integrally F ll Fused (Li i d (Limiters) ) Current Limiting High Interrupting Capacity Non-Interchangeable Parts Insulated Case (Interchange Parts) Types Frame Size Poles Trip Rating Interrupting Capability Voltage
Slide 65
MCCB
Slide 66
Slide 67
Thermal Maximum
Thermal Minimum
Magnetic (instantaneous)
Slide 68
LVPCB
Voltage and Frequency Ratings Continuous Current / Frame Size / Sensor I t Interrupting Rating ti R ti Short-Time Rating (30 cycle) Short Time Fairly Simple to Coordinate Phase / Ground Settings Inst. Override
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 69
LT PU
CB 2 CB 1
LT Band
CB 2
ST PU
480
kV
CB 1
IT
ST Band If =30 kA
Slide 70
Inst. Override
Slide 71
Slide 72
Slide 73
Question
What is Class 10 and Class 20 Thermal OLR curves?
Slide 74
Answer
At 600% Current Rating:
Cl Class 10 f f t t i 10 for fast trip, seconds or less Class 20 for 20 seconds or for, less (commonly used) There is also Class 15, 30 for long trip time (typically provided with electronic overload relays)
6
20
Slide 75
Answer
Slide 76
Slide 77
Overcurrent Relay
Time-Delay (51 I>) Short-Time Instantaneous ( I>>) Instantaneous (50 I>>>) Electromagnetic (induction Disc) Solid State (Multi Function / Multi Level) A li ti Application
Slide 78
Time-Overcurrent Unit
Ampere Tap Calculation
Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x A.T. Setting Relay Current ( R) = Actual Line Current ( L) / CT y (I (I Ratio Multiples of A.T.
CT
IL
IR
51
Slide 80
Instantaneous Unit
Instantaneous Calculation
Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x IT Setting Relay Current ( R) = Actual Line Current ( L) / CT y (I (I Ratio Multiples of IT
CT
IL
IR
50
Slide 81
Relay Coordination
Time margins should be maintained between T/C curves Adjustment should be made for CB opening time Shorter time intervals may be used for solid state relays Upstream relay should have the same inverse T/C characteristic as the downstream relay (CO-8 to CO-8) or be less inverse (CO-8 upstream to CO-6 downstream) Extremely inverse relays coordinates very well with CLFs
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 82
Situation
4.16 kV CT 800:5
CB
50/51
Relay: IFC 53
Cable CU - EPR
Isc = 30,000 A DS
5 MVA 6%
Calculate Relay Calc late Rela Setting (Tap Inst Tap & Time Dial) (Tap, Inst. For This System
Slide 83
Solution
Transformer:
IL =
IL
CT
125% 4.338 = 5.4 A TAP = 6.0 A TD = 1 Inst (50) = 8,328 5 = 52.1A => 55 A 800 (6/4.338 = 1.38)
Slide 84
Question
What T/C Coordination interval should be maintained between relays?
Slide 85
Answer
B t A
CB Opening Time + Induction Disc Overtravel (0.1 sec) I d ti Di O t l (0 1 ) + Sa ety a g (0.2 Safety margin (0 sec w/o Inst. & 0 sec w/ Inst.) /o st 0.1 / st )
I
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 86
Recloser
Recloser protects electrical transmission systems from temporary voltage surges and other unfavorable conditions. Reclosers can automatically "reclose" the circuit and restore normal reclose power transmission once the problem is cleared. Reclosers are usually designed with failsafe mechanisms that prevent g them from reclosing if the same fault occurs several times in succession over a short period. This insures that repetitive line faults don't cause power to switch on and off repeatedly, since this could cause damage or accelerated wear to electrical equipment. It also insures that temporary faults such as lightning strikes or transmission switching don't cause lengthy interruptions in service.
Slide 87
Recloser Types
Hydraulic Electronic
Static Controller Microprocessor Controller
Slide 88
Recloser Curves
Slide 89