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Microbials

Macrobials
Predatorsand Parasitoids Mites&Insects, Nematodes

Semiochemicals

Natural Products
Plant&Microbial Extracts,Seaweed Products&Basic Substances

Viruses,Bacterial& FungalPathogens

Pheromones,Plant Volatiles

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Target specific action Antagonistic potential is protected Safe for user and consumer No residues in produce or environment No phytotoxic effects No waiting until harvest Little risks in development of resistance

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Bacteria Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)

Yeast: Aureobasidium pullulans

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Yeast: Aureobasidium pullulans

Euascomycete withasexual,yeastlike reproducingcells(blastospores) Naturally occuring yeast Highproliferation rate

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Bacteria Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)

Yeast: Aureobasidium pullulans
Untreated Blossom Protect

- reduced growth of E. amylovora - blocking of infection site - disrupted chemotaxis of E. amylovora by acidifying

E.amylovora

A.pullulans

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Application of Aureobasidium pullulans

Package size 1.5 kg Storage stability: 9 months at room temperature (20C) 24 months at cold storage (8C) Dosage 0.75 kg/ha per m crown height (0.15%) up to 4 applications per season Water volume Standard: 500 l/ha per m crown height (Germany) Low volume: min. 90 l/ha per m crown height Miscibility list www.bio-ferm.com For non-compatible products keep an interval of 1 day before and 2 days after Blossom Protect

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Blossom Protect USA 2008-2010

+ artificial inoculation
BlossomProtect Mean 2010; Corvallis, OR; Golden Del. 2010; Wenatchee, WA; Red Del. 2010; Wenatchee; WA; D'Anjou P. 2010; Medford, OR; 2009; CA; Fuji 2009; Wenatchee, WA; Red Del. 2009; Wenatchee, WA; D'Anjou P. 2009; Medford, OR; Bosc P. 2009;Corvallis, OR;Bartlett P. 2008; OR; Gala 2008; Medford, OR; Bosc P. 2008; Wenatchee, WA; Red Del. 2008; Wenatchee, WA; D'Anjou-P. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Oxytetracycline Streptomycin 70 78 85

Efficacy (%)

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Fungi:Applescab (Venturia inaequalis)

Currently no biocontrol agent registered. Only Cu-Products allowed in organic farming Copper in orchards is critical as it can accumulate in the soil EU funded project: Co-Free

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KeyPestsandDiseasesinApple
Fungi:Postharvest diseases

Penicillium expansum Monilia fructigena Fusarium sp. Alternaria alternata Pezicula sp. (Gloeosporium) Nectria galligena

Botrytis cinerea

Aureobasidium pullulans + pathogen pathogen

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Fungi:Postharvest diseases

Aureobasidium pullulans Boni Protect A biotechnological fungicide against storage diseases in pome fruit

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Mode of Action
bio-ferm bio-ferm bio-ferm

1. Microscratches on the fruit surface represent natural entrances for the pathogen. The scratches are colonized by Aureobasidium pullulans immediately after application.

2. Due to the high proliferation rate of Aureobasidium pullulans the pathogen cannot infect the plant.

3. The microscratch is completely colonized with Aureobasidium pullulans. The product acts as a natural shield which protects from infection with pathogens.

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Replacement of chemical treatments

Belgium 2008 Pinova, Proefcentrum Fruitteelt v.z.w. (pcfruit), Sint-Truiden

1st picking
40 35 30 Incidence[%] 25 20 15 10 5 0 20.08.2008 b a a

Efficacy [%]

68

55

Bellis Switch Bellis Switch Harvest Evaluation

Bellis Switch Boni Protect Boni Protect

03.09.2008 17.09.2008 26.09.2008 29.09.2008 11.05.2009

Fruits were mainly infected by Gloeosporium

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Replacement of chemical treatments

Poland (Wilanw) 2010 Ligol, CA-storage (4 months) Prof. Tomala, Pomology Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
2,5 Efficacy [%] 2 68 Incidence [%] 1,5 1 0,5 0
4weeksbeforeharvest 2weeksbeforeharvest 3daysbeforeharvest 4monthsafterharvest

86

46

b
Captan Captan

b
Captan BoniProtect BoniProtect

ab
BoniProtect BoniProtect BoniProtect

harvestCAstorage(1.5%CO2;1.5%O2;2C) removalfromstorage7daysatroomtemperature(shelflife) evaluation

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Pests WinterMoth (Operophtera brumata)

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki + aizawai

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Pests Aphids (Dysaphis plantaginea,Aphis pomi,etc.)

Plant extracts: Neem, Chrysanthemum Products Neemazal, Spruzit

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PestsCodlingMoth(Cydiapomonella)

1st flight

2nd flight

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Pests Codling Moth (Cydiapomonella)

other insecticides

Virus Nematodes

Pheromones: Mating Disruption Products. Several Entomopathogenic Nematodes Products: Several Microbial Agent: Granulovirus Products: Carpovirusin, Madex, CydeX

Mating disruption

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Females produce a potent sex pheromone in abdominal glands that attracts the males over long distances. Female calling for males by raising her abdomen and protruding her sex gland.

The most important chemical component of the sex pheromone is (E,E) 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), a primary alcohol containing a straight chain of 12 carbons and two conjugated double bonds.

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Codling moth monitoring

Traps with a synthetic female sex pheromone. These traps attract and catch male moths which emerge ahead of females.

One trap per 2 hectares by the pink blossom stage and situated on the outside of the tree, about 1.5 m above the ground. Traps must be checked daily until the first adult is caught and then weekly thereafter. If the action threshold of five moths per trap per week is exceeded an application should be made within 7-10 days.

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Mating disruption

500 dispensers are used per hectar. Damage should not have exceeded 1% in the year before. Otherwise the mating disruption is not working.

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Mating disruption

A mating disruption dispensers from which the pheromone evaporates over time.

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Entomopathogenicnematodes
What are entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) ?

Nematode Steinernema

Bacterium Xenorhabdus

Species:S.feltiae,S.carpocapsae

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Entomopathogenicnematodes

Wormsof0.5 0.9mm Dauerjuveniles(DJ)=enduringjuvenile DJadaptedforlongtermsurvival Highinfatreserves Symbioticbacteriaintheintestine(arrow) Presentinallsoilenvironments Nematodes are widely used inhorticulture Canalsobe used against Clearwing Moth Synanthedon myopaeformis

Dauerjuveniles

Symbiotic bacteria

Fat reserves

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Folie26

Entomopathogenicnematodes
The Life Cycle

DJsinfect host via natural openings and release bacteria

Nematodes reproduce Hostinsect dies within 48hours

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Folie27

Entomopathogenicnematodes

Application up to 1 m of stem Germany, 7th Dec. 2007, 8C, drizzle

EPNreduce codling moth at 5075%,enough to prepare the field for mating disruption

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Entomopathogenicnematodes

Video

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Virion Occlusion body

Photo by D. Winstanley

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1 2virusparticlesper larvaearesufficientfor 50%mortality Highdosis mortalityin 1stlarvalinstar(L1) Lowdosis longerperiod tokilllarvae(L2 L5) Ingestionisneeded Superficialdamage
InfectedL5 InfectedL1

2 mm

20 mm

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Earwigs (Dermaptera)

Forticula auricularia
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Aphelinus sp.

Aphidius sp.

Aphelinus mali Eriosoma lanigerum Ephedrus plagiator Dysaphis plantaginea +Aphis pomi Aphidius matricariae Dysaphis plantaginea Monococus cerasi R.insertum +D.plantaginea Overwinter inlastinstar inside aphid mummies.
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