srgszeti Tanulmnyok / Prehistoric Studies I

MoMents in tiMe

srgszeti Tanulmnyok / Prehistoric Studies

Series Editors Alexandra Anders, Gbor Kalla, Viktria Kiss, Gabriella Kulcsr and Gbor V. Szab

MoMents in tiMe
Papers Presented to Pl Raczky on His 60th Birthday

Edited by Alexandra Anders and Gabriella Kulcsr with Gbor Kalla, Viktria Kiss and Gbor V. Szab

srgszeti Trsasg / Prehistoric Society Etvs Lornd University LHarmattan Budapest 2013

English and German text revised by Lszl Bartosiewicz, Alice M. Choyke, Judith A. Rasson and Magdalna Seleanu (English) Ulf Morche and va Pvai (German)

The publication of this volume was generously supported by Etvs Lornd University, Faculty of Humanities Deutsches Archologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung srgszeti Trsasg / Prehistoric Society Nra 97 Kft. Archeodata 1998 Bt. satrs Kft.

The Authors, 2013 LHarmattan Kiad, 2013

ISBN 978-963-236-346-2 ISSN 2063-8930

Typography by Zsolt Gembela Cover design Gbor Vczi and Zsolt Gembela Printed in Hungary by Robinco Kft. Director: Pter Kecskemthy

Contents
Editorial / A szerkesztk elszava..................................................................................................................14 Publications of Pl Raczky .............................................................................................................................16 Walter Meier-Arendt Pl Raczky zum 60. Geburtstag. Ein Vor- und Gruwort ........................................................................ 27

The Early Neolithic The First Moments

Krum Bacvarov Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials ..................................................................... 29 Eszter Bnffy On Neolithic Frontiers in the Carpathian Basin .................................................................................. 35 Paolo Biagi Elisabetta Starnini Pre-Balkan Platform Flint in the Early Neolithic Sites of the Carpathian Basin: Its Occurrence and Significance ................................................................. 47 Mihael Budja Potters and Pots in the MesolithicNeolithic Transformation in Southeastern Europe .............................................................................................................................61 Ivan Gatsov Lithic Assemblages from the Area of the North-Western Pontic from the 9th7th Millennia ........................................................................................................................ 85

The Middle Neolithic The Time of the LBK

Piroska Csengeri Figural Representations from the Initial Phase of the Alfld Linear Pottery Culture from Novajidrny (Hernd Valley, Northeast Hungary) ........................................91 Ferenc Horvth Florin Draovean Remarks on the Connections between the Banat and the Great Hungarian Plain at the Beginning of the Middle Neolithic (SatchinezAlfld Linear PotteryEsztrVina)................................................................................113 Gbor Ilon The Transdanubian Linear Pottery Culture in County Vas: Recent Finds and Findings ......................................................................................................................133 Eva Lenneis Beobachtungen zu frhneolithischen Schlitzgruben ..........................................................................147

Contents Tibor Marton LBK Households in Transdanubia: A Case Study .............................................................................. 159 Zsolt Mester Jacques Tixier Pot lames: The Neolithic Blade Depot from Boldogkvralja (Northeast Hungary) ...............................................................................................................................173 Krisztin Oross Regional Traits in the LBK Architecture of Transdanubia ................................................................187 Tibor Paluch Maroslele-Panaht, Legel: Data to the Middle Neolithic Anthropomorphic Vessel ....................................................................................................................... 203 Juraj Pavk Zdenk Farka Beitrag zur Gliederung der lteren Linearkeramik ............................................................................213 Jrg Petrasch Standardisierung versus Individualitt? Das Wesen der jungsteinzeitlichen Bestattungssitten........................................................................ 237 Katalin Sebk Two Ceramic-Covered Burials from the Middle Neolithic of the Carpathian Basin.......................................................................................................................... 249 Peter Stadler Nadezdha Kotova The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC): Locally Established or Founded by Immigrants from the Starevo Territory? .............................. 259 Gerhard Trnka Ein bemerkenswerter Klingenkern aus Szentgl-Radiolarit von Gro-Schollach im westlichen Niedersterreich ........................................................................ 277 Zsuzsanna M. Virg On the Anthropomorphic Representations of TLPC in Connection with Some Recent Finds from Budapest (Figurines and Vessels with Facial Representations) ...................................................................................................................................... 289

The Late Neolithic Polgr-Csszhalom and Its World

Judit P. Barna A Miniature Anthropomorphic Vessel from the Early Lengyel Culture Site at Sorms-Trk-fldek in Southwestern Hungary......................................................................311 John Chapman From Varna to Brittany via Csszhalom Was There a Varna Effect? ..................................... 323 Alice M. Choyke Zsuzsanna Tth Practice Makes Perfect: Quartered Metapodial Awls in the Late Neolithic of Hungary .......................................................................................................... 337

Contents Magorzata Kaczanowska Janusz K. Kozowski The Transition from the Neolithic to the Copper Age Lithic Industries in the Northern Carpathian Basin........................................................................................................ 353 Nndor Kalicz Siedlungsstruktur und Bestattungen mit Prestigeobjekten des Fundplatzes Tp-Leb (sdliches Theigebiet, Ungarn) ........................................................... 365 Katalin Kovcs Late Neolithic Exchange Networks in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 385 Kitti Khler Ergebnisse der anthropologischen Untersuchungen zweier sptneolithischer Bestattungen in Alsnyk ....................................................................................... 401 Johannes Mller Robert Hofmann Nils Mller-Scheeel Knut Rassmann Neolithische Arbeitsteilung: Spezialisierung in einem Tell um 4900 v. Chr. ................................. 407 Zsuzsanna Siklsi Traces of Social Inequality and Ritual in the Late Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain ................................................................................................................ 421 Krisztina Somogyi Zsolt Gallina Besonderes anthropomorphes Gef der Lengyel-Kultur mit doppelter Gesichts- und Menschendarstellung in Alsnyk (SW-Ungarn) ..................................................... 437 Alasdair Whittle Enclosures in the Making: Knowledge, Creativity and Temporality ............................................... 457 Istvn Zalai-Gal Totenhaltung als Indikator relativer Chronologie im transdanubischen Sptneolithikum? .............................................................................................. 467

Neolithic Spiritual Life

Lszl Domborczki Neolithic Cult Objects and Their Symbolism ..................................................................................... 487 Gheorghe Lazarovici Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici Sacred house and Their Importance for the Reconstruction of Architecture, Inner Furnishings and Spiritual Life ....................................................................... 503

The Early Copper Age Between Change and Tradition

Attila Gyucha William A. Parkinson Archaeological Cultures and the Study of Social Interaction: The Emergence of the Early Copper Age Tiszapolgr Culture ..........................................................521

Contents Svend Hansen Figurinen aus Stein und Bein in der sdosteuropischen Kupferzeit ............................................. 539 Judit Regenye Surviving Neolithic The Early Copper Age in Transdanubia, North of Lake Balaton ............................................................................................................................ 557 Wolfram Schier An Antiquarians Grave? Early Tiszapolgr Burials in the Late Vina Tell Site of Uivar (Romania) .................................................................................. 569

The Middle Copper Age Time of Axes

Attila Lszl Sndor Jzsef Sztncsuj Vessels with Handles with Discoid Attachments Discovered in the AriudCucuteni Area and Some Problems in the Development and Chronology of the Ariud (Ersd) Culture in Southeastern Transylvania ..................................... 579 Ildik Szathmri Kupferhammeraxt mit Spuren eines Holzschaftrestes vom Donauufer bei Szentendre ............................................................................................................ 595

From the Late Copper Age to the Beginning of the Bronze Age Transitions
Mria Bondr Utilitarian, Artistic, Ritual or Prestige Articles? The Possible Function of an Enigmatic Artefact ....................................................................................................................... 605 Szilvia Fbin A Preliminary Analysis of Intrasite Patterns at Balatonkeresztr-Rti-dl, a Late Copper Age Site on the Southern Shore of Lake Balaton in Hungary ..................................613 Lszl Gyrgy Late Copper Age Animal Burials in the Carpathian Basin .............................................................. 627 Gabriella Kulcsr Glimpses of the Third Millenium BC in the Carpathian Basin ....................................................... 643 Vajk Szevernyi The Earliest Copper Shaft-Hole Axes in the Carpathian Basin: Interaction, Chronology and Transformations of Meaning ............................................................ 661

The Early Bronze Age The Rise of a New Age

Jnos Dani Viktria Kisjuhsz Bestattungen der Mak-Kultur in Berettyjfalu, Nagy Bcs-dl ................................................ 671

Contents Anna Endrdi Recent Data on the Settlement History and Contact System of the Bell BeakerCsepel group .............................................................................................................................. 693

The Middle Bronze Age Tells and Metals

Marietta Csnyi Judit Trnoki A Dinner Set from a Bronze Age House in Level 2 of the Trkeve-Terehalom Settlement ................................................................................ 707 Klra P. Fischl Lszl Remnyi Interpretation Possibilites of the Bronze Age Tell Sites in the Carpathian Basin ......................................................................................................................... 725 Szilvia Honti Viktria Kiss The Bronze Hoard from Zalaszabar. New Data on the Study of the Tolnanmedi Horizon Part 2 ................................................................................................... 739 Magdolna Vicze Middle Bronze Age Households at Szzhalombatta-Fldvr ............................................................ 757

The Late Bronze Age Rituals of Power

Judit Kos Sptbronzezeitliche Grube mit besonderer Bestimmung aus Oszlr-Nyrfaszg (Nordostungarn) ............................................................................................. 771 Gbor V. Szab Late Bronze Age Stolen. New Data on the Illegal Acquisition and Trade of Bronze Age Artefacts in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 793 Gbor Vczi Burial of the Late TumulusEarly Urnfield Period from the Vicinity of Nadap, Hungary ...................................................................................................817

The Iron Age End of the (Pre)history

Istvn Fodor A Scythian Mirror from Hajdnns, Hungary ..................................................................................831 Mikls Szab Livre celte de la puszta hongroise ........................................................................................................ 839

Contents

Interdisciplinary Archaeology
Lszl Bartosiewicz Erika Gl Zsfia Eszter Kovcs Domesticating Mathematics: Taxonomic Diversity in Archaeozoological Assemblages ....................................................................................................... 853 Katalin T. Bir More on How Much? ........................................................................................................................... 863 Zoltn Czajlik Andrs Bdcs The Effectiveness of Aerial Archaeological Research An Approach from the GIS Perspective ............................................................................................... 873 Ferenc Gyulai Archaeobotanical Research of the Neolithic Sites in the Polgr Area ............................................. 885 Pl Smegi Sndor Gulys Gerg Persaits The Geoarchaeological Evolution of the Loess-Covered Alluvial Island of Polgr and Its Role in Shaping Human Settlement Strategies ...................................................... 901 Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann Significant Biostatistical Connections between Late Neolithic Ethnic Groups from the Carpathian Basin and Bronze Age Populations from Territories beyond the Carpathians .............................................................................................913

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Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials

Krum Bacvarov

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences National Institute of Archaeology and Museum BG-1000 Sofia, 2 Saborna St. krum.bacvarov@gmail.com

The site of Malak Preslavets lies on the north-eastern shore of Lake Malak Preslavets, less than 200 meters from the bank of the Danube River. It was partially excavated in 19851986. Nineteen early Neolithic burials were found on the sites periphery; the unexcavated settlement section has since become submerged. The pottery assemblage can, for the greater part, be assigned to the Cri culture, although certain vessel types of the Dudeti period have been identified as well. Thirteen crouched inhumation burials were excavated. Six had the deceased lying on the right side and five on the left side; two other burials were disturbed and the placement of the body could not be determined. Two graves most likely represent the remains of secondary burials, while the rest were either disturbed graves or secondary burials. No grave goods whatsoever were found; however, some of the burials yielded animal bones and/or river mussel shells. Malak Preszlavec lelhely a Malak Preszlavec-t szakkeleti partjn tallhat, kevesebb, mint 200 m-re a Duntl. A lelhely rszleges feltrsra 19851986-ban kerlt sor. Ekkor tizenkilenc korai neolitikus srt talltunk a lelhely szln; a feltratlan rszt a t mra mr elnttte. A kermia leletanyag nagy rsze a Krs/ Cri-kultrba sorolhat, mg nhny ednytpus a Dudeti idszakhoz kthet. Tizenhrom zsugortott temetkezs ltott napvilgot, kzlk hatot a jobb oldalra, tt pedig a bal oldalra fektettek. Kt tovbbi sr bolygatott volt, ezrt fektetsk nem hatrozhat meg. Kt sregyttes nagy valsznsggel msodlagos temetkezsnek tarthat, mg a tbbi sr vagy bolygatott volt, vagy msodlagos helyzet. Semmilyen srmellklet nem kerlt el, br nhny sr tartalmazott llatcsontokat s/ vagy folyami kagylt.

MoMents in tiMe Budapest 2013

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Krum Bacvarov When I met Pl Raczky for the first time in 1997, I had already read several studies of his, and respected his deep knowledge of southeast European prehistory. One of his early papers on intramural burials (Raczky 198283) especially influenced my research interests. His charming personality turned out to be no less admirable. Therefore, it is with great pleasure that I present this short paper on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. IntroductIon The site of Malak Preslavets lies on the north-eastern shore of Lake Malak Preslavets, less than 200 meters from the bank of the Danube River (Silistra district, north-eastern Bulgaria). It was partially excavated in 19851986, by a team directed by Ivan Panayotov (PanayotovGatsovPopova 1991). Nineteen early Neolithic burials were found on the sites periphery; the unexcavated part is now flooded by the lake. The cultural deposits have been disturbed by recent construction activities, as well as by prehistoric burial pits. The pottery assemblage can, for the greater part, be assigned to the Cri culture, although certain vessel types of the Dudeti period have been identified as well. Thirteen crouched inhumations were uncovered. Six had the deceased lying on the right side and five on the left side; two other burials were disturbed and the placement of the body could not be determined. Two graves most likely represent the remains of secondary burials, while the rest were either disturbed graves or secondary burials. No grave goods whatsoever were found; however, some of the burials yielded animal bones and/or river mussels. The skeletal remains were examined by human osteologists (YordanovDimitrova 1996). the burIal sample Grave 1 (Fig. 1. 1) This is the best preserved burial at Malak Preslavets; the adult male (4550 years old) was laid to rest in a crouched position on the right side, with the legs drawn up, the hands placed in front of the face, and the head oriented to the north. Mussel shells were found in the pit and mussel shells also covered the grave. Grave 2 (Fig. 1. 3) The fragmented skull of an adult female (ca. 35 years old) lay in an undisturbed grave pit that was literally covered with mussel shells. Grave 4 (Fig. 1. 2) Fully preserved primary inhumation of a juvenile buried in a crouched position on the right side, with the head to the west. Mussel shells were recovered from the grave. Grave 5 (Fig. 1. 5) A four or five-year-old child laid to rest in a crouched position on the right side, with the head to the north. The face rested on a large stone. Graves 6 and 14 (Fig. 2. 2) These burials, interpreted by the excavator as two separate burials and therefore given two separate grave numbers, actually represent a secondary double inhumation. The grave contained the skulls of two four-year-old children who may originally have been deposited in an upright position, with one later falling sideways. One of the skulls lacked the mandible and the left half of the maxilla. It was laid on a cattle bone; a cattle skull lay between the two child skulls. The grave also contained mussel shells. Grave 7 (Fig. 1. 4) Burial of a twenty-year-old female laid to rest in a crouched position on the left side, with the head to the southsouth-west. The legs were drawn up and the hands were placed in front of the face. Grave 8 (Fig. 2. 1) Crouched inhumation burial of a three-year-old child laid on the left (?) side, with the head to the south-west. Some of the bones were displaced and the grave pit was disturbed. An alternative interpretation is that it may have been the secondary burial of a partially decomposed body. A few stones and a cattle bone were found at some distance from the skeleton, but it is impossible to tell whether they had been associated with the burial or not. Grave 9 (Fig. 1. 5) The long bones of the legs of an adult female were uncovered next to Grave 5. Judging from their partially articulated condition, it seems likely that they came from a destroyed burial, although al-

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Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials

Fig. 1. Malak Preslavets 1: Grave 1, 2: Grave 4, 3: Grave 2, 4: Grave 7, 5: Graves 5 and 9

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Krum Bacvarov ternative interpretations are possible as well. The relation between Graves 5 and 9 is also unclear. Grave 10 (Fig. 1. 4) This grave contained a few long bones of an eightyear-old child found immediately to the north of Grave 7, by the feet of the deceased in the latter grave. It is impossible to tell whether it was a destroyed burial or a secondary one, or whether the two burials are related in any way. Grave 11 (Fig. 2. 3) This burial was not fully excavated because it lay beneath a modern tarmac road. However, it appeared to have been a regular crouched inhumation burial: the deceased was laid on the right side, with the head to the north-east. Grave 12 (Fig. 2. 4) Burial of a juvenile (1416 years old) in a crouched position on the right side, with the head to the north-west. This was the perhaps most tightly flexed burial at Malak Preslavets, with the legs drawn up and the hands placed in front of the face. Grave 13 (Fig. 3. 1) The articulated lower leg bones of an adult male were found in a disturbed grave. Judging from their position, it seems almost certain that the body had been deposited in a crouched position on the right side. Moreover, the orientation seems to have been more or less similar to that of Grave 12. A cattle bone was found beside the feet, but it is unclear whether it had been related to the burial or not. Grave 15 (Fig. 3. 2) This grave contained the arm and hand bones of a young female. They were partially articulated, suggesting that it was a partially disturbed primary inhumation burial. Grave 16 The left tibia and fibula of an adult female were found together, perhaps the remains of another disturbed inhumation burial. Grave 17 (Fig. 3. 3) Burial of an adult female (3035 years old) laid to rest in a crouched position on the left side, with

Fig. 2. Malak Preslavets 1: Grave 8, 2: Graves 14 and 6, 3: Grave 11, 4: Grave 12

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Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials the head to the south-west. The excavator suggested that the deceased had been buried beneath a house floor, but there is no definite evidence for this. Grave 18 This grave yielded the skull, limb bones and the body of an adult male (3035 years). Grave 19 (Fig. 3. 4) Burial of a four or five-yearold child in a crouched position on the left side, with the head to the north. Grave 20 This grave contained the skull of an old male (5560 years old). dIscussIon Malak Preslavets is the single site in Bulgaria that has yielded such a high number of Early Neolithic burials. The exact date of the burials is still uncertain; a 14C dating project is in preparation. Certain general observations could be made regarding the burial practices. Firstly, there were two main burial types: crouched inhumation and secondary burial. While the latter is usually more difficult to interpret, it nonetheless seems that there were at least two secondary burials at Malak Preslavets: one contained two child skulls together with some animal bones, the other a female skull completely covered with mussel shells. Regarding crouched inhumation burials, a definite difference can be noted between the bodies laid on left

Fig. 3. Malak Preslavets 1: Grave 13, 2: Grave 15, 3: Grave 17, 4: Grave 19

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Krum Bacvarov and the right side. The former were oriented with the head to the south, south-west and north, and were laid in a more loosely flexed position, with the hands placed at some distance from the face. The latter were oriented with the head to the north, north-west and north-east (with one exception), and were laid in a more tightly flexed position, with the hands almost touching the chin or the face. These graves formed a separate cluster in the northwestern part of the excavated area.

Acknowledgements

I would here like to thank Ivan Panayotov, the excavator of the site at Malak Preslavets, for generously allowing me to publish this material. Special thanks are due to Petar Leshtakov who gave me a hand with the illustrations when the deadline was pressing. Thanks are extended to the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; this research was partially conducted as part of a research project generously funded by the Foundation.

references
Panayotov, I.Gatsov, I.Popova, Ts. 1992: , ., ., .: . . Studia Praehistorica 1112 (1992) 5161. Raczky, P. 198283: Origins of the custom of burying the dead inside houses in South-East Europe. Szolnok Megyei Mzeumok vknyve 198283, 510. Yordanov, Y.Dimitrova, B. 1996: , ., .: . , . 23 (1996) 106118.

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