CSC 203 1.

Computer System Architecture

Budditha Hettige
Department of Statistics and Computer Science University of Sri Jayewardenepura

Addressing

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Addressing
Subject of specifying where the operands (addresses) are
ADD instruction requires 2 or 3 operands, and instruction must tell where to find operands and where to put result

Addressing Modes
Methods of interpreting the bits of an address field to find operand
Immediate Addressing Direct Addressing Register Addressing Register Indirect Addressing Indexed Addressing
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Immediate Addressing
Simplest way to specify where the operand is Address part of instruction contains operand itself (immediate operand) Operand is automatically fetched from memory at the same time the instruction it self is fetched
Immediately available for use

No additional memory references are required Disadvantages

only a constant can be supplied value of the constant is limited by size of address field

Good for specifying small integers

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Example
Immediate Addressing
MOV R1, #8 ; Reg[R1] 8 ADD R2R2, #3 ; Reg[R2] Reg[R2] + 3

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Direct Addressing
Operand is in memory, and is specified by giving its full address (memory address is hardwired into instruction) Instruction will always access exactly same memory location, which cannot change Can only be used for global variables who address is known at compile time

Example Instruction:
ADD R1, R1(1001) ; Reg[R1] Reg[R1] +Mem[1001]

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Direct Addressing Example

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Register Addressing
Same as direct addressing with the exception that it specifies a register instead of memory location Most common addressing mode on most computers since register accesses are very fast Compilers try to put most commonly accessed variables in registers Cannot be used only in LOAD and STORE instructions (one operand in is always a memory address)

Example instruction:
ADD R3, R4 ; Reg[R3] Reg[R3] + Reg[R4]
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Register Indirect Addressing

Operand being specified comes from memory or goes to memory Its address is not hardwired into instruction, but is contained in a register (pointer) Can reference memory without having full memory address in the instruction Different memory words can be used on different executions of the instruction

Example instruction:

ADD R1,R1(R2) ; Reg[R1] Reg[R1] + Mem[Reg[R2]]

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Example
Following generic assembly program calculates the sum of elements (1024) of an array A of integers of 4 bytes each, and stores result in register R1
MOV R1, #0 MOV R2, #A MOV R3, #A+4096

; sum in R1 (0 initially) ; Reg[R2] = address of array A ; Reg[R3] = address of first word beyond A LOOP: ADD R1, (R2) ; register indirect via R2 to get operand ADD R2, #4 ; increment R2 by one word CMP R2, R3 ; is R2 < R3? BLT LOOP ; loop if R2 < R3
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Indexed Addressing
Memory is addressed by giving a register plus a constant offset Used to access local variables

Example instruction:
ADD R3, 100(R2)
; Reg[R3] Reg[R3] + Mem[100+Reg[R2]]

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Based-Indexed Addressing
Memory address is computed by adding up two registers plus an optional offset
Example instruction:
ADD R3, (R1+R2) ;Reg[R3] Reg[R3] + Mem[Reg[R1] + Reg[R2]]

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Instruction Types
ISA level instructions are divided into few categories
Data Movement Instructions
Copy data from one location to another

Examples (Pentium II integer instructions):

MOV DST, SRC copies SRC (source) to DST (destination) PUSH SRC push SRC into the stack XCHG DS1, DS2 exchanges DS1 and DS2 CMOV DST, SRC conditional move
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Instruction Types contd..

Dyadic Operations
Combine two operands to produce a result (arithmetic instructions, Boolean instructions)

Examples (Pentium II integer instructions):

ADD DST, SRC adds SRC to DST, puts result in DST SUB DST, SRC subtracts DST from SRC AND DST, SRC Boolean AND SRC into DST OR DST, SRC - Boolean OR SRC into DST XOR DST,DST SRC Boolean Exclusive OR to DST

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Instruction Types contd..

Monadic Operations
Have one operand and produce one result Shorter than dyadic instructions

Examples (Pentium II integer instructions):

INC DST adds 1 to DST DEC DST subtracts 1 from DST NOT DST replace DST with 1s complement
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Instruction Types contd..

Comparison and Conditional Branch Instructions
Examples (Pentium II integer instructions):
TST SRC1, SRC2 Boolean AND operands, set flags (EFLAGS) CMP SRC1, SRC2 sets flags based on SRC1-SRC2

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Instruction Types contd..

Procedure (Subroutine) call Instructions
When the procedure has finished its task, transfer is returned to statement after the call

Examples (Pentium II integer instructions):

CALL ADDR -Calls procedure at ADDR RET - Returns from procedure

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Instruction Types contd..

Loop Control Instructions
LOOPxx loops until condition is met

Input / Output Instructions There are several input/output schemes currently used in personal computers
Programmed I/O with busy waiting Interrupt-driven I/O DMA (Direct Memory Access) I/O

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Programmed I/O with busy waiting

Simplest I/O method Commonly used in low-end processors Processors have a single input instruction and a single output instruction, and each of them selects one of the I/O devices A single character is transferred between a fixed register in the processor and selected I/O device Processor must execute an explicit sequence of instructions for each and every character read or written
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DMA I/O
DMA controller is a chip that has a direct access to the bus It consists of at least four registers, each can be loaded by software.
Register 1 contains memory address to be read/written Register 2 contains the count of how many bytes / words to be transferred Register 3 specifies the device number or I/O space address to use Register 4 indicates whether data are to be read from or written to I/O device
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Structure of a DMA

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Registers in the DMA

Status register: readable by the CPU to determine the status of the DMA device (idle, busy, etc) Command register: writable by the CPU to issue a command to the DMA Data register: readable and writable. It is the buffering place for data that is being transferred between the memory and the IO device. Address register: contains the starting location of memory where from or where to the data will be transferred. The Address register must be programmed by the CPU before issuing a "start" command to the DMA. Count register: contains the number of bytes that need to be transferred. The information in the address and the count register combined will specify exactly what information need to be transferred.
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Example
Writing a block of 32 bytes from memory address 100 to a terminal device (4)

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Example contd..
CPU writes numbers 32, 100, and 4 into first three DMA registers, and writes the code for WRITE (1, for example) in the fourth register DMA controller makes a bus request to read byte 100 from memory DMA controller makes an I/O request to device 4 to write the byte to it DMA controller increments its address register by 1 and decrements its count register by 1 If the count register is > 0, another byte is read from memory and then written to device DMA controller stops transferring data when count = 0
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Sample Questions
Q1.
1. Explain the processor architecture of 8086. 2. What are differences in Intel Pentium Processor and dual core processor. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantage of the multi-core processors

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Sample Questions
Q2. 1. What is addressing. 2. Comparing advantages, disadvantages and features briefly explain each addressing modes. 3. What is DMA and why it useful for Programming?. Explain your answer

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