Expchemmanulwith Readings

Applied Chemistry Lab Manual (I B.
Tech Civil Engineering )

Experiment-1
ESTIMATION OF FERROUS IRON
(Redox Titrations)
Aim: To estimate the amount of Ferrous iron in the whole of the given solution using a standard
solution of Potassium Dichromate.
Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask,

Burette,
250 ml Conical Flask,
20 ml Pipette,
Funnel &
Simple balance with Fractional weights.
Chemicals Required: Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Syrupy phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
Diphenylamine
Ferrous iron solution & distilled water.
Principle: Ferrous Iron is oxidized to Ferric iron by Potassium Dichromate in acid solution. The
completion of oxidation reaction is marked by the appearance of Blue violet color of
Diphenylamine, which is used as an internal indicator.
Chemical reactions:
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2 + 3(O)

2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + (O)  Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 = 3(O) = 6Fe
Procedure:
1. Preparation of standard potassium dichromate: Weigh out accurately the given pure
crystalline sample of potassium dichromate and transfer into 100 ml standard (volumetric)
flask provided with a funnel. Dissolve the dichromate in a small quantity of distilled water,
and make upto the mark. The contents in the flask are shaken well for uniform
concentration. Calculate the normality of potassium dichromate.
2. Estimation of Iron: Make up given solution upto the mark with distilled water and shake
the flask for uniform concentration. Rinse the pipette with the ferrous solution and pipette
out 20ml into a clean conical flask add 20ml of the acid mixture (sulphuric acid and
phosphoric acid), and four to five drop of diphenylamine indicator. Fill the burette with the
prepared potassium dichromate solution after rinsing it, with the same. Titrate the solution
in the conical flask against the standard potassium dichromate from the burette till the color
changes to blue violet. Repeat the titrations for concurrent titre values.
Result: Amount of Ferrous iron present in the whole of the given solution (100 ml) = 0.558 gm
_______________________________________________________________________________
Guru Nanak Engineering College 1 Complied by B.srinivas
Applied Chemistry Lab Manual (I B.Tech Civil Engineering )
Preparation of Standard (K2Cr2O7) solution:
W1 = Weight of bottle + substance(K2Cr2O7) = ____12.500________ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = ___12.010_________ gms
Weight of substance (K2Cr2O7) = (W1-W2) = ___0.490_________ gms.
Normality of the K2Cr2O7solution = (W1-W2) X 10

Equivalent Weight
N= (W1-W2) X 10 = .490X10 = 0.1 N

49 49
S.No Volume of standard Burette Reading Volume of

solution (V2) consume (V1)
Initial Final
0 20 20
1 20 ml
20 40 20
2 20 ml
0 20 20
3 20 ml
V2 = 20 ml V1 = 20
Calculation:
N1 = Normality of K2Cr2O7 solution = 0.1 N

N2 = Normality of Ferrous iron solution = ?
V1 = Volume of K2Cr2O7 solution = 20 ml
V2 = Volume of Ferrous iron solution = 20 ml
N1 V1= N2 V2
N2 = N1 V1
V2
Normality of Ferrous iron solution = N2 = N1 V1 = 0.1 X 20 = 0.1 N
V2 20
Amount of Ferrous iron present in the whole of the given solution (100 ml) = N2 X 55.85
10
= 0.1 X 55.85
10
Result: Amount of Ferrous iron present in the whole of the given solution (100 ml) = .558 gm.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Experiment-2
ESTIMATION OF FERRIC IRON
(Redox Titrations)
Aim: To estimate the amount of Ferric iron in the whole of the given solution using a standard
solution of Potassium Dichromate.
Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask, Burette, Conical Flask, 20 ml Pipette, Simple balance with
weights,
Chemicals Required: K2Cr2O7, SnCl2, HgCl2, HCl, Ferric ion solution, H2SO4, Ortho phosphoric
acid, Diphenylamine & distilled water.
Principle: Ferric Iron is reduced to ferrous iron by stannous chloride in the present of
Hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 70-900C.
The excess stannous chloride is removed by the addition of mercuric chloride. The ferrous iron
formed is titrated with standard Potassium dichromate solution in the presence of Sulphuric acid
and Phosphoric acid using diphenylamine as indicator.
Chemical reactions:
2FeCl3 + SnCl2  2FeCl2 + SnCl4

SnCl2 + 2HgCl2  SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3(O)
2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + (O)  Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 = 3(O) = 6Fe
Procedure:
2. Estimation of ferric iron: Make up the given ferric iron solution upto the mark of the
100ml standard flask with distilled water and shake well for uniform concentration. Pipette
out 20ml of the ferric solution into a clean conical flask and 10ml of conc. HCl and heat the
solution to boiling. The colour of the solution changes to clear yellow. Add stannous
chloride solution drop by drop into the hot iron solution from a burette till the yellow
colour disappears. Cool the solution under a tap and add 10 ml of saturated solution of
mercuric chloride in one portion silky white precipitate of mercurous chloride is obtained,
(if the solution turns black, due to formation of finely divided mercury, discard the solution
and take fresh solution of ferric iron and reduce) add 20 ml of the acid mixture and 3 to 4
drops of diphenylamine indicator and titrate against standard solution of potassium
dichromate till the green colour changes to blue violet. Repeat the titration for concurrent
value and calculate the normality of iron solution.
Result: Amount of Ferric iron present in the whole of the given solution (100 ml) = 0.558 gm.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Preparation of Standard (K2Cr2O7) solution:
W1 = Weight of bottle + substance(K2Cr2O7) = ____12.500________ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = ___12.010_________ gms
Weight of substance (K2Cr2O7) = (W1-W2) = ___0.490_________ gms.
Normality of the K2Cr2O7solution = (W1-W2) X 10

Equivalent Weight
N= (W1-W2) X 10 = .490X10 = 0.1 N

49 49

Initial Final
0 20 20
1 20 ml
20 40 20
2 20 ml
0 20 20
3 20 ml
V2 = 20 ml V1 = 20
Calculation:
N1 = Normality of K2Cr2O7 solution = 0.1 N

N2 = Normality of Ferric iron solution = ?
V1 = Volume of K2Cr2O7 solution = 20 ml
V2 = Volume of Ferric iron solution = 20 ml
N1 V1= N2 V2
N2 = N1 V1
V2
Normality of Ferric iron solution = N2 = N1 V1 = 0.1 X 20 = 0.1 N
V2 20
Amount of Ferric iron present in the whole of the given solution (100 ml) = N2 X 55.85
10
= 0.1 X 55.85
10
Result: Amount of Ferric iron present in the whole of the given solution (100 ml) = .558 gm.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Experiment-3
ESTIMATION OF COPPER
(IODOMETRY)
Aim: To estimate the amount of Copper present in the given solution using a standard solution of
Potassium Dichromate and Hypo as the link solution.
Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask, Funnel, Burette, Iodometric flask, Conical Flask, Pipette,
Simple balance with weights,
Chemicals Required: K2Cr2O7, Hypo (Na2S2O3), KI, Conc.HCl, dil. Acetic acid, NaHCO3,
H2SO4, CuSO4, Ammonia solution, Starch & distilled water.
Principle: Any cupric salt in neutral medium when treated with Potassium Iodide forms a white
precipitate of cuprous iodide and iodine is set free quantitatively. The liberated Iodine is treated
against Hypo using starch as the indicator.
Chemical reactions:
CuSO4 + 2KI  CuI2 + K2 SO4
2CuI2  Cu2I2 + I2
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 + O2  Na2S2O6 + 2NaI
2CuSO4 = I2 = Na2S2O3
Procedure:
2. Standardization of sodium thiosulphate: Rinse the burette and fill it up with hypo
solution without any air bubbles. Note the burette reading. Take about 20 ml of 10%KI
solution in a clean conical flask and add 2 grams of sodium bicarbonate followed by 5 ml
of concentrate HCl gently rotate the flask for mixing the liquids. Rinse the pipette with a
little of potassium dichromate solution and then transfer 20 ml of the same to the conical
flask. Shake it well, stopper it, and keep it in dark place for 5 minutes. Titrate the liberate
iodine by running down hypo from the burette with constant stirring. When the solution
attains a pale yellow colour add 2 ml of freshly prepared starch solution. The colour
changes to blue. Continue the titration drop-wise till the colour changes from blue to light
green indicating the end point. Repeat the titration for concurrent values.
3. Estimation of copper: Make up the given solution of copper to 100 ml with distilled
water and shake well for uniform concentration. Pipette out 20 ml of this solution into a
clean conical flask. Add few drops of ammonia when bluish white precipitate is obtained.
Redissolve the precipitate in dilute acetic acid. Now add 10 ml of 5% KI, when iodine is
liberated giving a brown colour. Titrate this solution against standard hypo solution till
light yellow colour is obtained. Now add 2 ml of starch solution and continue the titration
till blue colour changes to creamy white, which is the end point. Repeat the titration for
concurrent values and calculate the amount of copper.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Preparation of Standard solution:
W1 = Weight of bottle + substance = __12.500___ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = __12.010___ gms
Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = ___0.490____ gms.
Normality of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10__ = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.490 X 10 = 0.1 N

Equivalent Weight 49 49

(K2Cr2O7)solution (V1) Initial Final consume (V2)
1 20 ml 0 20 20
2 20 ml 20 40 20
3 20 ml 0 20 20
V1 = 20 V2 = 20
N1 = Normality of Potassium dichromate = 0.1 N
V1 = volume of Potassium dichromate = 20 ml
N2 = Normality of Hypo =?
V2 = Volume of Hypo = 20
N1V1 = N2V2
N2 = N1V1 = 0.1 X 20 = 0.1 N
V2 20
N2 = Normality of Hypo = 0.1 N
S.No Volume of Copper Burette Reading Volume of

Initial Final
0 19 19
1 20 ml
19 38 19
2 20 ml
0 19 19
3 20 ml
V3 = 20 ml V4 = 19
N3= Normality of Copper solution = ?

V3 = volume of Copper Solution = 20 ml
N4 = Normality of Hypo = 0.1 N
V4 = Volume of Hypo = 19
N3V3 = N4V4
Normality of Copper solution = N3= N4V4 = 0.1 X 19 = 0.095 N
V3 20
Amount of Copper present in the whole of the given solution = N3 X 63.54 = 0.095X63.54 = 0.603
10 10
Result: Amount of Copper present in the whole of the given solution (100 ml) = 0.603 gm.
Experiment-4
_______________________________________________________________________________
ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM HARDNESS OF WATER
(COMPLEXOMETRY)
Aim: To estimate the Calcium hardness of the given solution using a standard solution of EDTA.

Burette,
20 ml Pipette & Simple balance with weights,
Chemicals Required: Ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA),

Solochrome (EBT) Indicator,
Ammonia Buffer solution,
Hard-water & distilled water.
Principle: Hard water which contains calcium and magnesium ions forms a wine red colored
complex with the indicator, Eriochrome Black-T.
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) forms a colourless stable complex with free metal ion
like Ca, Mg. i.e., Metal + Indicator  Metal indicator complex (wine red colour)
When EDTA is added from the burette, it extracts the metal ions from the metal ion-indicator
complex thereby releasing the free indicator. (The stability of metal ion-indicator complex is less
than that of the metal ion- EDTA complex, and hence EDTA extracts metal ion form the ion-
indicator complex.)
EDTA + Metal indicator complex  Metal ion-EDTA + Indicator

(wine red colour) (Blue)
The reactions take place at a pH = 10 and the buffer is made by ammonium chloride and
ammonium solution.
Procedure:
1. Preparation of standard solution of EDTA: Weigh out accurately about 0.03722 gms of
EDTA sample into a 100ml standard flask and dissolve in a minimum quantity of distilled
water. Make up the solution upto the mark with distilled water and shake the flask well for
uniform concentration.
M1 = Molarity of the EDTA solution = Weight of EDTA transferred x 10

372.24
2. Estimation of Calcium hardness of water: Make up the given solution of calcium upto the
mark and shake the flask well for uniform concentration. Rinse the pipette with the calcium
solution and pipette out 20 ml into a clean conical flask. Add 2 ml of buffer followed by 1-2
ml of Eriochrome Black – T and titrate the solution till a clear blue colour persists. This marks
the end point of the titration. Repeat the titrations for constant titer values and calculate the
amount of calcium present in the whole of the given solution.
Result: The calcium hardness of the given water sample = _250__ ppm.
_______________________________________________________________________________
W1 = Weight of bottle + substance = 12.500 gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = 12.130 gms
Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = 0.370 gms.
Molarity of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.370 X 10 = 0.01 M

372.24 372.24
S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of

standard consume (V1)
solution (V2) Initial Final
0 5 5
1 20 ml
5 10 5
2 20 ml
10 15 5
3 20 ml
V2 = 20 ml V1 = 5
Calculations:
M1 = Molarity of EDTA = 0.01 M

V1 = volume of EDTA solution = 5
M2 = Molarity of calium solution = ?
V2 = Volume of Calcium solution = 20 ml
M1V1 = M2V2
M2 = Molarity of calium solution = M1V1 = 0.01 X 5 = 0.0025

V2 20
Calcium hardness of the given sample water = M2 X 100 X 1000
= 0.0025 X 100 X 1000 = 250
Calcium hardness of the given sample water = M2 X V1 X100 X 1000

V2
= 0.01 X 5X100 X 1000 = 250 ppm
20
Result: The calcium hardness of the given water sample ___250______ ppm.
Experiment-5
_______________________________________________________________________________
ESTIMATION OF COPPER BY EDTA
(COMPLEXOMETRY)
Aim: To estimate the Copper in the given solution by preparing a standard solution of EDTA.

Burette,
20 ml Pipette,
Chemicals Required: Ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA),

Fast sulphone Black-F Indicator,
Ammonia solution,
Copper solution,
Distilled water.
Principle: Fast sulphone Black-F indicator is specific in its reaction with copper in ammonia
solution, it forms red complex with copper. In the titration of copper in ammonical solution the
colour changes at the end point from pale blue to bright green depend upon the concentration of
Cu++ ions.
Procedure:
1. Preparation of standard solution of EDTA: Weigh out accurately about 0.3722 gms of
EDTA sample into a 100ml standard flask and dissolve in a minimum quantity of distilled
water. Make up the solution upto the mark with distilled water and shake the flask well for
uniform concentration.
2. Estimation of Copper: Makeup the given solution of copper upto the mark and shake the
flask well for uniform concentration. Rinse the pipette with the copper solution and pipette
out 20 ml of copper solution into a clean 250 ml conical flask. Add 20 ml of distilled water
and 5 ml of ammonia solution and 5 drops of the fast sulphone black-F indicator solutions
titrate with standard EDTA solution until the colour changes of from blue to a dark green.
Repeat the titration to get the concurrent values.
Result: Amount of copper present in the given 100ml of solution = 635 mg
_______________________________________________________________________________
W1 = Weight of bottle + substance = _____12.500__ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = ___12.130___ gms
Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = ____0.370___ gms.
Molarity of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.370 X 10 = 0.01 M

Molecular Weight 372.24

0 20 20
1 20 ml
20 40 20
2 20 ml
0 20 20
3 20 ml
V2 = 20 ml V1 = 20
Calculation:
M1 = Molarity of EDTA = 0.01

V1 = volume of EDTA solution = 20
M2 = Molarity of copper solution = ?
V2 = Volume of Copper solution = 20 ml
M1V1 = M2V2
M2 = Molarity of copper solution = M1V1 = 0.01 X 20 = 0.01M
V2 20
1 ml of 0.05 M EDTA = 3.177 mg of Cu2+
Amount of copper present in the given 100ml of solution
= Titre value x Molarity of EDTA x 3.177 x 1000

0.05 x 20
= 20 X 0.01 X 3.177 X 1000 = 635 mg

0.05 X 20
Result: Amount of copper present in the given 100ml of solution = 635 mg
Experiment-6
ESTIMATION OF FERROCYANIDE
_______________________________________________________________________________
(PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS)
Aim: To estimate the amount of Potassium Ferrocyanide in the given solution by preparing a
standard solution of Zinc.

Burette,
20 ml Pipette,
20 ml Measuring cylinder,
Simple balance with weights.
Chemicals Required: Zinc oxide (ZnO),

Sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
Potassium Ferrocyanide,
Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4,
Biphenyl benzidine indicator,
Distilled water.
Principle: Zinc ions in neutral or acid medium reacts with Potassium Ferrocyanide solution to
form sparingly soluble potassium zinc Ferro cyanide.
3Zn2+ + 2K4 Fe(CN)6 K2Zn3 Fe(CN)6 + 6K+
Biphenyl benzidine is used as indicator. At the end point the colour of the solution changes from
Blue violet to pale green.
Procedure:
1. Preparation of Standard Zinc solution: Weigh out the given zinc oxide into a 100 ml
standard flask, dissolve it in 10 ml of diluted sulphuric acid and make upto the mark with
distilled water and shake the flask well for uniform concentration.
2. Standardisation of Potassium Ferrocyanide: Make up the given potassium Ferro-cynide

solution with distilled water and shake the flask well for uniform concentration. Rinse the
pipette zinc oxide solution and pipette out 20 ml of zinc solution into 250 ml conical flask;
add 20 ml of distilled water, 20 ml of 7N H2SO4, and 8 grams of ammonium sulphate and
3-4 drops of diphenyl benzidine indicator. Titrate the solution slowly, with vigorous
shaking against potassium ferro-cynide until the colour changes from blue violet to green.
Repeat the titration to get concurrent values.
Result: Amount of Potassium Ferro-cyanide in the given solution = 0.283 gm

W1 = Weight of bottle + substance = ___12.900___ gms
_______________________________________________________________________________
W2 = Weight of bottle = ____12.090__ gms
Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = ____0.810____ gms.
Molarity of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.810 x 10 = 0.1 M

81.38 81.38

1 20 ml 0 ml 20 20
2 20 ml 20 40 20
3 20 ml 0 20 20
V1 = 20 ml V2 = 20
M1 = Molarity of Zinc oxide solution = 0.1 M

V1 = volume of Zinc oxide solution = 20 ml
M2 = Molarity of Potassium ferrocyanide solution = ?
V2 = Volume of Potassium ferrocyanide solution = 20
n1, n2 indicates number of molecules involved in the reaction
n1= 3, n2= 2
Calculation:
M2 = Molarity of Potassium ferrocyanide solution = M1V1 n2

V2 n1
M2 = M1V1 n2 = 0.1 X 20 X 2
V2 n1 20 X 3
M2 = 0.067
Amount of Potassium ferrocyanide in the given solution = M2X 422.4 = 0.067 X 422.4 = 0.283 g
100 100
Result: Amount of Potassium ferro-cyanide in the given solution = 0.283 g

Experiment-7
DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE PURITY OF PYROLUSITE
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ANALYSIS OF MINERALS AND ORES)
Aim: To estimate the amount of MnO2 present in the given sample and hence percentage purity of
Pyrolusite.

Burette,
Conical Flask,
20 ml Pipette,
Funnel,
Heating equipment.
Chemicals Required: Pyrolusite,

4N Sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
Sodium oxalate solution,
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4),
Distilled water.
Principle: The MnO2 present in the pyrolusite sample is reduced by a known excess of standard
sodium oxalate in acid medium. The unreacted sodium oxalate is titrated against a standard
KMnO4, until pale pink coloured end point is obtained.
MnO2 + H2SO4 + H2C2O4  2CO2 + 2H2O + MnSO4
Procedure:
Weigh out accurately the given powdered pyrolusite sample into a clean dry conical flask
and pipette out 40 ml of standard sodium oxalate solution and add 50 ml of 4N (H2SO4) sulphuric
acid, put a small funnel into the mouth of the conical flask. Heat with small flame till particles are
MnO2 disappear in the conical flask. Rinse the funnel with distilled water into the conical flask,
titrate the hot solution, containing the unreacted sodium oxalate with standard KMnO4 solution till
there is a pale pink colour.
Result: Percentage purity of the given sample of Pyrolusite = 76 %
_______________________________________________________________________________
W1 = Weight of bottle + substance = __15.500____ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = ____12.190___ gms
Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = ____3.10_____ gms.
Normality of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = __3.10___X 10 = 1 N

Equivalent Weight 31.6

standard consume (V)
solution Initial Final
1 20 ml 0 13 13
2 20 ml 0 13 13
V = 13
Calculations:
Titer value = V = 13
Blank = 20
1 ml of 1N KMnO4 = 1N Na2C2O2 = 0.04346 g of MnO2
Percentage of MnO2 = (Blank-titervalue) X Normality of KMnO4 X 0.04346 X 100

Weight of the sample (gms)
Percentage of MnO2 = 20-13 X 1 X 0.04346 X 100 = 76%
0.400
Note: Blank from the instructor i.e., 20 ml of oxalate equivalent to permanganate of certain
normality.
Result: Percentage purity of the given sample of Pyrolusite = 76%
Experiment-8
PERCENTAGE PURITY OF LIME-STONE
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ANALYSIS OF MINERALS AND ORES)
Aim: To determine percentage purity of the sample of Lime stone (estimation of Calcium).
Apparatus: 500 ml Beaker,

Stirrer,
100 ml standard flask,
Burette,
Pipette,
Funnel,
Heating equipment
Distilled water & filter paper (No.40).
Chemicals Required: Lime stone,

Hydrochloric acid (HCl),
Methyl red indicator,
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
10% ammonium oxalate solution,
Ammonium hydroxide,
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)& distilled water.
Principle: The given Lime stone sample is weighed out into a beaker and dissolved in HCl. The
calcium present in the solution is precipitated as oxalate by the addition of ammonium oxalate in
neutal medium and the precipitate is dissolved in dilute H2SO4 and the liberate oxalic acid is
titrated with standard KMnO4 solution.
CaC2O4+H2SO4  CaSO4 + 3H2C2O4

5 (H2C2O4) + 2KMnO4  2MnSO4+ 10CO2 + 8H2O
Procedure: Weigh out accurately the given Lime stone sample into a 400 ml beaker, add 10 ml of
distilled water, then add 10 ml of dilute Hydrochloric acid along the sides of the beaker and
completely dissolve the lime-stone sample. Add 4 to 5 drops of methyl red indicator, heat the
solution to boiling add about 25 ml of 10% solution of ammonium oxalate solution with constant
stirring. To the hot solution add 1:1 Ammonium hydroxide drop wise with stirring until the
solution is neutral (Red to Yellow). Allow the solution to stand for 30 minutes on water bath. Test
for complete precipitation and decant clear supernatant liquid through a Whatman No. 40 filter
paper and quantitatively transfer the precipitate to the filter paper. Wash the precipitate on filter
paper repeatedly until the washings are free from oxalate/chlorides.
Transfer the precipitate present on the filter paper into a 400 ml beaker, add 25 to 30 ml dilute
suphuric acid, warm the solution and titrate with standard permanganate solution to a pale pink
colour end-point.
Result: Amount of calcium present in the sample = 0.400 gm

Percentage purity of the given sample of Limestone = 40 %
_______________________________________________________________________________
W1 = Weight of bottle + substance = _12.600__ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = __12.290__ gms
Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = __0.310__ gms.
Normality of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = _0.310_X 10 = 0.1 N

Equivalent Weight 31.6

standard consume (V)
solution Initial Final
1 20 ml 0 20 20
2 20 ml 20 40 20
3 20 ml 0 40 20
V = 20
Calculations:
Titer value = V = 20
1 ml of KMnO4 = 0.200 g of Ca.
Amount of calcium present in the sample = Titer value (V) X Normality KMnO4 X 0.2004 =
= 20 X 0.1 X 0.2004 = 0.4008 gm
% Purity of Lime stone = Amount of Calcium X 100

Weight of the sample
= 0.400 X100 = 40%

1.000
Result:
Amount of calcium present in the sample = 0.400 gm
Percentage purity of the given sample of Limestone = 40 %

Experiment-9
ESTIMATION OF MANGANESE IN STEEL
_______________________________________________________________________________
(Colorimetric Estimation)
Aim: To estimate the percentage of Manganese present in a sample of mild steel calorimetrically.

20 ml Pipette,
10 ml Measuring cylinder,
Funnel,
Heating equipment
Colori-meter & centrifuge apparatus.
Chemicals Required: Steel sample,

Nitric acid (HNO3),
Syrupy phosphoric acid(H3PO4),
Lead peroxide & distilled water.
Principle:
The given steel sample is dissolved in nitric acid. Manganese (II) is oxidized to
permanganic acid by heating with lead peroxide and conc. Nitric acid. The intensity of the
permanganic acid is measured in the colorimeter and the amount of manganese is estimated.
Procedure:
1. Dissolution of the steel sample: Weight out about 0.5 grams (500 mg) of the given steel
sample into a clean 250 ml conical flask and add about 30 ml of 1:3 nitric acid heat to
boiling, till the sample goes into solution. Boil gently for about 10 to 15 minutes, to oxidize
any carbon present, cool and transfer into a clean 100 ml standard flask. Wash the conical
flask twice with about 10 ml portions of distilled water and transfer into the standard flask.
Make up the solution upto the mark with distilled water and shake well for uniform
concentration.
2. Development of Colour: Transfer 20 ml of the prepared solution into a clean conical flask
add about 10ml of syrupy phosphoric acid and about 20 ml of 1:3 nitric acid and heat the
solution to boiling. Add two spatulas of lead peroxide and continue the boiling for about 5
minutes. Take out the flask from the stand and allow it to cool and settle. Decant the
supernatant liquid into a 100 ml standard flask, wash the precipitate twice with little
distilled water and collect the supernatant liquid and the washings into the standard flask
and make up the solution with distilled water and shake well uniform concentration.
Transfer about 10 ml of the solution into a clean centrifuge tube and centrifuge the solution
to separate out any lead peroxide particles. Measure the optical density in the colorimeter
and calculate the amount of Manganese from the standard calibration curve.
Result: Percentage of Manganese present in the mild steel sample is =
Weight of the sample:
_______________________________________________________________________________
W1 = Weight of bottle + sample = _12.500____ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = __12.000___ gms
Weight of sample = (W1-W2) = ____0.500______ gms.

= ______500______ mgs
Standard value for calibration curve
Amount of Manganese (in mg) O. D

0.1 0.035
0.2 0.065
0.3 0.100
0.4 0.130
0.5 0.155
0.6 0.190
0.7 0.220
0.8 0.245
0.9 0.260
X = Optical density of the solution =
Y = Corresponding value of Mn from the curve =
Calculations:
Percentage of Manganese present in the steel sample = Y x 100 x 100

20 x (W1-W2) mg
Result: Percentage of Manganese present in the mild steel sample is =
Experiment-10
ESTIMATION OF FERRIC IRON IN CEMENT
_______________________________________________________________________________
(Colorometric Estimation)
Aim: To estimate the amount of Iron (Ferric) present in a sample of cement by calorimetrically
using ammonium thiocyanate as a reagent.
Apparatus: 250 ml beaker,

Glass rod,
Watch glass,
100 ml standard flask,
Burette,
10 ml Pipette,
Simple balance with weights
Colori-meter,
Heating equipment.
Chemicals Required: Cement sample,

Conc. Nitric acid (HNO3),
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Ammonium thio-cyanate &
Distilled-water.
Principle: Ammonium thio-cyanate yields a blood red colour with ferric iron and the colour
produced is stable in nitric acid medium. Its optical density is measured in a photo colorimeter and
the concentration of ferric iron is found from a standard calibration curve.
Procedure:
1. Dissolution of the sample: Weight out accurately about 0.1 gram of the cement sample
into a clean 250 ml beaker add about 5 ml of water to moisten the sample. Place a glass
rod and cover the beaker with a watch glass add about 5 ml conc. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
drop-wise and heat the solution till the sample dissolved. Keep the beaker on a small flame
and evaporate the solution to almost dryness to expel the excess acid.
2. Development of Colour: pipette out 10 ml of the solution prepared above, into a 100 ml
standard flask, add 1 ml of conc. Nitric acid (HNO3) from a burette and 5 ml of 40%
ammonium thio-cyanate from a burette. Make up the solution to 100 ml with distilled water
and shake the flask well for uniform concentration. Find out the optical density of the
solution using the photo colorimeter and the concentration of the ferric iron from the
calibration curve.
Result: Percentage of Ferric iron present in the cement sample =
Weight of the sample:
_______________________________________________________________________________
W1 = Weight of bottle + sample = _12.100_____ gms
W2 = Weight of bottle = ___12.000____ gms
Weight of sample = (W1-W2) = ___0.100_____ gms.
Standard value for calibration curve
Concentration in Milligrams O. D
0.05 0.11
0.10 0.22
0.15 0.32
0.20 0.40
0.25 0.50
0.30 0.62
0.35 0.70
0.40 0.80
X = corresponding amount of from the calibration curve =
Calculation:
Percentage of Fe3+ present in the given cement sample = X x 10 x 100

(W1 – W2) mg
Result: Percentage of Ferric iron present in the cement sample =
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LAB

I B.TECH CIVIL ENGINEERING
_______________________________________________________________________________
Viva-voce questions
Experiment-1
1. Define normality?
2. Define molarity?
3. How to prepare standard solution?
4. To explain the principle of this experiment.
5. To explain the difference between molarity & normality/
6. Which indicator used in this experiment?
7. Which type of titration involved in this experiment?
8. Name the chemicals of in this experiment?
9. What is the molecular weight of potassium dichromate?
10. What is the molecular weight of ferrous ammonium sulphate?
11. Name the apparatus used this experiment?
Experiment-2
2. Define molarity?
10. What is the molecular weight of ferric ammonium sulphate?
Experiment-3
2. Define molarity?
7. What is the chemical formula of Hypo?
11. What is the molecular weight of Hypo?
Experiment-4
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Define molarity?
9. What is the molecular weight of EDTA?
Experiment-5
2. Define molarity?
9. What is the molecular weight of EDTA?
Experiment-6
2. Define molarity?
9. What is the molecular weight of zinc oxide?
Experiment-7
2. Define molarity?
7. In this experiment do-not required any indicator, why?
9. 1 ml of 1N KMnO4 is equal to how much amount of MnO2?
10. What is the molecular weight of MnO2?
_______________________________________________________________________________
Experiment-8
2. Define molarity?
7. 1 ml of KMnO4 is equal to how many grams of calcium?
9. What is the molecular weight of potassium permanganate?
Experiment-9
2. Define molarity?
6. Which indicator/reagent used in this experiment?
7. Which type of estimation involved in this experiment?
8. Define concentration of the solution?
Experiment-10
2. Define molarity
6. Which indicator/reagent used in this experiment?
7. Which type of estimation involved in this experiment?
8. Define concentration of the solution?
Experiment Chemicals Preparation

Experiment-1 0.1N K2Cr2O7 0.490 gm or 490 mg K2Cr2O7 makeup up to 100 ml with water
_______________________________________________________________________________
H2SO4+ phosphoric acid 20 ml H2SO4+ 30 to 40 ml phosphoric acid makeup up to 100
ml with water
Diphenylamine 1 gm Diphenylamine in 10 to 20 ml conc.H2SO4
Ferrous iron solution Mohr’s Salt (0.1N) 3.92 gm in 100 ml water
Stannous Chloride 5.6 gm SnCl2 in 10 ml Conc. HCl allow it to stand until solution
becomes clear then dilute up to 100 ml with water
Diphenylamine 1 gm Diphenylamine in 10 to 20 ml conc.H2SO4
Ferric iron solution FerricSalt (0.1N) 4.82 gm in 100 ml water
Mercuric chloride 7 g Mercuric chloride in 100 ml water
0.1N Hypo 2.48 gm Hypo in 100 ml with water
Starch 1g starch dissolve in 100 ml hot water
Copper solution 2.49 g CuSO4 in 100 ml water
10% KI 10 g KI in 100 ml water
50% KI 50 g KI in 100 ml water
Acetic acid 28.5 or 30 ml Acetic acid + 70 ml water
Experiment-4 0.01M EDTA 0.370 g EDTA in 100 ml water
Ammonia Buffer 70 g NH4Cl + 570 ml NH3 + 430 ml water
Solochrome/EBT 0.4g or 400 mg EBT in 100 ml methanol
Water/sample hard water
Experiment-5 0.01M EDTA 0.370 g EDTA in 100 ml water
0.01M CuSO4 0.249 g CuSO4 in 100 ml water
NH3 Solution
Fast sulphone black-F 1g in 100 ml water/ alcohol
Experiment-6 0.1M ZnO 0.810 g ZnO in 100 ml water
0.1M Pot. ferrocyanide 0.422 g pot.ferrocyanide in 100 ml water
Biphenyl benzidine 10 mg Biphenyl benzidine in 50 ml water/alcohol
Ammonium sulphate 8 g powder
7N H2SO4 19.4 or 20 ml H2SO4 + 80 ml water
Experiment-7 MnO2 400 mg MnO2
1 N KMnO4 3.16 g KMnO4 in 100 ml water
0.1 N Na2C2O4 0.670 g Na2C2O4 in 100 ml water
4N H2SO4 11.1 ml H2SO4 in 100 ml water
Experiment-8 Lime stone,
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), 30 ml HCl + 70 ml Water
Methyl red indicator
Dil. H2SO4 10 ml H2SO4 in 70 ml water
10% ammonium oxalate 10 g Ammonium oxalate in 100 ml water
Ammonium hydroxide 10 ml NH3 + 10 ml water
0.1N KMnO4 0.310 g KMnO4 in 100 ml water
Experiment-9 Mild Steel sample 500 mg Mild steel
Nitric acid (HNO3), 10 ml Nitric acid + 30 ml water
phosphoric acid(H3PO4)
Lead peroxide
Experiment- Cement sample, 100 mg cement
10 Conc. Nitric acid (HNO3)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Ammonium thio-cyanate 40 gm Ammonium thio-cyanate in 100 ml water
_______________________________________________________________________________

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Applied Chemistry Lab Manual (I B.

Tech Civil Engineering )

Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask,

Chemicals Required: Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2 + 3(O)

W2 = Weight of bottle = ___12.010_________ gms

Weight of substance (K2Cr2O7) = (W1-W2) = ___0.490_________ gms.

Normality of the K2Cr2O7solution = (W1-W2) X 10

N= (W1-W2) X 10 = .490X10 = 0.1 N

S.No Volume of standard Burette Reading Volume of

N1 = Normality of K2Cr2O7 solution = 0.1 N

2FeCl3 + SnCl2  2FeCl2 + SnCl4

W2 = Weight of bottle = ___12.010_________ gms

Weight of substance (K2Cr2O7) = (W1-W2) = ___0.490_________ gms.

Normality of the K2Cr2O7solution = (W1-W2) X 10

N= (W1-W2) X 10 = .490X10 = 0.1 N

S.No Volume of standard Burette Reading Volume of

N1 = Normality of K2Cr2O7 solution = 0.1 N

Normality of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10__ = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.490 X 10 = 0.1 N

S.No Volume of standard Burette Reading Volume of

S.No Volume of Copper Burette Reading Volume of

N3= Normality of Copper solution = ?

Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask,

Chemicals Required: Ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA),

EDTA + Metal indicator complex  Metal ion-EDTA + Indicator

M1 = Molarity of the EDTA solution = Weight of EDTA transferred x 10

W1 = Weight of bottle + substance = 12.500 gms

W2 = Weight of bottle = 12.130 gms

Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = 0.370 gms.

Molarity of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.370 X 10 = 0.01 M

S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of

M1 = Molarity of EDTA = 0.01 M

M2 = Molarity of calium solution = M1V1 = 0.01 X 5 = 0.0025

Calcium hardness of the given sample water = M2 X V1 X100 X 1000

Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask,

Chemicals Required: Ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA),

Result: Amount of copper present in the given 100ml of solution = 635 mg

Preparation of Standard solution:

W2 = Weight of bottle = ___12.130___ gms

Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = ____0.370___ gms.

Molarity of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.370 X 10 = 0.01 M

S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of

M1 = Molarity of EDTA = 0.01

1 ml of 0.05 M EDTA = 3.177 mg of Cu2+

Amount of copper present in the given 100ml of solution

= Titre value x Molarity of EDTA x 3.177 x 1000

= 20 X 0.01 X 3.177 X 1000 = 635 mg

Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask,

Chemicals Required: Zinc oxide (ZnO),

3Zn2+ + 2K4 Fe(CN)6 K2Zn3 Fe(CN)6 + 6K+

2. Standardisation of Potassium Ferrocyanide: Make up the given potassium Ferro-cynide

Result: Amount of Potassium Ferro-cyanide in the given solution = 0.283 gm

Preparation of Standard solution:

W2 = Weight of bottle = ____12.090__ gms

Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = ____0.810____ gms.

Molarity of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = 0.810 x 10 = 0.1 M

S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of

M1 = Molarity of Zinc oxide solution = 0.1 M

M2 = Molarity of Potassium ferrocyanide solution = M1V1 n2

Result: Amount of Potassium ferro-cyanide in the given solution = 0.283 g

Apparatus: 100 ml standard flask,

Chemicals Required: Pyrolusite,

MnO2 + H2SO4 + H2C2O4  2CO2 + 2H2O + MnSO4

Result: Percentage purity of the given sample of Pyrolusite = 76 %

W2 = Weight of bottle = _12.010_______ gms

Weight of substance (K2Cr2O7) = (W1-W2) = _0.490_______ gms.

W2 = Weight of bottle = _12.010_______ gms

Weight of substance (K2Cr2O7) = (W1-W2) = _0.490_______ gms.

W2 = Weight of bottle = _12.130_ gms

Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = __0.370_ gms.

W2 = Weight of bottle = __12.090 gms

Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = 0.810 gms.

W2 = Weight of bottle = __12.190_ gms

Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = 3.10_ gms.

Normality of the solution = (W1-W2) X 10 = 3.10_X 10 = 1 N

W2 = Weight of bottle = 12.290 gms

Weight of substance = (W1-W2) = 0.310 gms.

W2 = Weight of bottle = 12.000_ gms

Weight of sample = (W1-W2) = 0.500__ gms.

W2 = Weight of bottle = _12.000__ gms

Weight of sample = (W1-W2) = _0.100___ gms.