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Characteristic features:
(1) the adults live in the tissues
(2) female worms give birth to larvae known as microfilariae
that circulate in the blood and lymph or are present in tissues
(3) transmission requires the ingestion of the microfilariae by
a bloodsucking arthropod, which in turn, transmits the
infection to another human Epidemiology :
= widely distributed in the tropics & subtropics
Wuchereria bancrofti = 2 types of filarial infection in the Phil.
Syn : Filaria Bancrofti A) urban type most prevalent in abaca raising areas
Disease : Bancroftian Filariasis mosquito vector – Aedes poecilus
Adult Worm B) rural type occurs away from houses towards mountain and
= long, hair-like & transparent w/ smooth cuticle hill
= filiform shape w/ both ends tapering but terminate Mosquito vector – anopheles minimus
bluntly rounded = both are night biter but may also bite during the day and
= head slightly swollen w/ 2 rings of small sessile breeds in clear running mountain stream Endemic Provinces
papillae ( Phil ) Camarines Norte & Sur Albay, Sorsogon, Quezon,
= mouth unarmed Mindoro, Masbate, Romblon, Bohol, Leyte and Samar. All
provinces of Mindoro, Mountain Province ( Bontoc ) Sulu &
Palawan
= Anopheles minimus & Flavirostris are vectors in Mt.
Province, Sulu & Palawan
= Aedes Poecilus in the rest of provinces
Pathology :
= pathology prod. by parasite is centered in lymph vessel
& lymph glands
= inflammation, edema & fibrosis gives rise as a result of
obstruction of lymph flow resulting to lymphangitis, edema&
chyluria
Male = measures 40 mm. L X 0.1 mm. in diameter = clinical manif. includes: hydrocoele, chylocoele,
= copulatory spicule distinctly unequal & dissimilar elephantiasis of scrotum & vulva
= gobernaculum cresent – shaped
= caudal end curved & sharply ventrad
Female = measures 8-100 mm. X 0.24 – 0.3 mm.
= vulva cervical in position
= post. end narrow & abruptly pointed
Microfilaria
= elongate, bluntly rounded anteriorly & pointed
caudally
= hyaline sheath extends beyond the ant. & post end
of the embryo
= single stylet at the ant. end
= cephalic space is long & broad & devoid of
granules or nuclei
= central column of nuclei discrete & do not extend
down to the tip of the tail
= has graceful sweeping curve
Dx: 1) Blood smear (peripheral smear at night time 8:00
PM. to 4:00 AM.) because of nocturnal periodicity
= peak hours 10:00 PM. to 2:00 AM
2) Biopsy of material important for confirmatory
diagnosis
Life Cycle :
= similar with W. Bancrofti except for the species of
mosquitoes as its intermediate host (mansonia bonnae &
mansonia uniformis)
↓ ↓
found fresh H2O found in ricefield swamps
Dracunculus medinensis
Disease: Dracontiasis, Dracunculosis, Dracunculiasis
= “the guinea worm”
Female: 500-1,200L x 0.9-1.7mm in diameter
Male: 12-29L x 0.4mm
= inhabits the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues
= attains sexual maturity as early as 10 weeks
= female life span: 12-18 months
Diagnosis:
= made from the local lesion, worm or larvae
= outline of the worm under the skin revealed by
reflected light
= calcified worms may be located by roentgenologic
exam
= discharge of the larvae is stimulated by cooling the
Epidemiology:
ulcerated area
= Middle East Treatment:
= Central India; Pakistan
1) Metronidazole → DOC
= Africa
→ 200mg TID x 7 days
= parasite of dogs and other carnivores in
N. America → anti-inflammatory effect and action
upon the worm
Alternative:
Niridazole 25g/kg p.o. x 7 days
Thiabendazole 25g/kg BID 2 days
2) Surgical removal under anesthesia
Prevention:
1) Avoid bathing and washing in waters
2) Drinking water and wells; springs should be surrounded by
cement curbing
3) Boil drinking water
4) Treating water supplies with chlorine