Telecommunication literally means communication over distance.

Quick and accurate communication is very important in society and to the economy, as well as to the military. The invention of the telegraph and telephone made communication faster and easier. Without the telegraph and telephone, America would most certainly not be as technologically advanced as it is today. However, slow and faulty communication Telecommunication literally means communication over distance. Quick and accurate communication is very important in society and to the economy, as well as to the military. The invention of the telegraph and telephone made communication faster and easier. Without the telegraph and telephone, America would most certainly not be as technologically advanced as it is today. However, slow and faulty communication was an obstacle that America had to overcome in its infancy. The means of communication before the telegraph and telephone were primitive by today's standards. Before an official postal service was established in the United States, people relied on word of mouth, whether it was person to person or through a messenger. The town crier read the community announcements until the newspaper came along.Word of mouth and newspapers were sufficient for small towns of that time, but for long distance communication, they were impractical. As a result, a slow and unreliable mail system evolved. People who sent letters and parcels wondered when or if what they sent got to the person they were sending it to. For example, if a man in New England wanted to mail a letter to a relative in England, he had to put the letter in a satchel that was picked up by the captain of a ship that sailed to England. Town drunks and thieves often helped themselves to the bags, which had money for postage in them (TCM 14). Also, the cost of sending letters was high because it was expensive to provide a postal system to a sparsely populated area (SHMS 69). Men on horseback often carried the mail, first in the eastern half of America, then on the western side. The mail was frequently lost or forgotten, and the ride to isolated settlements was dangerous Telecommunication literally means communication over distance. Quick and accurate communication is very important in society and to the economy, as well as to the military. The invention of the telegraph and telephone made communication faster and easier. Without the telegraph and telephone, America would most certainly not be as technologically advanced as it is today. However, slow and faulty communication was an obstacle that America had to overcome in its infancy. The telegraph also had its disadvantages. It created a loss of jobs by putting the Pony Express and some postal workers out of business. Since there are two kinds of Morse codes, American and International, the United States often confused herself and the countries she tried to communicate with by using American Morse. Not only was American Morse impractical for transatlantic cables, the rest of the world used International Morse. The United States switched to International Morse for international communication, and used American Morse for transcontinental communication (WRBH 137). Another disadvantage was that only a trained user could send and receive telegraph messages (TTM 37). Also, a message could only be sent where there were cables. But given these disadvantages, people were satisfied with the telegraph. A magazine once stated, "The function of the telegraph in our highly organized commercial and social life has come to be as general and as important as that of the mail. In some respects it is even more of a necessity.... Voltaic battery Battery consisting of a number of voltaic cells arranged in series or parallel. Voltaic \Vol*ta"ic\, a. [Cf. F. volta["i]que, It. voltaico.] 1. Of or pertaining to Alessandro Volta, who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action, and established this branch of electric science; discovered by Volta; as, voltaic electricity. 2. Of or pertaining to voltaism, or voltaic electricity; as, voltaic induction; the voltaic arc. A telegraph works by sending messages through wires using electrical signals. A person would take their message to a telegraph operator who then imputed it into the telegraph machine and then it would be sent to the receiving telegraph office to decode for the receiver. The idea for the electric telegraph was not thought up in a scientific laboratory, but on the deck of a sailing ship called the Scully, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The inventor was Samuel Finley Breese Morse, and in 1832, he was on of the most famous artists in the United States. Morse and ship passengers were talking about the invention of the electromagnet, which looked like a horseshoe with wire wrapped around it. They talked about how electricity traveled through the wire. Morse thought if electricity would travel a short distance through wire, it could travel long distances through wire also. Morse's idea was to string a wire between two points, maybe miles apart. A key at one end is pressed and it closes the electrical curcuit which sends a pulse of electricity through the wire. When the key is let go very fast, the pulse of electricity sent through the wire is a dot. if the key is held down 3 times longer, the pulse is a dash. Dashes and dots mixed together form different letters of the alphabet and when sent from a person at one end of the wire to another person at the other end of the wire, these dashes and dots would spell out words. Morse's idea was to string a wire between two points, maybe miles apart. A key at one end is pressed and it closes the electrical curcuit which sends a pulse of electricity through the wire. When the key is let go very fast,

the pulse of electricity sent through the wire is a dot. if the key is held down 3 times longer, the pulse is a dash. Dashes and dots mixed together form different letters of the alphabet and when sent from a person at one end of the wire to another person at the other end of the wire, these dashes and dots would spell out words. In 1837, he developed his telegraph idea enough to test it. Morse strung seventeen hundred feet of wire around his room at New York University, where he taught. It worked; his signals traveled from one end of the wire to the other. He showed his invention to members of Congress in the Capital by stringing 10 miles of wire around the room, and it worked. Congress didn't think the telegraph would work for long distances, so Morse put several miles of wire through underground pipes. The insulation around the wire wouldn't let the electricity travel very well, so Morse decided to string the wire from poles instead. How did the telegraph affect society? They could send long distance messages The messages could be sent quickly With the telegraph station people knew what trains were on the tracks

Why was telegraph important to society? The telegraph was important because it allowed long-distance communication in seconds, whereas the previous method of long distance communication was by horseback messenger. The Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Until the 19th century there was no way of speaking to someone unless you stood face to face. The only means of communicating over long distances was through the use of the electric telegraph which had been invented in 1836, the message would have to be sent in code. In 1876 the Scotsman, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his invention which he called the telephone. This piece of equipment allowed people to speak to each other over great distances. Experimentation in this type of communication had been previously been carried out by other people including German, (Philip Reis), an Italian, (Meucci), and at the same time as Bell, (Elisha Gray). It was whilst he was in Canada that Bell became interested in electricity and specifically how words may be turned into electrical impulses and transmitted through a wire. Bells first prototype consisted of a thin sheet of metal (called a diaphragm) held infront of an electromagnet. When the sound (caused by his voice) struck the diaphragm, electricity was generated in the coils of the electro-magnet. These electric currents were transmitted to a telephone in another room along a wire. When they passed through the coils of an identical electro-magnet in the other room (the receiver) they caused the receiver diaphragm to vibrate and create the sound. His assistant Watson heard Bell shouting, ''Mr Watson , come here I want you''. The first conversation took place between London and Europe in 1891 and by 1923 it was possible to telephone someone from London to New York. Evolution of the Telegraph into the Telephone The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bell's success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When Bell began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph, with its dot-and-dash Morse code, was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, Bell offered his own musical or harmonic approach as a possible practical solution. His "harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Early in the 19th century, Michael Faraday, an English physicist, demonstrated that an electrical current could produce a magnetic field.

In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, a professor of experimental physics at Cambridge, proved mathematically that any electrical disturbance, that generates an electromagnetic field, could produce an effect at a considerable distance from the point at which it occurred and predicted that electromagnetic energy could travel outward from a source as waves moving at the speed of light. In 1888 Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that Maxwells prediction was true for transmission over a short distance. In 1901 the Italian physicist, Guglielmo Marconi, perfected a radio system that transmitted Morse code over the Atlantic Ocean. In 1906 the American physicist Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube which amplified radio signals that were received by antenna, thus much weaker signal could be transmitted over longer distance. The vacuum tube was also used to generate radio waves and soon become the main component of radio transmitter. After World War II more advancements were made: The replacement of the vacuum tube by the transistor and of wires by printed circuits drastically reduced the power that radio equipment needed to operate enabling radio components miniaturization and more reliability. During the years claims were made that as a matter of fact not Marconi invented radio but Oliver Lodge, Alexander (Aleksandr) Popov or Nikola Tesla , had sent wireless messages before Marconi got his patents (British 7777, US 763,772). In 1943, in a celebrated 1943 Supreme Court decision, Marconi's 1904 US patent No. 763,772, was found to be invalid. As a result, some claim that this decision proves that Nikolai Tesla is the inventor of radio. It does not really matter. What Marconi undoubtedly did invent was an entirely new science-based industry. In his hands an obscure and, to most people, unintelligible branch of physics became a consumer product like no other. We are used to being told that some new technology will change the world. Marconi's is one of the few that did. Boolean Algebra an abstract mathematical system primarily used in computer science and in expressing the relationships between sets (groups of objects or concepts). The notational system was developed by the English mathematician George Boole c.1850 to permit an algebraic manipulation of logical statements. Such manipulation can demonstrate whether or not a statement is true and show how a complicated statement can be rephrased in a simpler, more convenient form without changing its meaning. In his 1881 treatise, Symbolic Logic, the English logician and mathematician John Venn interpreted Boole's work and introduced a new method of diagramming Boole's notation; this was later refined by the English mathematician Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll -this method is now know as the Venn diagram. When used in set theory, Boolean notation can demonstrate the relationship between groups, indicating what is in each set alone, what is jointly contained in both, and what is contained in neither. Boolean algebra is of significance in the study of information theory, the theory of probability, and the geometry of sets. The expression of electrical networks in Boolean notation has aided the development of switching theory and the design of computers. Modern data processing began with the inventions of American engineer, Herman Hollerith. In 1881, Herman Hollerith began designing a machine to tabulate census data more efficiently than by traditional hand methods. The U.S. Census Bureau had taken eight years to complete the 1880 census, and it was feared that the 1890 census would take even longer. Herman Hollerith invented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 US census data. Herman Hollerith's great breakthrough was his use of electricity to read, count, and sort punched cards whose holes represented data gathered by the census-takers. His machines were used for the 1890 census and accomplished in one year what would have taken nearly ten years of hand tabulating. In 1896, Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company to sell his invention, the Company became part of IBM in 1924.Herman Hollerith first got his idea for the punch-card tabulation machine from watching a train conductor punch tickets. For his tabulation machine he used the punchcard invented in the early 1800s, by a French silk weaver called Joseph-Marie Jacquard. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards.Hollerith's punch cards and tabulating machines were a step toward automated computation. His device could automatically read information which had been punched onto card. He got the idea and then saw Jacquard's punchcard. Punch card technology was used in computers up until the late 1970s. Computer "punched cards" were read electronically, the cards moved between brass rods, and the holes in the cards, created a electric current where the rods would touch. Vacuum tube Vacuum tubes were critical to the development of electronic technology, which drove the expansion and commercialization of radio broadcasting, television, radar,sound reproduction, large telephone networks, analog and digital computers, and industrial process control

GRAHAM BELL

SAMUEL F.B MORSE

GEORGE BOOLE

HERMAN HOLLERITH