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>ALLIANCES FORMED
1914-1917 - THE WAR AT SEA: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR
The Germans ignore Wilson; they sink the luxury passenger ship Lusitania off the coast of
Ireland.
■ The blast kills 12,000 people; 128 Americans went down with the ship.
America was outraged and wanted Germany's blood. Wilson, however, declines to take any
action against Germany.
1916-1917 - SUSSEX PLEDGE
The Germans promise to give any unarmed ship fair warning well in advance of shooting
her down.
America feels that is fair enough and the outrage dies down for a while.
**In The Arabic Pledge, the Germans pledged not to shoot down any passenger ships.
BRITISH GET REVENGE
The English begin to disguise their warships as unarmed “Q-Ships”.
■ These seemingly harmless ships would be encountered or encounter German subs.
■ The German submarine would come up to the surface.
■ Obviously, it's “so long” German submarine.
America is stunned at the antics of the English.
The Germans get pissed; they start up unrestricted submarine warfare again.
UNITED STATES FINALLY GETS INVOLVED
st
On January 31 , 1917, the Sussex Pledge was dropped.
st
On March 1 , 1917, the British intercept a coded note: The Zimmerman Note. This note
was a note between a German ambassador in Mexico and the Foreign secretary of German
affairs which encouraged Mexico to attack and invade the United States. This was intended
to keep the United States busy while the Germans continued their unrestricted submarine
warfare. They would have preferred the United States stay out of the whole affair.
They knew that if the United States entered the war, they were going to get their asses
handed to them.
nd
Wilson says: “That's enough”, and asks Congress for permission to go to war on April 2 ,
1917. Four days later on April 6th, 1917, Congress opens the gates to let America into World
War I.
World War I Chapter XXI
The war was fought mainly through trench warfare, a relatively derelict and anachronistic
tactic. It worked in the American Civil War, but not here.
Some of the most notable technological advances used included:
■ The machine gun and repeating rifle
■ Hand grenades
■ Flamethrowers
■ Land mines
■ Noxious gases (used sparingly as they were greatly affected by wind and temperature)
■ British tanks
■ American planes (towards the end of the war)
Trench warfare was mainly man vs. machine.
Machine usually won.
The death toll reaches 6,000 killed in action each day.
The Russians signed a treaty with the Central Powers agreeing to pull out of the war.
Thus, much of their territory went to the Germans.
The Germans would send 500,000 to the Western Front to further strengthen their efforts.
GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, the only person in United States military history to be
promoted to General of the Armies during his lifetime, controlled the AEF, or the American
Expedition Force. The Force was two million strong by July 1918.
The Spring Offensive was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the Spring
of 1918. Two main battles were part of this series:
CHATEAU THIERRY
■ For the first time in their history, the United States is stuck defending a foreign capital
(in this case, Paris) on foreign turf (France.)
■ The Americans become sandwiched between a rock and a hard place.
■ They are stuck between the attacking Germans and Paris.
■ They are able to hold the Germans off. Until this point, the Germans had actually been
doing quite well.
BELLEAU WOOD
■ One of the bloodiest battles the Americans were involved in, this battle involved,
obviously, the Germans and the United States. The Germans would be mercilessly
defeated and this was the beginning of the end for them.
1918 – SUCCESS
Finally, during the late summer and fall of 1918, the Germans began to back down. They were
in utter ruins and they knew that they simply didn't have anything left to beat back the scores of
Americans now entering Europe under General John Pershing's commands.
11:00 AM (Paris Time), November 11th, 1918 – ARMISTICE DAY
Germans surrender on this date, which would later become known as Veteran's Day in the
United States. The guns fell silent, and the war was over.
>CASUALTIES
The total death toll of civilian and military casualties was well over thirty million.
Well over one hundred thousand Americans were killed.
World War I Chapter XXI
FOOD ADMINISTRATION
About forty four million dollars was spent everyday on the war by America.
Through this program, the Government sold bonds to raise the necessary funds for the war.
“You loan the Government money out your own pocket. At some later date, the
Government will pay you back in full plus any accumulated interest.”
PROPAGANDA
LOYALTY ACTS
Charles Schenck was arrested under accusations of discouraging men from enlisting in the
legally mandatory draft.
This was a violation of the Sedition Act.
He appealed to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court refuses to overturn the decision. They call Mr. Schenck a “clear and
present danger”.
Fifty years later, Clarence Brandenberg, a member of the Klu Klux Klan, was arrested along
with his cronies during a rally in which racial slurs were shouted and crosses were burned into
lawns.
He appealed to the Supreme Court to overturn the arrest.
This time, the Supreme Court overturned the conviction.
They deemed his arrest unconstitutional and a violation of the first amendment.
They later stated that the only time that one may be prosecuted in free speech is if that speech
incites imminent lawless actions.
> Ergo, you may not run into a crowded theater and yell: “FIRE!”. This presents a danger and could
potentially harm or kill others.
World War I Chapter XXI
TRUTH SQUAD
However, this group of nefarious characters (made up mostly of republican senators) follows
Wilson wherever he goes.
They denounce his messages, calling him a “babbling idiot”.
The stress of being undermined and constantly persecuted by the Truth Squad finally gets to
Wilson.
He has a stroke while campaigning the treaty in Denver, Colorado.
For a while, only Wilson's doctors, Vice President Thomas R. Marshall, Wilson's wife, and
Wilson himself know anything about the extent of his condition.
Wilson loses motor function as a result.
His wife, EDITH GAULT WILSON, technically becomes “Madame President” for the time
that her husband is incapacitated, but she denies this through to her dying day.
Mrs. Wilson was a highly revered feminist.
She “served” as Madame President for about six months.
The Vice President, THOMAS R. MARSHALL, could have gone to Senate to request to
take Woodrow Wilson's seat at president while he was incapacitated, but he never did.
Wilson eventually recovers enough to finish his second term.
>SENATE VOTES
During this time period, Senate voted twice on the treaty Wilson had proposed, and both times,
it was turned down.
The 1920's Chapter XXII
RETURN TO NORMALCY
After the era of progressivism was over, American became staunchly isolationist. Most of the
progressive ideas put into place were stripped off and replaced by new ideas.
TRADITION v MODERNITY
This was the struggle between the modern and the old.
It mostly involved immigrants and immigration as a whole.
NATIVIST REACTION
The Nativist Reaction was the reaction of the traditionalists against new immigration.
They disliked the immigration of Asians, Catholics, Jews, etc.
They considered these groups a threat to the American ideals and purity.
KLU KLUX KLAN
The KKK was nothing new; it had been created right after the Civil War and the Emancipation
Proclamation was enforced.
The group wished to preserve the supremacy of whites.
Technically, they are considered a terrorist group.
From 1865-1877, the KKK was kept in check by the United States Army. Ulysses Simpson
Grant (For. Pres.) was in charge of keeping it that way.
But in 1920, they're back...
The group dislikes anybody in America who is not a white protestant. Its ultimate goal is to
purify the United States and keep the old, white, protestant America a reality.
They believe that they are the only “Real Americans”.
FLASHBACK TO PROHIBITION
Prohibition, or the 18th Amendment, was created in 1919 and enforced from then until 1934; a
total of about fifteen years.
1920 – VOLSTEAD ACT
Basically, it just reinforced the ban on the consumption, selling, or production of alcohol in
the United States.
The 1920's CHAPTER XXII
ORGANIZED CRIME
EDUCATION