Experiment 15 Titration of Acid and Base Safety Instructions

For your safety you need to take the following precautions: Use your safety glasses throughout the entire experiment. Use safety gloves while handling chemicals. It is recommended to use laboratory robes to protect your clothes. Do not use materials that are not listed in the procedure of the Read each part of the experiment from beginning to end before starting

experiment. to perform the experiment.

I - Conducting a Titration Introduction

According to Brnsted and Lowry, an acid is a species which donates a proton, H+, and a base is a species which accepts a proton in a protontransfer reaction. For example, in the following acid-base reaction: HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) HCl(aq) is an acid which donates a proton, H+, to the base NaOH(aq). This reaction is often called a neutralization reaction. An acid-base titration is a procedure for determining the concentration of an acid (or a base) in a solution by measuring the volume of base (or acid) of a known concentration that completely reacts with it. Titrant The solution of accurately known concentration is called the standard solution (titrant), it contains a definite number of gram-equivalents per liter. Standard solution is usually added from a graduated vessel called a burette. The process of adding titrant until the reaction just complete is termed a titration and the substance to be determined is titrated Titrated

(analyte). The point at which the reaction is complete is called the equivalence point or the theoretical (or stoichiometric) end point. This point must be detectable by some change unmistakable to the eye and this can be done by adding an auxiliary reagent, known as an indicator which should give a clear visual change (color change) in the liquid being titrated. In order to perform a titration procedure a reaction must fulfill the following condition. 1. It must be simple reaction, which can be expressed by a chemical reaction. The substance to be determined should react completely with the titrant in stoichiometric or equivalent proportions. 2. 3. 4. 5. The reaction should be practically instantaneous or proceed with very great speed. There must be a marked change in some physical or chemical property (as color change) of the solution at the equivalence point. An indicator should be available which, by a change in physical properties (Color), should sharply define the end point of the reaction. If no visible indicator is available for the detection of the equivalence point, the latter can often be determined by other method as potentiometer or conduct metric or spectrophotometer titration. Titration can be used for many types of reactions: a. Neutralization (reaction of acid with base.). b. Precipitation reaction. c. Oxidation reduction reactions d. Complex formation reactions. The reaction that we will study in this experiment is the neutralization reaction mentioned before between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. The indicator used in this experiment is phenol phthalein or methyl orange. NaOH(aq) is the titrant and is added from the burette, HCl(aq) is the titrated of the unknown concentration. We can use instruments rather than indicator to determine the end point, such as conductivity meter or pH meter. In this experiment we will use pH meter by putting the electrode of pH meter in the HCl(aq) solution and add definite small volumes of

NaOH(aq) from the burette and recording the read out of the instrument as function of added volume of NaOH(aq). The end point of the titration can be determined by graphic methods 1. By using a titration curve a plot of the pH versus added volume of NaOH(aq). As in this figure.
approximately here is the end point

pH

added volume of NaOH

The end point of the titration is in the middle of the largest change of the pH. 2. Plotting pH/V versus V (where V is the volume of added NaOH(aq)) Using this method enables to obtain the point of largest change of pH more accurately.
end point

pH V

Materials:
50 mL HCl solution. 100 mL 0.1M NaOH solution

Equipments:
3 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask

100 mL beaker Funnel Burette on a stand Phenol phthalein 10 mL volumetric pipette Stirrer and a magnet pH meter Wash bottle

Experimental procedure:
a. Place the beaker on the stirrer and under the burette, and make sure the burette stopper is turned off. b. Fill the burette with the NaOH solution using the funnel and calibrate it c. Transfer 10 ml from the HCl solution to a clean erlenmeyer using the volumetric pipette. Add few drops of Phenol phthalein. Replace the beaker under the burette with the erlenmeyer and place a white paper under it. 1. What is the purpose of putting a white paper under the erlenmeyer? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __ d. Put the magnet in the erlenmeyer and start rotating it gently. 2. Why the HCl solution should be stirred during the titration process? _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ e. 3. f. g. 4. Titrate the HCl with NaOH, adding 1 ml at a time and keeping a constant stirring. Determine roughly the NaOH volume used to reach the equivalent point. Write the approximate end point of the titration ____________________ Fill the burette again and calibrate it Repeat the titration, but do it very accurately near the equivalent point. Write the more accurate end point of the titration ____________________

h. Repeat the titration once again. If you don't receive the same result, conduct another titration and take the average of the three of them. 5. Write your final result for the end point of the titration ____________________ 6. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction occurred. _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 7. Calculate the HCl concentration _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ i. j. 8. Repeat the titration for the last time, using the pH meter. Determine the equivalent point from the graph. Attach the titration curve to your report, and mark the end point on the graph.

_______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 9. Compare this end point with your results from the previous steps. _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

II - Using Probes for Titration A Teacher's Demonstration

In this part the teacher will demonstrate a titration curve which is obtained with a probe sensitive to the pH of the solution. 10. Describe your observation of the experiment. What is the same and what is different between this experiment and the ones you performed. _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

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