Chapter 2 - LINEAR LAW 1.

1 Draw the line of best fit 2 1 y y

x2 x 3 y2 4 log 10 y

log 10 x

1.2 Write the equation for the line of best fit of the following graphs. 1
y X X X Q(6,13) . X

y . P(0,5) X X

X . X XP(0,3)

X X . Q(2,0) x

.
x [ y = 3 x +3]
5

[ y = 2 x +5 ] 4
y . xP(1,8) x x x . xQ(3,2) x2

y x . x P(-1,4) x x

. Q(5,16) x

x2

[y=2x2+6]
P

[y=-3x2+11]

x x B(5,9) x x A(3,0) t

[s = t Linear law

9 2

27 ] 2

[P = V +

4 5

29 ] 5

x B(5,3)

x A(2,) q

[ p = 6q 6 ] 1.3 Determine the values of variables from lines of best fit The diagram below shows a line of best fit. From the 1 graph, find i. the value of y when x = 0.5 ii. the value of x when y = 7 iii. y 8 6 x 4 2 x x x x

[F

4 2 X 3 3

The diagram below shows a line of best fit. From the graph, find i. the value of t when w = 38 ii. the value of w when t = 1.6 W 40 x 30 x 20 100 x x x

[2.8, 3.3] The diagram below shows a line of best fit obtained by 3 plotting the graph of d against t. The line intersects the vertical and the horizontal axes at points (0,2) and (6,0) respectively. Find i. the equation of best fit ii. the value of t when d=3 iii. the value of d when t=4 d (0,2) (6,0) t

[3.6,22] Two variables, p and q are known to be linearly related as shown by the line of best fit in the diagram below. The line passes through points (1.6, 6) and (13.6 , 30). Determine i. the equation of best fit ii. the value of q when p= 15 iii. the value of p when q = 5 p x(13, 30) x (1, 6) q

[ d = 3 t + 2, 3, 3 ]
Linear law

[p=2q+4, 5.5, 14] 2.1 Reduce non linear relations to linear form Reduce each of the equations to the form Y=m X+C where a and b are constants. Non-linear equation Linear equation 2 1 y=ax +bx Y
y x

X x

y = ax3 + bx2

y = ax + b x2

y x
2

y=

a +b x

1 x

y=

a + bx x

xy

x2

xy = + bx

a x

1 x2

x +by = axy

1 y

1 x

y=

5 3x x

xy

x2

y=

a (b x ) x2

xy

1 x

y = abx

log10 y

10

y = axb

log10 y

log10 x

11

y =a2xb

log10 y

log10 x

12

PV=a

1 V

Linear law

2.2 Determine values of constants of non-linear relations given lines of best fit 1 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the 2 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph 2 1 graph of y against x. Determine the non-linear of y2 against . Determine the non-linear equation equation connecting y and x. x connecting y and x. y2 XP(0,4)

y2

Q(2,12) P(0,2)

XQ(2,0)

1 x
[y2=-2x+4] 3 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the
y graph of 2 against x. Determine the non-linear x

2 [ y = 5 + 2 ] x The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph

y
2 of x against x. Determine the non-linear equation

equation connecting y and x.

connecting y and x.

y x2

Q(6,12)

y x2
y 0

(4, 5)

(2,4) x

P(3,0)

[ 5

y x2

= 4 x 12 ]

[ 6

y x
2

1 x+3] 2

The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph of log10 y against x. Determine the non-linear equation connecting y and x.
X

The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph of log10 y against log 10 x. Determine the non-linear equation connecting y and x.

(2,6)

log10 y
X

log10 y
X

X X (2,6)

(0,2)

(0,0)

log10 x
Linear law

[log10 y = 3x ] The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph of xy against x. Determine the relation between y and x. x xy
X

[ log 10 y = 2 log10 x+2] The diagram below shows the straight line graph of xy against x. Express y in terms of x. xy (4,10)

Q(4,12) (1, 1) x x

P(2,4)

[ y = 4 9

4 ] x 10

[ y = 3 ] The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph of x2y against x. Determine the relation between y and x. x2 y
X

2 x

The diagram below shows the straight line graph of x 2 y against x. Express y in terms of x. x 2y (1, 1) x (4,10)

Q(4,12)

P(2,4) x

[ y= 1 1 The diagram below shows the line when is drawn. Express y as a function of x. 3 0
y x

3 2 ] x x2 12

[y=

4 4 ] x x2

against x

The diagram below shows the line when drawn. Express y as a function of x.

y x

against x is

y x
5 x (8, -3) 0

y x
x (12, -1)

Linear law

[ y = x 2 + 3x ] 1 3 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph of
y against x . Determine the relation x2

3 4

[ y = x2 + 5x ]
1 4

1 2

The diagram below shows the line when 2 against x is x drawn. Express y as a function of x.

between y and x.

y x2
X

XQ(6,12) X

(4, 5) (2,4) y 0

P(3,0)

y x2

[ y = 4 x 3 12 x 2 ] 15 The diagram below shows the line when

y +1 x
16

[ y=

1 3 x + 3x 2 ] 2
1 y

The diagram below shows the line when

against x is

against x is drawn. Express y in terms of x.

( (0,8)
x

y +1 x

drawn. Determine the non-linear equation connecting y and x ( (8,10) (4,2) 1 0

(-4,0)

[y=2x2+8x-1] 17 The diagram below shows the line when

x y

[y= 1 8

1 ] 2 x 6

against x

is drawn. Determine the non-linear equation connecting y and x ( (3,6) (0,3) 0

The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph of log10 y against x. Determine the relation between y and x.

x y
x

log10 y
X

X (2,6) X

(0,0)

[
Linear law

y=

x ] x +3

[ y = 10 3x ] 2 0 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for the graph of log10 y against log 10 x. Determine the relation between y and x.

19

The diagram below shows part the graph of log10 y against x. Form the equation that connecting y and x. log10 y (3,4) (4,0) x

log10 y
X

(2,6)

(0,2)

log10 x
21 [ y = 10 4 x+16 ] The diagram below shows part the graph of log10 y against log10 x. Form the equation that connecting y and x. log10 y 6 -3 log10 x 0 2 [y= 100x2] 2 2 The diagram below shows part the graph of log 2 y against log2 x. Determine the relation between y and x. log2 y (5,6) log2 x

[y=

x ] 1000

[y=

x2 16

2.3 Determine values of constants of non-linear relations when given lines of best fit
Example : The variables x and y are related a by the equation by = x + , where x a and b are constants. The diagram below shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of xy against x 2 . Find the values of a and b. 4 1 2 From the graph identify the representation of y-axis and x-axis Y= ,X= Reduce the equation given to linear form, Y = mX + [ b then x ]

Compare with Y = mX + c Y= , m= , X= = Find m from the graph :

, c

Find c, substitute X = 1, Y = 35, m = 5 into the equation Y = mX + c

Linear law

Find the variables a and b :

Enrichment Exercise
1.The variables x and y are related by the equation
y2 = k + c . Find x

2. The figure below shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation of xy = a + bx . Find the value of a and b.

(i) the value of k and c. (ii) the value ofd x when y =2

3. The figure below shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation of y = axb . Find the value of a and b.

4. The figure below shows part of a straight line graph

drawn to represent the equation of xy = ax 2 +b . Find the value of a and b.

5. The figure below shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation of y = ax 2 + bx . Find the value of a and b.

6. The diagram below represents a linear graph of log y against x. It is known that the variables x and y are related by the equation y = a xb where a and b are constants. Find the values of a and b.

Linear law

7. The diagram below represents a line of

1 y against 2 x x

8. Diagram shows a straight line graph of y x

y against x 2 x

(4,6) (1,3)

O It is known that the variables x and y are related by the p equation y = + qx where p and q are constants. Find the x values of p and q.

Given that x and y are related by the equation y = px 3 + qx where p and q are constants, find the values of p and q.

9. Diagram shows a straight line graph of log10 y against

log10 x

10. Diagram shows a straight line graph of

log10 y
(0,2)

(4,10)

y x

y against x 2 x

(6,5)

(0,2)

Given that x and y are related by the equation y = ax 2b where a and b are constants, find the values of a and b.

Given that x and y are related by the equation y = ax 2b where a and b are constants, find the values of a and b.

log10 x

x2

Further practices y y (-1,p) The graph shows 2 against x . It is known that x and y are The diagram shows part of the graph against x 2 . (q ,2) x x (q,2) related by y = 5 x 2 2 4 x 3 . Find the value of p and q . Given that 2 y = x 3 4 x , find the values of p and q .

y x

y x

(6 ,p)

Linear law

x2
x

y against x . x Given that y = 6 x x 2 , calculate the value of k and of h . 1. Diagram 2 shows a straight line graph of

(2, )

The variables x and y are related by the equation y = kx 4 , where k is a constant. (a) Convert the equation to linear form. (b) Diagram 3 shows the straight line obtained by [3 plotting log10 y against log10 x . Find the value of (i) log10 k (ii) h .

(, 1) x (, 3) O

(2, h)

SPM Past Year Series SPM 2003 P 1 Q10 x and y are related by the equation y = px 2 + qx , where p and q are constants. A straight line is obtained by plotting against x, as shown in the diagram below. (2,9) (6,1)
y x

SPM 2004 P1Q13 Diagram below shows a straight line graph of (2, k) (h, 3) 0
2

y against x x

x Calculate the values of p and q.

Given that y= 6x-x , calculate the value of k and h [3 marks] [4 marks ]

Linear law

10

[h=3, k=4] [p= -2, q =13]

SPM 2005 P 1 Q13 The variables x and y are related by the equation y=kx4, where k is a constant. (a) Convert the equation y=kx4 to linear form. (b) Diagram below shows the straight line obtained by plotting log10y against log10x (2, h ) (0, 3) 0 Find the value of (i) log10 k (ii) h

SPM 2006P1 Q11

The first diagram shows the curve y = 3x2+5. The second graph shows the straight line graph obtained when y = -3 x2 +5 is expresses in the linear form Y= 5X+c. Express X and Y in terms of a and/or y [3 marks] [4 marks]

log10 x x

X=9/25 x2, Y=-3/5 y

[3, 11]

SPM 2007 P1 Q12

SPM2008 P1 Q12 The variables x and y are related by the equation y =

k , 5x

where k is a constant. Diagram below shows the straight line graph obtained by plotting log10y against x.

The variables x and y are related by the equation y2=2x(10-x). A straight line graph is obtained by plotting Find the value of p and of q

y2 against x x (a) Express the equation y = k ,in its linear form used to 5x

[3 marks]

obtain the straight line graph shown in the diagram above. (b) Find the value of k [4 marks]

Linear law

11

[10,14] 2.3 Obtain information from (i) lines of best fit (ii) equations of lines of best fit.

[log10 y= -xlog105 +log10k, 0.01]

A. Using a graph paper 1. Identify the graph to be drawn 2. Change the non-linear function with variables x and y to a linear form Y = mX + c 3. Construct a table for X and Y 4. Plot the linear graph using the scale given by the question & label both axes 5. Draw line of best fit 6. Determine : gradient , m and Y-intercept , c from the graph to find the values oj constants in the non-linear equation. Example: 1. Use graph paper to answer this question.
2 The table below records the values of an experiment for two variables x and y which are related by y = px +

q where p x

and q are constants. x y

0.8 108.75

1 79

1.3 45.38

1.4 36.5

1.5 26.67

1.7 8.19

(a) Plot xy against x3 using scale 2 cm represents 1 unit in x-axis and 2 cm represents 10 units for y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit [5marks ] (b) From the graph, estimate the value of (i) p and q (ii) x when y= 2. SPM 2004 2 Q 7 Use graph paper to answer this question. Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obatained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation y = p k x , where p and k are constants. x y 2 3.16 4 5.50 6 5.50 8 16.22 10 28.84 [4 marks ] [ 6 marks] 12 46.77

45 x

[5marks] Answer:p=-16.67, q=95, x=1.458

(a) Plot log10 y against x by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit (b) Use your graph from (a) to find the value of (i) p (ii) k Answer :p =1.820, k =1.309 3. SPM 2005 P 2 Q 7 Use graph paper to answer this question. Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from experiment. The variables x and y are related by the equation y = px + x y
r , where p and r are constants. px

1.0 5.5

2.0 4.7

3.0 5.0

4.0 6.5

5.0 7.7

5.5 8.4 [5 marks]

(a) Plot xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes. Hence,draw the line of best fit.
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of (i) p
Linear law

12

(ii)

[5 marks] Answer :[ p=1.37, r=5.48]

3. SPM 2006 P2 Q7 Use graph paper to answer this question. Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation y = pk x +1 , where p and k are constants. x y 1 4.0 2 5.7 3 8.7 4 13.2 5 20.0 [5 marks] [5 marks]Answers: 1.778, 1.483 6 28.8

(a) Plot log y against (x+1), using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the (x+1) axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. (b) Use you graph from (a) to find the values of (i) p (ii) k 4.SPM 2007 P2Q7 Use Graph paper to answer this question. Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment.
2 Variables x and y are related by the equation y = 2kx +

p x , where p and k are constants. k

4 20 5 27.5 6 36.6 7 45.5

x y

2 8

3 13.2

(a) Plot

y against x, using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best fit. x
[4marks]

(b) Use your graph in part (a) to find the value of (i) p, (ii) k, (iii) y when x=1.2

[6marks]Answers : 0.754, 0.26, 4.2

5. SPM 2008 P2 Q8 Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. Variables x and yare related by the equation y = hk2x, where h and k are constants. x 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 y 2.51 3.24 4.37 5.75 7.76 10.00 (a) based on the Table above, construct a table for the values of log10 y. [ 1 mark] (b) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks] (c) Use the graph in part (b) to find the value of (i) x when y = 4.8 (ii) h (iii) k [ 5 marks]Answers : 4.95, 1.905, 1.096 12 SPM 2009 P2 Q 8 Use Graph paper to answer this question. Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The Variables x and y are related by the equation x y 1.5 2.502

k p = + 1 , where p and k are constants. y x

3.0 0.465 4.0 0.385 5.0 0.351 6.0 0.328 [2 marks] [5marks]

2.0 0.770

a) Based on the Table above, construct a table for the values of b) Plot
Linear law

1 1 and . y x

1 1 against , using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best fit. y x 13

c) Use your graph in part (a) to find the value of (i) k, (ii) p Answers : { (c) (i) 0.256 (ii) 1.331} Answer for 2.1 1 2 3 4 5 Non-linear equation y = a x2 + b x y = ax3 + bx2
b y = +a x

[5marks]

Linear equation
y = ax + b x y = ax + b x2 1 y = b + a x xy = b + ax 2 y = b( 1 x2 )+a

Y
y x y x
2

X x x
1 x

m a a b a b

C b b a b a

y xy y

y=

b + ax x

x2 1 x2
1 x

xy =

b + ax x

x +by = axy

1 b = +a y x xy = 3 x 2 + 5 1 a x y = (log10 b) x + log 10 a xy = (ab)

1 y

-b

7 8 9 10 11 12

y=
y=

5 3x x
a (b x ) x2

xy xy log10 y log10 y log10 y P

x2
1 x

-3 ab log 10 b b b a

5 -a log10 a log10 a 2log10 a 0

y = abx y = axb y =a2xb PV=a

log10

x log10 x log10 x
1 V

log10 y = b(log10 x) + log10 a log10 y = b(log10 x) + 2 log 10 a

P=

a V

Linear law

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