1) D 2) TRUE 3) colony-forming units (CFU) 4) Thermophilic proteins typically contain more binding (i.e.

, stabilizing) interactions within itself when compared to non-thermophilic proteins. 5) temperature 6) TRUE 7) D 8) energy metabolism / biosynthetic processes (either order) 9) halophiles 10) B 11) TRUE 12) D 13) FALSE 14) FALSE 15) The protein FtsZ, encoded by the gene ftsZ, which is specifically involved in prok aryotic cell division, has been identified in eukaryotes. This suggests the gene was first present in prokaryotes and that these two organelles were subsequently developed and maintained in Eukarya. Ultimately this corroborates the ideas of the endosymbiotic theory and seemingly links chloroplast and mitochondrial origins to prokaryotes. 16) D 17) A 18) B 19) C 20) C 21) FALSE 22) A 23) TRUE 24) FALSE 25) D 26) TRUE 27) FALSE 28) D 29) FALSE 30) TRUE 31) D 32) The number of generations (n) must first be determined through the rearranged formula: n = [(log N )-(log N 0 )]/(log 2) to determine n = 6.059 generations. Finally, the generation time (g) = t/n, w hich equates to nearly 0.5 hours per generation or almost 30 minutes per generation. 33) C 34) A 35) TRUE 36) TRUE 37) A

38) Answers will vary, but one example could be a continuous culture device (e.g., a chemostat) to be favored for the maintenance of exponential cell growth and therefore maximize cell numbers obtaine d over minimal time. 39) TRUE 40) D 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) All of the following eight are potential issues associated with the direct counting method: 1) live and dead cells are indistinguishable without special staining, 2) low cell concentrations are challenging t o enumerate, 3) motile cells must be imm obilized, 4) precision, 5) small cells are difficult to observe and count, 6) small particu lates can be mistaken for microbial cells, 7) unstained cells requires more sophisticated microscopy, and 8) ver y time-consuming. 44) psychrotolerant / more 45) The human bodys temperature is approximately 37C, which is not a favorable environment for a hyperthermophile, which has an optimal growth temperature of 80C or higher. 46) autolysins 47) FALSE 48) Yes, xerophiles are typically halotolerant. For example, the xerophilic halotoleran t fungus Xeromyces bisporus inhabits cereal, candy, and dried fruit, all of which are very dry environments that als o contain salt. With all else being equal, a decrease in solvent (such as water) translates to an increase in solute (salt) concentration, and therefore a microbe capable of tolerating a low water activity likely can also tolerate higher salt concentrations. 49) B 50) C 51) The general theme should be on how lab conditions are designed to optimally grow a microorganism (e.g., pH, substrate(s), temperature, vitamins) and minimize pressure. In the environment this microbe often is in conditions that are less than ideal, where they likely will encounter competition for growth subst rates and other essential chemicals. 52) polymerization 53) Continuous culture / steady state 54) buffers 55) D 56) D 57) TRUE 58) C 59) FALSE 60) A 61) D

62) Answers will vary, but it should be noted that a particular OD value will correspo nd to a specific viable cell concentration. One such example could be a culture of Citricella sp. SE45 was determ ined to have an OD 540 of 0.485. This OD fit into the already-constructed standard curve to indicate that 5 10 5 viable cells are in each milliliter of broth, which can be helpful in experiments where the final cell concentrati on or number is critical. 63) A 64) C 65) C 66) Generation time (g) and division rate (v) are reciprocal values of each other; bot h are determined by monitoring exponential growth over time. Division rate is reported as the number of generations per time and is calculated by taking 1/g. The units for g are in time per generation, which is the doubling time during exponential growth. 67) FALSE 68) TRUE 69) C 70) A 71) tubulin 72) FALSE 73) chemostat 74) A 75) D 76) TRUE 77) C 78) TRUE 79) D 80) Answers will vary, but one benefit to the pour plate method is that larger volumes of cells can be dispensed. Many cells cann ot withstand the warm temperature of molten agar (~4550C) and therefore must be spread on top of an agar plate. Colonies are easier to enumera te on a two- rather than threedimensional surface that favors the spread plate techni que over the pour plate method. 81) A 82) A 83) Non-psychrophiles do not thrive in the cold environment, in part due to predomin antly having large or saturated fatty acid chains in their cytoplasmic membrane, which become increasingly rigid an d waxlike with colder temperatures. The psychrophiles have higher relative concentrations of short and un saturated fatty acids in their membrane and therefore maintain a semi-permeable membrane when exposed to less heat. 84) TRUE 85) FALSE 86) C

87) TRUE 88) B 89) TRUE 90) C 91) Answers will vary, but one principle of thought is that to prevent cell growth, the mechanisms involved in normal cell growth must first be understood. For example, if bacterial proteins A and B must bind together for a cell to proliferate and cause disease, a drug could be developed to irreversibly bind and disr upt bacterial protein A from being functional. Consequently, an infection could be (therapeutically) killed from a h uman. 92) A

1) D 2) B 3) A 4) niche / prime niche 5) decrease 6) A 7) Measurements with a microelectrode provide only nominal concentrations. They d o not provide any information about the rate at which oxygen evolves. For example, a microelectrode might output a value such as 30 ppm of dissolved oxygen, but this value could have a very high or very low flux. 8) TRUE 9) iron / nitrogen / phosphorus (any order) 10) secondary 11) D 12) B 13) TRUE 14) FALSE 15) D 16) Organisms on the surface of a biofilm can be difficult to break apart due to the presence of an extracellular matrix, which means antimicrobials are often not as effective. Another issue is the organisms embedded within the biofilm are protected from antimicrobial exposure, so they are especially well protected and capable of surviving an antimicrobial treatment. This also means it is also very difficult

for an immune system to rid of a biofilm. 17) The biochemical oxygen demand is determined by highly oxygenating a water sa mple. The water is sealed in a bottle and incubated for 5 days at 20C in the dark. During this time, the organisms s hould not be limited by oxygen, so a respiration capacity is determined based on the quantity of organic material in the water sample. Chemical oxygen demand is measured by oxidizing all organic material into CO the loss of oxidizing agent is quantified to infer CO 2 and therefore organic material concentration. 18) D 19) A 20) FALSE 21) B 22) organic 23) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 24) adsorption onto the surface / in thin sheets or films (either order) 25) TRUE 26) FALSE 2 by using an oxidizing agent, and 27) viruses 28) allochthonous 29) polysaccharides 30) A 31) FALSE 32) D 33) A 34) Biofilms allow bacteria to live in close association with each other, which can be beneficial for nutrient and gen etic exchange. They are also a means of microbial self-defense that increase survival. An other advantage of cells being in a biofilm is that they remain in a niche through attachment. 35) FALSE 36) TRUE 37) An ecotype is a genetic variant of a species that shares a physiological trait unlike ot her ecotypes. Ecotypes are distinguished from one another by occupying different niches. For example, one Proc hlorococcus ecotype is exclusively found in low light conditions, while another Prochlorococcus ecotype is pr esent only in high light conditions. 38) A 39) D 40) TRUE 41) D 42) TRUE 43) Pelagibacter 44) planktonic / sessile 45) A 46) inorganic electron donors

47) FALSE 48) C 49) D 50) FALSE 51) C 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) C 55) carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) 56) FALSE 57) C 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) D 61) D 62) B 63) C 64) Changes to any of these six would likely perturb a microbial community: light ab undance, osmotic conditions, oxygen content, temperature, pH, and water potential. 65) TRUE 66) guild 67) All of the following are core metabolic processes that are affected by high pressure: DNA synthesis, nutrient transport, protein (enzyme) interactions, and protein synthesis. 68) An organism that is philic grows best under a certain condition, so piezophilic org anisms grow best at a pressure greater than 1 atmosphere. Tolerant organisms are capable of withstanding a particu lar condition but do not necessarily grow best under that condition. Piezotolerant organisms can tolerate pressures beyond 1 atmo sphere, but they grow best at 1 atmosphere. 69) FALSE 70) C 71) biofilm 72) TRUE 73) groundwater 74) D 75) A 76) pressure / nutrient levels / temperature (last two either order) 77) TRUE 78) Bacteria that contain proteorhodopsin can obtain energy and therefore persist in the open ocean even when limited by carbon substrates. Other heterotrophic microbes have a more restricted metabolic capacity and therefore are at a disadvantage to proteorhodopsin-containing cells when carbon is the limiting nutrient . 79) D

80) A 81) A 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) Due to the nature of lysogeny, viruses have a major role in transferring genetic material as viral shuttles. During their lytic cycle, viruses also free up large quantities of nutrients from the dead cells. 85) TRUE