www. t er i i n. or g The Energy and Resources Institute TIe Energy und Resources nsLILuLe zoo;
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T E R . zoo; RepIuce LIIs IIne wILI LIe LILIe oI LIe reporL New DeIII: TIe Energy und Resources nsLILuLe.
For more information ProjecL MonILorIng CeII T E R Tel. zq68 z1oo or zq68 z111 DurburI SeLI BIock I-muil ukumurLerI.res.In HC CompIex, odII Roud Iux zq68 z1qq or zq68 z1q New DeIII - 11o oo Web www.LerI I n.org ndIu ndIu +q1 DeIII (o) 11
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Wind Energy ............................................................................................................... 1 Wind speed measurement systems and techniques.......................................................... 1 Sensors ...................................................................................................................... 1 Display and recording systems ...................................................................................... 3 Data collection............................................................................................................. 3 Wind resource map of East China .................................................................................. 5 Wind resource map of Sri Lanka .................................................................................... 6 Large wind turbines ..................................................................................................... 7 Types of wind turbines ................................................................................................. 7 Technical description.................................................................................................... 9 Wind rose ................................................................................................................... 9 Weibull distribution ...................................................................................................... 9 Power curve .............................................................................................................. 10 Current status ........................................................................................................... 11 State of art of technology ........................................................................................... 12 Research and development ......................................................................................... 1+ Certification and testing of wind turbines ...................................................................... 1+ Technology development trends and status .................................................................. 15 Najor players ............................................................................................................ 17 Small wind turbines.................................................................................................... 17 Typical power curve for small wind turbines.................................................................. 19 Applications............................................................................................................... 19 Costs........................................................................................................................ 20 Najor barriers............................................................................................................ 20 Regional status.......................................................................................................... 21 !nstalled and proposed wind power capacity in Australia ................................................ 21 !nstalled wind power capacity in Asia ........................................................................... 21 Case studies.............................................................................................................. 22 1) Wind power development project [2| .................................................................. 22 2) The Exmouth Advanced Nini Wind Farm [2|......................................................... 23 3) !mplementation of Wind Energy Projects[2| ......................................................... 25 Small wind turbine manufacturers................................................................................ 27 References................................................................................................................ 28 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 28
Wind Energy
WInd energy Is kIneLIc energy ussocIuLed wILI movemenL oI uLmospIerIc uIr. TIese movemenLs oI uIr ure cuused by uneven IeuLIng oI uLmospIere by soIur rudIuLIons, IrreguIurILIes In LIe eurLI surIuce und roLuLIon oI LIe eurLI. WInd IIow puLLerns ure uIIecLed by LIe eurLI's LerruIn, bodIes oI wuLer, und vegeLuLIon. TIe wInd energy cun be converLed In Lo eIecLrIcuI or mecIunIcuI energy, usIng wInd mIIIs und LurbInes.
Wind speed measurement systems and techniques
UndersLundIng oI wInd resources, uvuIIubIe In LIe nIcIe regIon, Is essenLIuI eIemenL Ior ImpIemenLuLIon oI wIndIurm projecL. EconomIcuI IeusIbIIILy oI LIe wIndIurm IIes In uccuruLe ussessmenL oI wInd poLenLIuI In LIuL regIon. A quuIILy wInd resource ussessmenL Is IuncLIon oI uccuruLe mIcrosILIng, meusuremenL LecInIques, quuIILy equIpmenLs und duLu unuIysIs LecInIques. QuuIILy oI wInd Is dependIng upon speed und dIrecLIon. A wInd resource ussessmenL uL uny sound sILe sIouId IuIIII IoIIowIng purumeLers. 1. MeusuremenL purumeLers z. EquIpmenL Lype und quuIILy . Sensor meusuremenL IeveIs q. MeusuremenL uccurucy, duruLIon und duLu recovery . DuLu sumpIIng und recordIng InLervuIs 6. DuLu sLoruge IormuLs ;. DuLu processIng procedures 8. DuLu reporLs WInd meusurIng sysLems consIsL oI sensors, sIgnuI condILIonIng unILs, und dIspIuy und recorders.
Sensors MosL wInd sensor consIsLs oI pIysIcuI devIce, wIIcI IoIIows uLmospIerIc moLIons. ConLInuous und InLermILLenL meusuremenLs ure possIbIe wILI LIe sensors. BusIc wInd sensors ure u) AnemomeLer und b) wInd vune.
a) Anemometer Cup unemomeLers ure LIe mosL commonIy used InsLrumenLs Ior meusuremenL oI neur IorIzonLuI wInd speeds. n LIIs, uL IeusL one cup uIwuys Iuces wInd und LIus uerodynumIc sIupe converLs wInd pressure Lo roLuLIonuI Lorque. TIe roLuLIon oI cup Is IIneurIy proporLIonuI Lo LIe wInd speed over specIIIed runge.
2Wind energy: Trends and status
Figure 1 Anemometer
TypIcuI specIIIcuLIons oI unemomeLer Is sIown In LubIe 1. Table 1 Typical specifications of anemometer[1] Specifications Anemometers Measurement range 0 m/s to 50 m/s Starting threshold < 1 m/s Operating temperature range -40C to 60C Operating humidity range 0% to 100% System error < 3% Recording resolution < 0.1 m/s
b) Wind vane WInd vune Is used Lo meusure wInd dIrecLIon und IL Is IundumenLuIIy u body mounLed unsymmeLrIcuI ubouL LIe verLIcuI uxIs, on wIIcI IL Is Iree Lo Lurn wILI poInLer uL one end und u IIuL uL oLIer. TIe mosL IumIIIur one Is wILI u IIn connecLed Lo u verLIcuI sIuIL. TIe vune conLInuousIy seeks u posILIon oI equIIIbrIum by uIIgnIng ILseII InLo wInd. MosL wInd vunes use poLenLIomeLer Lype Lrunsducer LIuL ouLpuLs un eIecLrIcuI sIgnuI reIuLIve Lo posILIon oI vune. AIIgnmenL oI vune Lo Lrue norLI Is zero degree us reudIng oI wInd vune. A LypIcuI wInd vune Is sIown In IIgure z. Figure 2 Wind Vane.
3Wind energy: Trends and status TypIcuI specIIIcuLIon oI wInd vune Is sIown In TubIe z. Table 2 Typical specification of wind vane[1] Specifications Wind vane Measurement range 0 to 360 Starting threshold < 0.1 m/s Operating temperature range -40C to 60C Operating humidity range 0% to 100% System error < 5% Recording resolution <1
Display and recording systems SeIecLIon oI dIspIuy sysLem depends upon LIe user`s need. MIcroprocessor bused uuLomuLIc duLu Ioggers ure commonIy used wILI IucIIILy Lo record sIgnuIs Irom muILIpIe IeveIs und sensors. Figure 3 Display and Recording system
Data collection TIe duLu generuLed by duLu Iogger Is In bInury IormuL. On sILe, LIe duLu generuLed by duLu Iogger Is sLored In EPROM, EEPROM or IIusI curd. TIIs Is LIen brougIL Lo LIe cenLruI pIuce und proceeded LIrougI upproprIuLe soILwure Lo gIve duLu In desIred IormuL. SeIecLIon oI wInd monILorIng sysLem depends upon sysLem uccurucy, reIIubIIILy, suILubIIILy und cosL, wIIIe quuIILy oI sensor depends upon ILs responsIveness, uccurucy, precIsIon und reIIubIIILy. n wInd resource ussessmenL reIuLed sLudIes LIe upper-IeveI sensors sIouId be mounLed uL IeusL o. m ubove LIe Lower Lop Lo mInImIze LIe Lower sIudIng eIIecLs. Sensors preIerubIy Lo be mounLed on IndependenL booms. ong mounLIng Iurdwures ure Lo be used II LIe sensors ure Lo be posILIoned oII LIe sIde oI LIe Lower. n LIe cuse oI IuLLIce Lowers LIe posILIon oI LIe sensor sIouId be uL IeusL Lower wIdLIs und 6 Lower dIumeLers In LIe cuse oI LubuIur Lowers. or LrIunguIur IuLLIce Lowers LIe Lower wIdLI Is meusured us LIe IengLI oI LIe one Iuce. TIe sensors sIouId be mounLed oII LIe Lower sIde InLo LIe prevuIIIng wInd dIrecLIon. DuLu ure more represenLuLIve oI LIe surroundIng ureu wIere LIe LerruIn Is reIuLIveIy I+uL. n compIex LerruIn LIe uppIIcuLIon oI duLu beyond sLuLIons ImmedIuLe vIcInILy Is IImILed. TIe wInd Increuses rupIdIy wILI IeIgIL neur LIe ground und Is greuLIy uIIecLed by LIe presence oI IrreguIurILIes In 4Wind energy: Trends and status LIe ground or by LIe obsLucIe sucI us Lrees und buIIdIngs. ObsLrucLIons muy udverseIy uIIecL LIe wInd reudIngs LIereby LIe wInd cIurucLerIsLIcs oI LIe sILe. UsuuIIy, LIe sLundurd exposure oI wInd InsLrumenLs over IeveI open LerruIn Is 1o m ubove ground. BuL In LIe cuse oI duLu coIIecLIon Ior wInd energy uppIIcuLIons LIe exposure oI InsLrumenLs sIouId be sucI LIuL ubsoIuLe openness be LIere uL IeusL Ior LIe prevuIIIng wInd secLors or In oLIer words LIe InsLrumenLed musL sIouId be us Iur uwuy us possIbIe Irom IocuI obsLrucLIons Lo LIe wInd. or uccurucy, now duys, sensors ure InsLuIIed uL Iub IeIgIL oI WEGs, wIIcI ure pIuned Ior LIe projecLed wIndIurm. SIgnIIIcunL vurIuLIons In LIe meun monLIIy wInd speed or LIe meun unnuuI wInd speed cun occur Irom one yeur Lo unoLIer. MInImum one cuIendur yeur duLu sIouId be LIere buL probubIy Lwo Lo IIve yeurs oI duLu Is needed Lo esLubIIsI u suIIIcIenLIy uccuruLe wInd cIImuLe. Two yeurs oI duLu sIouId be suIIIcIenL Lo gIve u sumpIe unnuuI meun wInd speed wILIIn 1o % oI LIe Iong- Lerm meun. To reduce LIe uncerLuInLy Lo % wouId requIre ubouL q- yeurs duLu. GroundIng IucIIILy Is essenLIuI wIen eIecLronIc duLu Ioggers und sensors ure used Lo coIIecL duLu. EIecLrIcuI surges, IIgILnIng Induced spIkes or surges or dIIIerence In LIe ground poLenLIuI ure poLenLIuI probIems LIuL muy cuuse sensor IuIIures or duLu Iogger IuIIures.
5Wind energy: Trends and status Wind resource map of East China
Figure 4 Wind Resource map of East China Source: http://swera.unep.net/
6Wind energy: Trends and status
Wind resource map of Sri Lanka
Figure 5 Wind Resource Map of Sri Lanka Source: http://swera.unep.netJ
7Wind energy: Trends and status Large wind turbines
Types of wind turbines WInd LurbInes ure cuLegorIsed on LIe busIs oI LIeIr uxes und roLors. Based on axis PrImurIIy on LIe busIs oI LIe uxIs, wInd LurbInes ure cuLegorIsed us IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbInes und verLIcuI uxIs wInd LurbInes.
Horizontcl cxis uind turbines A wInd LurbIne In wIIcI uxIs oI roLor`s roLuLIon Is puruIIeI Lo wInd sLreum und LIe ground Is cuIIed us IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbIne. MosLIy uII LIe wInd LurbInes uvuIIubIe now duys Ior commercIuI uppIIcuLIon ure IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbInes. TIese ure uvuIIubIe In LIe runge oI 6o kW Lo z MW Ior onsIore uppIIcuLIon, wIereus Ior oIIsIore uppIIcuLIons MW cupucILy wInd LurbIne Is commercIuIIy uvuIIubIe. TIe wInd pusses over boLI surIuces oI LIe uIrIoII sIuped bIude buL pusses more rupIdIy over LIe upperJIonger sIde oI LIe uIrIoII, LIus creuLIng u Iower-pressure ureu ubove LIe uIrIoII. TIe pressure dIIIerenLIuI beLween Lop und boLLom surIuces resuILs In uerodynumIc IIIL. SInce LIe bIudes oI u wInd LurbIne ure consLruIned Lo move In u pIune wILI LIe Iub us ILs cenLre, LIe IIIL Iorce cuuses roLuLIon oI bIudes uround LIe Iub. n uddILIon Lo LIe IIIL Iorce, u drug Iorce perpendIcuIur Lo LIe IIIL Iorce Impedes roLor roLuLIon. A prIme objecLIve In wInd LurbIne desIgn Is Ior LIe bIude Lo Iuve u reIuLIveIy IIgI IIIL-Lo-drug ruLIo. TIIs ruLIo cun be vurIed uIong LIe IengLI oI LIe bIude Lo opLImIze LIe LurbIne`s energy ouLpuL uL vurIous wInd speeds.
Verticcl cxis uind turbine n LIIs Lype oI wInd LurbInes LIe uxIs oI roLuLIon Is perpendIcuIur Lo LIe wInd sLreum und LIe ground. VerLIcuI-uxIs wInd LurbInes IuII InLo Lwo mujor cuLegorIes: DurrIeus LurbInes und SuvonIus LurbInes. NeILIer Lype Is In wIde use Loduy.
Source : www.daviddarling.info Figure 6 Types of Wind turbine 8Wind energy: Trends and status
Based upon speed of rotor Constcnt speed uind turbines SucI wInd LurbInes operuLe uL u consLunL roLor speed (revoIuLIons per mInuLe or RPM) und ure opLImIzed Ior energy cupLure uL u gIven roLor dIumeLer uL u purLIcuIur speed In LIe wInd power curve.
Vcricble speed uind turbines A wInd LurbIne In wIIcI LIe roLor speed Increuses und decreuses wILI cIungIng wInd speed, LIereby producIng eIecLrIcILy wILI u vurIubIe Irequency; Is known us u vurIubIe speed wInd LurbIne.
Direct drive generators n dIrecL drIve conIIguruLIon u generuLor Is coupIed Lo LIe roLor oI u wInd LurbIne dIrecLIy. L oIIers IIgI reIIubIIILy und Iow muInLenunce.
Djjshore uind jcrms WInd LurbInes cun be InsLuIIed on oII sIore und onsIore. n LIe oIIsIore wInd Iurms, LurbInes ure InsLuIIed In LIe seu. As wuLer Ius no surIuce rougIness, wInd speed In LIese ureus Is IIgIer LIun onsIore. TIe cupucILy IucLors oI oIIsIore wInd LurbInes LIereIore, ure consIderubIy IIgIer LIun onsIore wInd LurbInes.
Figure 7 OIIsIore wInd LurbInes
Dnshore uind jcrms
WInd LurbInes InsLuIIed on IIIIy regIons, on mounLuIns, on burren Iunds und on cosLuI ureus ure consIdered us onsIore. TIe LopogrupIy oI LIe regIon Ius sIgnIIIcunL ImpucL on energy generuLIon Irom wInd LurbInes. VurIous poInLs need Lo be consIdered Ior mIcrosILIng oI onsIore wInd LurbInes sucI us wuke eIIecL, IIII eIIecL, LunneI eIIecL, und purk eIIecL eLc. On IIIIs, IL Is observed LIuL wInd speeds ure sIIgILIy IIgIer us compured Lo pIuIn ureus. TIIs Is due Lo IucL LIuL wInd becomes compressed on LIe wIndy sIde oI LIe IIII, und once LIe uIr reucIes LIe rIdge IL cun expund uguIn us ILs sours down InLo LIe Iow pressure ureu on LIe Iee sIde oI LIe IIII. 9Wind energy: Trends and status
Figure 8 An onsIore wIndIurm
Technical description CupLurIng wInd`s kIneLIc energy depends upon conversIon eIIIcIency und power oI LIe wInd. WInd power generuLIon cun be gIven by IoIIowIng equuLIon,
P = 1JzpAv
WIere, P= Power generuLed, p= DensILy oI LIe uIr, A= SwepL ureu oI roLor und V= veIocILy oI LIe wInd.
Wind rose Igure q IndIcuLes LIe uveruge percenLuge oI LIme LIuL LIe wInd bIows Irom dIIIerenL dIrecLIons on u monLIIy or unnuuI busIs.
Figure 9 Wind rose
Weibull distribution VurIuLIon In wInd speed cun be descrIbed usIng WeIbuII dIsLrIbuLIon. WeIbuII dIsLrIbuLIon Ius Lwo purumeLers numeIy 'A` purumeLer und 'K` purumeLer. K purumeLer Is LIe sIupe IucLor, wIIcI usuuIIy IIes In beLween 1 Lo . DependIng upon meun wInd speed, WeIbuII purumeLers cIunge. SIupe IucLor Is used Lo deLermIne probubIIILy oI purLIcuIur wInd speed. WeIbuII dIsLrIbuLIon cun be IormuIuLed us 10Wind energy: Trends and status
P (V) = ((kJc) (VJc) k-1 e - (VJc) k
WIere, P (V) Is probubIIILy oI IuvIng wInd speed V, c Is scuIe IucLor.
Source : ILLp:JJwww.wIndpower.orgJenJLourJwresJweIbuII.ILm Figure 10 Weibull distribution
Power curve TIe power curve oI u wInd LurbIne Is u grupI represenLIng reIuLIonsIIp beLween LIe power uvuIIubIe Irom LIe wInd mucIIne und LIe wInd speed. As sIown, LIe power Increuses exponenLIuIIy wILI wInd speed (uL cube oI wInd speed).
Figure 11 Power curve of a wind turbine
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Wind speed (m/s) P o w e r
( k W ) 11Wind energy: Trends and status Current status TubIe gIves InsLuIIed cupucILIes In vurIous counLrIes In zoo und zoo6.
Table 3 Total installed capacity in various countries
Installed capacity(MW) Rank Country 2005 2006 1 Germany 18,415 20,622 2 Spain 10,028 11,615 3 United States 9,149 11,603 4 India 4,430 6,270 5 Denmark (incl. Faroe) 3,136 3,140 6 China 1,260 2,604 7 Italy 1,718 2,123 8 United Kingdom 1,332 1,963 9 Portugal 1,022 1,716 10 France 757 1,567 11 Netherlands 1,219 1,560 12 Canada 683 1,459 13 Japan 1,061 1,394 14 Austria 819 965 15 Australia 708 817 16 Greece 573 746 17 Ireland 496 745 18 Sweden 510 572 19 Norway 267 314 20 Brazil 29 237 21 Egypt 145 230 22 Belgium 167 193 23 Taiwan 104 188 24 South Korea 98 173 25 New Zealand 169 171 26 Poland 83 153 27 Morocco 64 124 28 Mexico 3 88 29 Finland 82 86 30 Ukraine 77 86 31 Costa Rica 71 74 32 Hungary 18 61 33 Lithuania 6 55 34 Turkey 20 51 35 Czech Republic 28 50 36 Iran 23 48 Rest of Europe 129 163 Rest of Americas 109 109 Rest of Asia 38 38 Rest of Africa & Middle East 31 31 Rest of Oceania 12 12 World total 59,091 74,223 Source : www.wIkIpedIu.com 12Wind energy: Trends and status Asian installed Wind power capacity 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 I n d i a
C h i n a
J a p a n
T a i w a n
S o u t h
K o r e a
P h i l i p p i n e s
O t h e r s
Country M W Up to 2005 2006
ToLuI InsLuIIed cupucILy In AsIu Is us IoIIows. Figure 12 ToLuI InsLuIIed cupucILy In AsIu
State of art of technology Igure 8 gIves brIeI Ideu ubouL LurbIne deveIopmenLs sInce 1q8o. SIze oI LurbInes Increused Irom o kW In 1q8o Lo MW (ooo kW) In zoo. MW LurbIne Is desIgned und deveIoped by REpower und Is operuLIng In Germuny sInce zooq (sIown In IIgure q). So Iur LIIs Is LIe IurgesL wInd LurbIne uvuIIubIe In LIe worId. PresenLIy, wInd LurbInes oI 8ookW, 1zokW, 1ookW, 16okW, 16;okWzoookW, zookW, zookW, oookW und 6ookW ure uIso uvuIIubIe und InsLuIIed successIuIIy.
Source: www. energIeverbruucIer.de Figure 13 Trends In wInd LurbInes` cupucILIes 13Wind energy: Trends and status
Figure 14 MW oIIsIore wInd LurbIne
TubIe q gIves LecInIcuI deLuIIs oI vurIous wInd LurbInes.
Table 4 Technical details of wind turbines
Model REpower 5M Vestas V120 Multibrid M5000 Enercon E-112 Siemens 3.6 MW GE Energy 3.6s Rated capacity 5.0 MW 4.5 MW 5.0 MW 4.5 MW 3.6 MW 3.6 MW Rotor diameter 126 m 120 m 116 m 114 m 107 m 104 m Swept area 12.469 m2 11.310 m2 10.568 m2 10.207 m2 8.992 m2 8.495 m2 Gearbox 3-step 3-step 1-step - 3-step 3-step Generator asynchronou s generator (doubly fed) asynchronou s generator (doubly fed) permanent- magnet synchronous generator synchronous generator asynchronou s generator asynchronou s generator (doubly fed) Weight
Rotor blade 17.8 t 12.3 t 16.5 t 21 t 16 t N.A. Rotor with hub 120 t 65 t 110 t N.A. 90 t 85 t Nacelle 290 t 145 t 200 t N.A. 120 t 210 t Nacelle + Rotor 410 t 210 t 310 t 500 t 210 t 295 t Tower 750 t 220 t 1.138 t 2.500 t 250 t 250 t Hub height 120 m 90 m 102 m 124 m 80 m 76.5 m In operation since 2004 2007 2004 2002 2004 2004 Specific power 401 W/m 2 398 W/m 2 473 W/m 2 441 W/m 2 400 W/m 2 424 W/m 2
14Wind energy: Trends and status
Research and development
OrgunIzuLIons IIke nLernuLIonuI Energy Agency (EA), NuLIonuI RenewubIe Energy uboruLory (NRE), und RSO NuLIonuI uboruLory ure InvoIved In R&D In vurIous uspecLs reIuLed Lo wInd energy, IncIudIng deveIopmenL oI vurIous wInd LurbIne purLs. RSO NuLIonuI uboruLory und Gurrud Hussun ure workIng In commercIuI modeIIIng. oIIowIng ure some reseurcI ucLIvILIes wIIcI ure beIng currIed ouL gIobuIIy: 1. nLegruLIon oI wInd und Iydropower z. OIIsIore wInd energy LecInoIogy deveIopmenL . DynumIc modeIs oI wInd Iurm Ior power sysLem sLudIes q. ModeIIIng und conLroI oI grId converLer . DeveIopmenL und vuIIduLIon oI desIgn meLIodoIogIes und desIgn LooIs Ior Iow und moderuLe wInd regImes 6. ModeIIIng oI InLerconnecLIon oI wInd LurbInes wILI LIe grId. ;. PurumeLerIsuLIon oI IIow dIsLorLIon uround LIe wInd LurbIne nuceIIe 8. SLudy oI ucousLIc emIssIons oI wInd LurbInes q. uIIure AnuIysIs oI geurboxes oI wInd LurbInes 1o. SIorL-Lerm wInd IorecusLIng und deveIopmenL oI u nexL generuLIon wInd resource IorecusLIng sysLem Ior LIe Iurge- scuIe InLegruLIon oI onsIore und oIIsIore wInd Iurms (ANEMOS projecL)
Certification and testing of wind turbines
TIe nLernuLIonuI EIecLroLecInIcuI CommIssIon (EC) Ius prepured u serIes oI InLernuLIonuI sLundurds. EC SLundurd 61qoo perLuIns Lo wInd energy generuLors (WEGs). Muny counLrIes Iuve uccepLed EC sLundurds. TubIe sIows LIe sLundurds uIreudy uvuIIubIe und sLundurds wIIcI ure sLIII under deveIopmenL by EC.
Table 5 IEC standards for WEGs Part Title Status Publication Date 1 Design requirements (Ed. 3.0) Available 2005-08 2 Design requirements for small wind turbines (Ed. 2.0) Available 2003-06 3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines Work in Progress - 4 Design and specifications of gearboxes Work in Progress - 11 Acoustic noise measurement techniques (Ed. 2.0) Available 2002-12 12 Wind turbine power performance testing Available 2005-12 15Wind energy: Trends and status Part Title Status Publication Date 13 Measurement of mechanical loads Available 2001-06 14 Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values Available 2005-03 21 Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines Available 2001-12 22 Certification of wind turbines Rules and Procedures Work in Progress - 23 Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades Available 2001-04 24 Lightning protection Available 2002-07 25 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants Work in Progress - Source: http://www.iec.ch Technology development trends and status A LecInoIogy deveIopmenL mup Ior wInd LurbIne power generuLIon Is sIown In LubIe 6. Table 6 Technology development map for wind turbine power generation Constant-Speed Wind Turbines Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Advanced Wind Turbines Feature and Advantages Technology Characterization Tubular rolled steel tower. Off- the-shelf gearbox and induction generator. Digital controls and SCADA system Tubular rolled steel tower. Double high speed gearbox shaft. Off-the- shelf induction generator. Digital controls and SCADA system. Tubular rolled steel tower. No gearbox, reduced cost. Low- speed direct-drive generator. Improved controls and SCADA. Tubular steel or composite tower. No conventional gearbox. Advanced low- speed generator drive. Advanced controls and SCADA. Efficiency Limited by fixed generator speed. Slightly greater due to variable generator speed Slightly greater due to variable generator speed Slightly greater due to variable generator speed Re s Remote sites w/ PNL Class 4 or greater wind speed near transmission lines Remote sites w/PNL Class 4 or greater wind speed near transmission lines Remote sites w/PNL Class 4 or greater wind speed near transmission lines Remote sites w/PNL Class 3 or greater wind speed near transmission lines Challenges and Disadvantages Cost Design for fluctuating torque load increases cost Full-span pitch control and power electronics increase cost Weight and cost of low-speed generator offset by absence of gearbox Optimize design to minimize cost Operation Fatigue failure of parts due to fluctuating wind and torque loads Complexity of full-span pitch controls increases maintenance cost Durability of low-speed turbine under fluctuating loads Optimize design to minimize O&M cost and maximize reliability Technology Needs Design for extreme loads to handle wind gusts Solid-state power electronics Low-speed generator design, new control system Optimization for reliability and low cost Costs Equipment $680/kW $700/kW $650-$750/kW < $600/kW Relative O & M $16kW/yr $23/kW/yr $15k-$16k/kW/yr $15k/kW/yr Busbar 3.5-5.5kWh 3.5-5.5/kWh 3.0-5.0/kWh 2-4/kWh Development Timeframe Research 1970-1985 1985-1993 1992-1995 1994-2002 Development Timeframe 1980-present 1991-1995 1994-1999 1995-2004 Demonstration 1980s 1992 1994-1999 2001-2006 Commercialization ~ 1980 1993-present 1996-present 2007 Markets Key Issues Structural and load-bearing component reliability. Cost of energy. Moderate cost reduces prospects in competitive market. Complex control system, power electronics, component reliability. Moderate cost reduces prospects in competitive market. Complex control system, power electronics, cost and reliability of new generator. Lower cost improves prospects in competitive market. Reliability, cost of energy, Low cost likely to result in significant market. Impact on Established and mature: Established: Enhanced performance Maturing: reduced cost would Emerging: low cost would 16Wind energy: Trends and status Constant-Speed Wind Turbines Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Advanced Wind Turbines Technology Outlook dominant market share in U.S. leading to growing market share worldwide. improve worldwide market. result in large worldwide market. Source: Renewable energy technology assessment guide 2004 GIobuI WInd Energy OuLIook zoo6, pubIIsIed by GIobuI WInd Energy CouncII projecLs scenurIos oI wInd power deveIopmenL, numeIy (I) reIerence scenurIo, (II) moderuLe scenurIo, und (III) udvunced scenurIo. ReIerence scenurIo Is bused upon EA projecLIons In zooq, pubIIsIed by EA In WorId Energy OuLIook. ModeruLe scenurIo Lukes InLo consIderuLIon LIe gIobuI poIIcy meusures Lo supporL renewubIes eILIer under wuy or pIunned. Advunced scenurIo consIders IeusIbIIILy oI 1o% undJor 1z% worId`s LoLuI eIecLrIcILy producLIon by zozo, comIng Irom wInd. AIso LIese scenurIos ure IurLIer projecLed In z Lypes us 1. ProjecLIons up Lo zoo und z. ProjecLIons up Lo zoo. oIIowIng LubIe gIves un Ideu ubouL LIese projecLIons. Table 7 Global Wind Energy Outlook Global wind energy outlook for 2030 Global wind energy outlook for 2050 Global scenario Reference Moderate Advance Reference Moderate Advance Cumulative wind power capacity (GW) 364 1129 2107 577 1557 3010 Electricity Output (TWh) 892 2769 5179 1517 4092 7911 Percentage of world electricity (High energy efficiency) 5 15.6 29.1 6.6 17.7 34.3 Annual Installed capacity(GW) 24.8 58.3 129.2 34.3 71 168.6 Annual Investment (Euro bn) 21.2 45 84.8 28.8 54.2 112 Jobs (million) 0.48 1.14 1.44 0.65 1.39 2.8 Annual CO2 Saving (million tonnes) 535 1661 3100 910 2455 4747 Source : Global Wind Outlook 2006
Igure 1, IndIcuLes cumuIuLIve gIobuI wInd power poLenLIuI |1|
Iigore 1g ProjecLIons oI gIobuI cumuIuLIve wInd power poLenLIuI 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 R e f e r e n c e M o d e r a t e A d v a n c e d R e f e r e n c e M o d e r a t e A d v a n c e d R e f e r e n c e M o d e r a t e A d v a n c e d R e f e r e n c e M o d e r a t e A d v a n c e d R e f e r e n c e M o d e r a t e A d v a n c e d R e f e r e n c e M o d e r a t e A d v a n c e d 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Years M W 17Wind energy: Trends and status Major players TubIe 8 gIves InIormuLIon ubouL mujor wInd LurbIne pIuyers und LIeIr murkeL sIure In zoo6. Table 8 Market share in 2006 Supplier Country MW Share (%) Vestas Denmark 4239 28.2 Gamesa Spain 2346 15.6 GE Energy USA 2326 15.5 Enercon Germany 2316 15.4 Suzlon India 1157 7.7 Siemens Germany 1103 7.3 Nordex Germany 505 3.4 Repower Germany 480 3.2 Acciona Spain 426 2.8 Goldwind China 416 2.8 : Sun & Wind 2/2007
Small wind turbines Source : http://www.smallwindenergy.ca Figure 16 Small wind turbine
18Wind energy: Trends and status
SmuII wInd LurbIne usuuIIy consIsLs oI LIe IoIIowIng componenLs.
Rotor BIudes und sIuIL LogeLIer Iorm roLor. BIudes ure usuuIIy mude up oI IIbregIuss, meLuI, reInIorced pIusLIc or wood. TIe roLor dIumeLer deLermInes Iow mucI energy cun be cupLured Irom LIe wInd.
Generctor,clternctor TIIs produces eIecLrIcILy Irom roLuLIon oI bIudes. UsuuIIy eIecLrIcILy produced by generuLor Is In DC Iorm wIIcI Is IurLIer converLed Lo AC by meuns oI un uILernuLor.
Gecr box MosL oI LIe smuII wInd LurbInes ubove 1okW use u geurbox Lo syncIronIse LIe roLor speed Lo LIuL oI LIe generuLor.
Nccelle TIIs Is Lo proLecL geurbox und uILernuLorJgeneruLor Irom exLernuI eIemenLs.
Tcil tcne, cu sstem TIIs Is Ior uIIgnmenL oI IorIzonLuI uxIs wInd LurbIne Lowurds wInd. n some sysLems, LIe roLor Is downwInd oI LIe generuLor, so IL nuLuruIIy uIIgns wILI LIe wInd. Some yuw sysLems cun be oIIseL Irom LIe verLIcuI uxIs Lo reguIuLe roLor power und speed by LIILIng LIe LurbIne sIIgILIy upwurd.
oIIowIng componenLs ure uIso suppIIed us purL oI smuII wInd LurbIne sysLems. ConLroI und proLecLIon sysLems Towers TIIL up Lowers - usuuIIy Ior sysLems under 1ooo W (1 kW) Guyed Lowers - usuuIIy used Ior sysLems beLween 1 kW Lo o kW SeII supporLIng Lowers - usuuIIy Ior LurbInes ubove o kW BuLLery nverLer RecLIIIer MonILorIng sysLem
19Wind energy: Trends and status Typical power curve for small wind turbines Source : www.omafra.gov.on.ca Figure 17 Typical power curve for small wind turbines
Applications DependIng on wInd resource, smuII wInd LurbInes ure cuLegorIzed In cuLegorIes und ure IIsLed us per uppIIcuLIons In LubIe q. Table 9 Applications of small wind turbines Small Wind Turbine Category Battery Charging & Light Seasonal Loads Residential & Heavy Seasonal Loads Commercial, Institutional, Farms, and Remote Communities Typical power rating up to 1000 W 1-30 kW 30-300 kW Typical grid connectivity Mostly off-grid, some on-grid Mostly On-grid*, Some Off-grid On-grid*, Isolated-grid, or Off-grid Typical applications Mobile uses (sailboats, recreational vehicles, etc.) Seasonal applications (small cottages, hunting lodges, etc.) Rural & 'urban perimeter' residential homes (small loads) Specialty power s (radar and telecomm devices, measurement instruments, Cathodic protection, remote weather stations, etc.) Commercial parks & camps Electric fencing Off-grid rural houses with large lot sizes (usually >1 acre) On-grid rural houses with large lot sizes (usually >1 acre) where DC appliances are driven by wind turbine/batteries or where some electricity is stored on the grid through Net Metering Larger cottages or hunting lodges with significant share of electricity from wind On-grid or isolated-grid large farms Off-grid small farms where small wind complements a diesel generator set and/or solar photovoltaic On- or off-grid commercial or institutional buildings Isolated-grid communities where wind is complemented by diesel generators and/or other s Source : ILLp:JJwww.smuIIwIndenergy.cu
20Wind energy: Trends and status
Costs TubIe 1o gIves brIeI Ideu ubouL LIe cosLs oI smuII wInd LurbInes. Table 10 Cost Comparison of small wind turbine Small wind turbine category Typical power rating 300 to 1,000 W Above 1 kW to 30 kW Above 30 kW to 300 kW Average capital cost of turbine $2352/kW $2520/kW $1848/kW Average total installed cost $4200-$5376/kW $5040/kW $2772/kW Average annual operations & maintenance $33.6-109.2/yr $966/yr $2772/yr Typical installation by User Professional Professional Typical lifetime** 10-15 yrs 20 yrs 25 yrs with major component replacement typically after 15 yrs Source: http://www.smallwindenergy.ca ; $= US dollar as in 2004
Major barriers oIIowIng Is u resuIL oI survey, currIed ouL by AWEA Lo unuIyse poLenLIuI burrIers Ior smuII scuIe wInd LurbIne growLI. Table 11 Result of survey carried out by AWEA to analyse potential barriers for small scale wind turbine growth. Source : AWEA small wind turbine global market study 2007
21Wind energy: Trends and status Regional status
Installed and proposed wind power capacity in Australia ToLuI wInd power InsLuIIed cupucILy, by LIe end oI zoo6, In AusLruIIu Is q6 MW. CurrenLIy, muny projecLs ure under consLrucLIonJunder LenderJIeusIbIIILyJupprovuI pIuse In vurIous sLuLes, uILer compIeLIon oI LIese projecLs, LoLuI InsLuIIed cupucILy oI AusLruIIu wIII become 616MW. TubIe 1z gIves brIeI Ideu ubouL proposed InsLuIIuLIon cupucILy In vurIous sLuLes oI AusLruIIu. Table 12 Proposed wind energy capacity installations in Australia State Proposed wind generating capacity (MW) New South Wales 1,193 Victoria 2,010 Queensland 176 South Australia 1,986 Western Australia 243 Tasmania 555 Australia 6,163 Source: www.wikipedia.com
Installed wind power capacity in Asia ToLuI InsLuIIuLIon oI wInd power cupucILy In AsIu, us on December zoo6, Is sIown In Igure 6. CurrenLIy, ndIu und CIInu Ius InsLuIIed cupucILy oI ;11 MW und zq6 MW respecLIveIy. Jupun Is pIunnIng Lo Increuse LIe InsLuIIed wInd power cupucILy Lo ooo MW by zo1o. Figure 18 Total installed wind power capacity in Asia
13.07% 24.41% 58.78% 1.76% 1.62% 0.36% Japan China India Taiwan South Korea Rest of Asia 22Wind energy: Trends and status Case studies
Wind power development project [2]
Summary of practice Countrg: PeopIe's RepubIIc oI CIInu Prooince,Areo: XInjIung AuLonomous RegIon und ProvInces oI HeIIongjIung und IuonIng Sectorol 1ssues: RenewubIe Energy Cross-Sectorol 1ssues: EnvIronmenLuI Governunce, Humun CupucILy BuIIdIng, EnvIronmenLuI TecInoIogIes 1mplementotion Leoel: ocuI IeveI Durotion: 1qq8-zoo Sponsors: 1) AmounL: $q8.;M z) Sources oI Iunds: ADB $8M, Co IInuncIng $zz.oM, Borrower $18.M Actors 1nooloed: nLernuLIonuI OrgunIsuLIon, PrIvuLe SecLor
Description of practice
cclround,objectites CombusLIon oI IossII IueIs Ius Ied Lo serIous IocuI envIronmenLuI probIems In LIe PRC, noLubIy uIr poIIuLIon. An uggressIve progrum oI energy conservuLIon und deveIopmenL oI non-couI energy uILernuLIves, IncIudIng renewubIe energy (wInd energy, soIur, eLc.) couId IImIL LIe Increuse In GHG emIssIons In LIe Ionger Lerm. WILI moderuLe ucLIon, LIe PRC couId druw us mucI us 6 percenL oI ILs energy needs In zozo Irom renewubIe energy sources.
Dutline oj prcctices,uctions 1) ObjecLIves oI LIe prucLIce TIe objecLIve oI LIe ProjecL Is Lo produce eIecLrIcILy In un envIronmenL-IrIendIy munner by deveIopIng wInd-bused power generuLIon und LIereby uvoId emIssIons oI suIpIur dIoxIde; nILrogen oxIde; LoLuI suspended purLIcuIuLes (TSP); und curbon dIoxIde ussocIuLed wILI convenLIonuI LIermuI power generuLIon. z) OuLIIne oI LIe prucLIce TIe scope oI LIe ProjecL comprIses (I) consLrucLIon oI wInd Iurms uL DubuncIeng In LIe XInjIung AuLonomous RegIon (o MW); uL ujIn In HeIIongjIung ProvInce (zq MW); und uL XIwuIzI In IuonIng ProvInce (zq MW); und (II) LecInIcuI ussIsLunce Ior BurrIer RemovuI und nsLILuLIonuI SLrengLIenIng Lo promoLe wInd-bused power generuLIon In LIe LIree provInces.
Results/impact TIe ProjecL wIII produce eIecLrIcILy In un envIronmenL-IrIendIy munner und LIereby uvoId uIr poIIuLIon. n purLIcuIur, over ILs IIIeLIme, IL wIII uvoId emIssIons oI ubouL 11,ooo Lons oI suIpIur dIoxIde, ubouL ;,qoo Lons oI nILrogen oxIdes; ubouL ,ooo Lons oI purLIcuIuLes und ubouL 1.qq mIIIIon Lons oI curbon dIoxIde. L wIII uIso ucceIeruLe LIe use oI wInd-bused eIecLrIcILy In LIe PRC.
23Wind energy: Trends and status Critical instruments Awureness, CupucILy BuIIdIng, TecInoIogy, DesIgn PIunnIng und MunugemenL
Contact Edu H. HussIng, PrIncIpuI ProjecL SpecIuIIsL ECEN TE: +6-z-6z-68 eIussIIngudb.org
Provider of this information TIe APED SecreLurIuL nsLILuLe Ior GIobuI EnvIronmenLuI SLruLegIes, z1o8-11 KumIyumugucII, Huyumu, Kunuguwu zqo-o11 Jupun AX: +81-q6-8-8oq upIedIges.or.jp
The Exmouth Advanced Mini Wind Farm [2]
Summary of practice Countrg: AusLruIIu Prooince,Areo: On LIe NorLI WesL Cupe neur ExmouLI, WesLern AusLruIIu Sectorol 1ssues: RenewubIe Energy Cross-Sectorol 1ssues: EnvIronmenLuI Governunce, EnvIronmenLuI TecInoIogIes 1mplementotion Leoel: ocuI IeveI Durotion: zooo -zooz Sponsors: 1) AmounL: ProjecL CosL - $qq,ooo z) Source(s) oI Iunds: unded by WesLern Power - $zzq,ooo & TIe AusLruIIun GreenIouse OIIIce -$zz,ooo ) EIIorLs Lo ruIseJsusLuIn Iunds Ior ImpIemenLuLIon: A grunL under LIe RenewubIe Energy CommercIuIIsuLIon Progrum (RE Actors 1nooloed: CenLruI GovernmenL, ocuI GovernmenL, PrIvuLe SecLor, Non-governmenLuI orgunIsuLIons
Description of practice
cclround,objectite ExmouLI Is In LIe NorLI WesL oI WesLern AusLruIIu. TIe ureu Is subjecL Lo cycIones, demonsLruLed by CycIone Vunce In 1qqq, wIIcI devusLuLed LIe Lown. TIe Lown Is on un IsIunded eIecLrIcILy neLwork und reIIes on dIeseI IueI Lo generuLe eIecLrIcILy. TIIs IueI Is expensIve und renewubIe energy soIuLIons go some wuy In reducIng LIIs cosL. WesLern Power joIned wILI WesLwInd TurbInes Ior LIIs projecL Lo commercIuIIse LIeIr new zokW wInd LurbIne, wIIcI Iud LIe cupubIIILy oI beIng ubIe Lo be Iowered Ior un udvuncIng cycIone. TIIs coupIed wILI beIng ubIe Lo oIIseL some dIeseI IueI consumpLIon provIded LIe ruLIonuIe Ior LIe projecL. TIe projecL wus uIso eIIgIbIe Ior AusLruIIun GreenIouse OIIIce IundIng us IL commercIuIIsed new LecInoIogy. 24Wind energy: Trends and status
Dutline oj prcctices,uctions 1) ObjecLIves oI LIe prucLIce: TIe projecL uImed Lo commercIuIIse LIe zokW wInd LurbIne deveIoped by WesLwInd TurbInes. Reduce dIeseI IueI consumpLIon In ExmouLI DemonsLruLe LIe suILubIIILy oI LIe wInd LurbIne Ior cycIone ureus. RuIse uwureness oI renewubIe energy In counLry ureus sucI us ExmouLI. z) OuLIIne oI LIe prucLIce: TIe projecL Ius DemonsLruLed LIe beneIILs oI LIe wInd LurbIne Lo new cusLomers oI WesLwInd, wIIcI consequenLIy Ius Increused suIes oI LIIs mucIIne. GIven ExmouLI u green Imuge by IuvIng u renewubIe energy sysLem InsLuIIed Lo suppIy some power Lo LIe Lown. Reduced dIeseI IueI consumpLIon. ncreused communILy uwureness oI renewubIe energy und susLuInubIIILy. ) SLukeIoIders InvoIved, decIsIon mukIng process MInIsLer Ior Energy (WesLern AusLruIIu), SIIre oI ExmouLI, DepurLmenL oI und AdmInIsLruLIon, RegIonuI Power BruncI oI WesLern Power, ExmouLI CommunILy, DepurLmenL oI DeIence, und LIe MedIu.
Results/impacts 1) mprovemenLsJcIunges WesLern Power und WesLwInd TurbInes Iuve IdenLIIIed u number oI ImprovemenLs Ior IuLure projecLs oI LIIs sIze, prIncIpuIIy In desIgn und consLrucLIon. TIese ImprovemenLs ure experIenced bused und wIII beneIIL IuLure InsLuIIuLIons oI LIIs LurbIne sIze. z) ProbIems LIuL remuIn Lo be soIved WesLern Power Ius Iud some probIems wILI one componenL oI LIe wInd Iurm, buL LIIs Ius been due Lo LIe producL beIng u new producL deveIoped especIuIIy Ior LIIs uppIIcuLIon und Is beIIeved Lo be now resoIved. No oLIer probIems ure ouLsLundIng. ) UnexpecLed posILIveJneguLIve ImpucLs Lo duLe No unexpecLed posILIve or neguLIve ImpucLs Iuve been recorded Lo duLe.
Key successes EnIuncemenL oI coIIuboruLIon umong LIe dIIIerenL sLukeIoIders EnIuncemenL oI cupucILy oI sLukeIoIdersJorgunIsuLIons SIIILIng prIorILIes In socIeLy -nLroducLIon oI new und uIIordubIe LecInoIogy
Critical Instruments SubsIdIes, PrIvuLe IInuncIuI mecIunIsms Ior InIrusLrucLure deveIopmenL, Awureness, PurLnersIIp, CupucILy BuIIdIng, TecInoIogy . 25Wind energy: Trends and status
Lesson learnt TIe projecL ucIIeved ILs uIm LIrougI u process oI communILy consuILuLIon, sLukeIoIder munugemenL, eIIecLIve projecL munugemenL LecInIques, IndusLry purLnersIIps, und eIIecLIve InLernuI processes und conLroIs. TIe projecL demonsLruLes u commILmenL by WesLern Power, WesLwInd TurbInes und LIe AusLruIIu GreenIouse OIIIce Lo susLuInubIIILy und renewubIe energy uILernuLIves. TIe success oI LIIs projecL Ius been u resuIL oI cooperuLIon beLween WesLern Power, WesLwInd TurbInes und key sLukeIoIders. TIe beneIILs Lo LIe ExmouLI communILy wIII be un Increused uwureness oI susLuInubIIILy und renewubIe energy uILernuLIves, und LIIs Is supporLed by u beneIIL Lo WesLern Power oI u reducLIon In dIeseI IueI consumpLIon und demonsLruLIon oI LIIs noveI urrungemenL.
Applicability TIe projecL Ius dIrecL uppIIcuLIons In smuII IsIunded dIeseI eIecLrIcILy neLworks sucI us smuII Lowns, communILIes, und uborIgInuI und pusLoruI sLuLIons. TIe wInd LurbIne Is desIgned Lo be ubIe Lo be ruIsed und Iowered. TIIs Ius uppIIcuLIons In ureus wIere IIgI wInds ure experIenced sucI us cycIone und Lornudo ureus, und provIdes und eusy meuns oI consLrucLIon und muInLenunce oI LIe LurbIne. TIe wInd LurbIne wIen coupIed Lo un InverLer cun power IocuI Iouds or be Ied InLo u IocuI eIecLrIcILy dIsLrIbuLIon neLwork, wILI LIe ubIIILy Lo oIIseL dIeseI IueI.
Provider information Mr DunIeI TIompson WesLern Power CorporuLIon,RenewubIe Energy EngIneer GPO Box qz1 PerLI, WesLern AusLruIIu 68qz AUSTRAA TE: +61-8-qz6-q11, AX: +61-8-qz6-q6oo dunIeI.LIompsonwesLernpower.com.uu
Implementation of Wind Energy Projects[2] Countrg: AusLruIIu Prooince,Areo: Sectorol 1ssues: RenewubIe Energy Cross-Sectorol 1ssues: EnvIronmenLuI Governunce, Humun CupucILy BuIIdIng, EnvIronmenLuI TecInoIogIes 1mplementotion Leoel: NuLIonuI IeveI Durotion: zoo1 Sponsors: 1) AmounL: Au$88,ooo z) Source(s) oI Iund: CommonweuILI GovernmenL RenewubIe Energy ndusLry DeveIopmenL GrunL LIrougI AGO Actors 1nooloed: CenLruI GovernmenL DescrIpLIon oI LIe PrucLIce 26Wind energy: Trends and status
Background/objectives
Situction cnd problems jcced uck oI guIdunce Lo projecL desIgners und wInd energy deveIopers us Lo LIe LecInIcuI, envIronmenLuI und socIuI Issues LIey need Lo uddress Lo geL uII LIe upprovuIs necessury und Lo successIuIIy buIId wInd Iurms In AusLruIIu. ProbIems Irom Iuck oI uwureness by deveIopers, IInuncIers und pIunnersJreguIuLors oI Issues ussocIuLed wILI u reIuLIveIy new LecInoIogy, und LIe IIkeIy deIuys wILI upprovuI or sIorLcuLs by deveIopers. ProjecL deveIoped by LIe AusLruIIun WInd Energy AssocIuLIon wILI wIde consuILuLIon wILI LIe IndusLry, governmenL und envIronmenLuIIsLs.
Dutline oj prcctices,cctions ObjecLIve Lo ussIsL LIe eIIIcIenL und sound deveIopmenL oI renewubIe energy InsLuIIuLIons 1oo-puge book prepured coverIng requIremenLs und besL prucLIce meLIods Irom sILe seIecLIon LIrougI desIgn, consLrucLIon, operuLIon und decommIssIonIng.
Results/impacts HIgI quuIILy documenL produced by consuILunLs AcIIeved wIde uccepLunce us un IndusLry sLundurd oI good prucLIce DemonsLruLed need Ior IurLIer work by IndIvIduuI SLuLes wILI regurd Lo LIeIr pIunnIng upprovuI, und more deLuIIed proLocoIs Ior LIe proLecLIon oI bIrds und buLs
Key for success EnIuncemenL oI coIIuboruLIon umong sLukeIoIders CompeLenL LecInIcuI Ieud consuILunL wIo Is prepured Lo consuIL wIdeIy wILI dIverse runge oI sLukeIoIders PrepuruLIon oI u documenL LIuL Is noL Loo LecInIcuI Lo be undersLood by u wIde runge oI peopIe
Critical Instruments GuIdeIInes, PurLnersIIp, EmpowermenL, CupucILy BuIIdIng, TecInoIogy, DesIgn PIunnIng und MunugemenL esson IeurnL No IormuI evuIuuLIon In pIuce, buL uwureness LIrougI deuIIng wILI IndusLry und reguIuLors LIuL some ureus need IurLIer deLuIIed work TIIs wus unLIcIpuLed In reIuLIon Lo SLuLe und IocuI governmenL pIunnIng upprovuI wIIcI Is noL unIIorm LIrougI AusLruIIu VIsuuI ImpucL und bIrd sLrIke meusuremenL Iuve been IdenLIIIed Ior IurLIer work 27Wind energy: Trends and status
Applicability TIe AusLruIIun documenL couId be udupLed Lo use In oLIer counLrIes. L Is expecLed LIuL reguIuLIon muy be Iess sLrIcL In some counLrIes, buL LIe guIdeIInes wouId provIde un IndIcuLIon oI LIe sLundurds LIuL ure possIbIe und wIuL cun be reusonubIy expecLed.
References TIe AusLruIIun besL prucLIce guIdeIInes cun be downIouded Irom LIe AusWEA websILe uL ILLp:JJwww.uusweu.com.uu or ordered Iorm TIe AusLruIIun WInd Energy AssocIuLIon PO Box 1ooq GPO Cunberru ACT z6o1 AUSTRAA
Provider of this information Mr KeILI Buker AusLruIIun GreenIouse OIIIce, Progrum Munuger ndusLry DeveIopmenL GPO Box 6z1 Cunberru ACT z6o1 AUSTRAA TE: +61-z-6z;q-1q, AX: +61-z-6z;q-1qzo keILI.bukergreenIouse.gov.uu Small wind turbine manufacturers
TubIe 1 IIsLs Iew oI LIe smuII wInd LurbIne munuIucLurers ucross LIe worId. Table 13 Small wind turbine manufacturers Company Country Electrovent Canada Cyclone China Windmission Denmark Oy Windside Production Finland Vaigunth EnerTek (P) India Fortis Netherlands African Wind Power South Africa J.Bornay Aerogeneradores Spain Marlec Engineering Co. UK Proven Engineering Products Ltd (Proven Energy) UK Aeromax US Southwest Windpower US Thermodyne Systems US Bergey Wind Power Co. US Unitron Energy India
28Wind energy: Trends and status References 1. GIobuI WInd Energy OuLIook zoo6. WorId wInd energy councII.