International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6545(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 162-170 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.2031 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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FUZZY CONTROLLER BASED CURRENT HARMONICS SUPPRESSION USING SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER WITH PWM TECHNIQUE

Dr. Leena G1, Bharti Thakur2, Vinod Kumar3, Aasha Chauhan4 (H.O.D, EEE Department, MRIU University, India) 2 (Electrical Department, MRIU University, India) 3 (EEE Department, Al-Falah School of Engineering & Technology, India) 4 (Electrical Department, YMCA University, India)
1

ABSTRACT Harmonics present in the supply as well as at the load sides creates various problems in the smooth operation of devices like variable frequency drives (VFDs), electronic ballasts, battery chargers, and static Var compensators. Active Power Filter (APF) gained much more attention due to good harmonic compensation. The performance of the active power filter depends upon different control strategies. This paper presents detailed analysis about mitigation of harmonics using APF in shunt active mode. The well known control method, instantaneous real active and reactive power method (p-q) method has been utilized in this paper. Extensive Simulations are carried out with fuzzy controller for p-q method for different voltage conditions and adequate results were presented. Simulation results validate the harmonics suppression capability of shunt active power filter under active and reactive power control strategy (p-q) with fuzzy controller. Keywords: Fuzzy Controller, Harmonic Compensation, p-q Control Strategy, Shunt Active Power Filter.

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, power quality problems and compensation techniques have gained a bulk amount of attention. Highly nonlinear electric equipments, in particular, cause severe economic loss every year. These days single-phase electronic equipments like computers, communication equipments, electronic lighting ballasts etc have been widely used in domestic, educational and commercial appliances. These devices having different types of rectifiers to convert AC electricity to DC supply. Hence these instruments utilize nonsinusoidal currents which are a mixture of different harmonics. These current harmonics pollute utility line and also results in many unwanted disturbances in the utility power supply network [1]. Few of these problems can be named as: low power factor, low energy efficiency, electromagnetic interference (EMI), distortion of line voltage etc. Owing to all these problems, an appropriate harmonics compensator is necessary to avoid the consequences due to harmonics [2]. One such compensator can be achieved by implementing the active power filters for power conditioning. it provides functions such as reactive power compensations, harmonic compensations, harmonic isolation, harmonic damping, harmonic termination. Though for developing these compensators different control strategies have been proposed by different researchers but still two control strategies, instantaneous active and reactive currents (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) methods have been always preferred upon others. Present paper is mainly focused on how to reduce the effect of harmonics while using shunt active filters. For extracting reference current of shunt active filters, control strategy (p-q) has been utilized with fuzzy controller [3]. For the validation purpose, extensive simulations are carried out with the above mentioned configuration p-q method for sinusoidal voltage conditions and adequate results were presented II. CONTROL STRATEGY: INSTANTANEOUS REAL AND REACTIVE POWER METHOD (P-Q) In this section the Instantaneous Real and Reactive Power (p-q) control strategy, which has been utilized in the present paper, is discussed in detail. Ideal analysis has done in steady state conditions of the active power filter. The p-q theorem is basically a time domain analysis tool and it has been proven to be especially adequate as one of the active filters control strategies. The notations p and q represents active and reactive powers of the nonlinear load. The currents for active power filter are obtained from these active and reactive powers. Fig. 1 shows the block diagram to attain reference currents from load. The main objectives of active power filters [4] are compensations of the harmonics present in the input currents. Present configuration represents three phase four wire and it is realized with constant power controls strategy [6].Basically, the three phase instantaneous voltages, va, vb, and vc and the load currents iLa, iLb, and iLc, are expressed as instantaneous space vectors these parameters are transformed into orthogonal coordinates, - coordinates using the equations (2.1-2.6). The instantaneous power calculation is given in detail form in equation (2.3). By deriving from these equations, the compensating reactive power can be identified. The compensating current of each phase can be derived by using the inverse orthogonal transformations as given in the equation (2.5-2.6). It is Important to note that system used is three phase four wire, so additional neutral currents has to be supplied by the shunt active power filter.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

Figure. 1. A basic architecture of three phase four wire shunt active filter
V 0 V V I 0 I I
p0 p q

= =

1 / 2 / 3 1 0 1 / 2 / 3 1 0
0

2 1 / 2 1 / 2 V a 1 / 2 1 / 2 V b 3 / 2 3 / 2 V c 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 I La 1 / 2 1 / 2 I Lb 3 / 2 3 / 2 I Lc
V V I 0 I I

( 2 . 1)

( 2 .2 )

V 0 0 = 0 V 0 V

( 2 .3 )

The three phase coordinates a-b-c is mutually orthogonal. As a result, the conventional power for three phase circuits can be derived by using the above equations. The instantaneous active power of the three phase circuit, p, can be calculated as shown in equation and the instantaneous reactive power is defined as follows:-

~ q = ~ i e
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q = e i + e i = e i e i

(2.4)

From the instantaneous power can be rewritten as,

IC* * =1/ V2 +V2 IC

V V ~ +p p V V q

(2.5)

As the compensator will only compensate the instantaneous reactive power, the real power is always set to zero. The instantaneous reactive power is set into opposite vectors in order to cancel the reactive component in the line current. From the equation (2.5), yields
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

ic * ic * = i * cc

2/3

1 / 2 1 / 2 1/ 2

1 1/ 2 1/ 2

3 /2 3 /2 0

i0 ic * ic *

( 2 .6 )

By deriving from the equation (2.1) to (2.6), the compensating reactive power can be identified. The compensating current of each phase can be derived by using the inverse orthogonal transformations. This p-q theorem performs instantaneously as the reactive power is detected based on the instantaneous voltages and currents of the three phase circuits. This will provide better harmonics compensations as the response of the harmonics detection phase is in small delay.

Figure 2 Conventional Fuzzy Logic Controller The actual capacitor voltage is compared with a set reference value. The error signal is then processed through a Fuzzy controller, which provides zero steady error in tracking the reference current signal. In fuzzy logic controller a linguistic control strategy has been converted into an automatic control strategy with the use of different fuzzy rules. These fuzzy rules are constructed by expert experience or knowledge data-base available with the system. So the first step of working of fuzzy controller will be comparison of input voltage Vdc and the input reference voltage Vdc-ref[14]. Then the output variable of the fuzzy logic controller is followed by the limiter which generates control current Imax

Figure 3. FIS Editor

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

Figure 4 Membership function of input variable

Figure. 5 Membership function of output variable

Figure. 6 Rule Editor

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME January

III. SIMULINK MODEL AND SIMULATION RESULT

Figure 7. A Simulink model based on reduction of current harmonics using shunt active filter with PWM technique and a PI controller in control unit.

Figure.8 Three phase source voltages i.e of phases( a,b,c)

Figure.9 3-phase source current with PI controller and THD=32.98% i.e before phase compensation
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

Figure 8 & 9 clearly shows the waveform of 3-phase source voltage and source current with PI controller and it is clear from the waveform that source current has THD=32.98%( i.e before compensation.

Figure.10

FFT analysis of input source currents with THD= 32.98% before compensation

Figure 11 & 12 clearly shows that the Total Harmnic Distortion in 3-phase source current has been reduced from from 32.8% to 0.13% using PI Controller.

Figure.11. 3-phase source current with THD=0.13% with PI controller after compensation

Figure.12. FFT analysis of source current after compensation using SAF with PI controller.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

Figure.13. 3-phase source current with THD=0.12% after compensation in fuzzy simulink

Figure.14 FFT analysis of source current after compensation using fuzzy controller IV. CONCLUSION The performance of the shunt active power filter is analyzed using PWM with PI controller & fuzzy logic for minimizing harmonics, compensating reactive power and improving the pf in the power system..The SAF theory is used to generate reference current from the distorted load current and maintain the PWM VSI DC side capacitor nearly constant.Also Fuzzy logic controller is used to extract the reference current and maintain the PWM VSI DC side voltage nearly constant. The beauty of this controller is it can applicable to any system where mathematical models are difficult to get.The performance of the PWM with PI Controller and shunt active power filter are verified with the simulation results. Form the results; it clearly indicates that, the current ripple is less in load current as compared to source current. References [1]. Mikkili Suresh, Anup Kumar Panda, Y. Suresh Fuzzy Controller Based 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filter for Mitigation of Current Harmonics with Combined p-q and Id-Iq Control Strategies Energy and Power Engineering, 2011, 3, Published Online February 2011(http://www.SciRP.org/journal/epe) [2] Karuppanan P., Mahapatra K.K., PLL with fuzzy logic controller based shunt active power filter for harmonic and reactive power compensation IEEE Conference, IICPT, Power Electronics, (2011):pp.1-6.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), IAEME

[3] Yacamini R., Power system harmonics. II. Measurements and calculations IEEE Power Engineering Journal, vol. 9, (1995): pp. 51-56. [4] Amoli M. E. and Florence T., Voltage, current harmonic content of a utility system-A summary of 1120 test measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 5, (1990): [5] Robert D Henderson, Patrick J. Rose Harmonics: The effect on power quality and transformer IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 30, no.3, (1994):pp. 528-532. [6] Singh B., Haddad K. A., and Chandra A.,A review of active power filter for power quality improvement, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol.46. no.5, (1999):pp. 960-971. [7] Peng F. Z., Akagi H., Nabae A., A new approach to harmonic compensation in power system- a combined system of shunt passive and series active filters IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 26, (1990):pp.983-990. [8] Chen C. and Divan D.M., Simple topologies for single-phase AC line conditioning IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 30, (1994):pp. 606612. [9] Nastran J., Cajhen R., Seliger M., and Jereb P., Active power filter for nonlinear AC loads, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 9, (1994):pp. 9296. [10] Hafner J., Aredes M. and Heumann K., A shunt active power filter applied to high voltage distribution line IEEE Trans. Power Delivery., vol. 12, (1997): pp. 266272. [11] Mendalek N., Al-Haddad K., Fnaiech F and Dessaint L.A., Nonlinear control technique to enhance dynamic performance of a shunt active power filter IEEE Trans. Power application, vol. 150, (2003):pp. 373379. [12] Moran S., A line voltage regulator/conditioner for harmonic-sensitive load isolation, in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, (1989):pp. 945951. [13] Akagi H., Kanazawa Y., and Nabae A., Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching devices without energy storage components, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA20, (1984):pp. 625630. [14] Bhattacharya S. and Divan D., Synchronous frame based controller implementation for a hybrid series active filter system, IEEE Conf. On Industry applications, vol.4,(1995):pp. 2531 25 [15] Lin C. E., Su W. F., Lu S. L, Chen C. L., and Huang C. L., Operation strategy of hybrid harmonic filter in demand-side system, IEEE-IAS Annul. Meeting, Industry applications, (1995):pp. 18621866. [16] V. S. C. Raviraj and P. C. Sen Comparative Study of ProportionalIntegral, Sliding Mode, and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Power Converters IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, Vol. 33, (1997):pp. 518-524. [17] C.S Perumalla, P.c Panda, C.S Mishra Fuzzy controlled Harmonics suppression and reactive volt-ampere compensation for enhancing power quality World Conference On Nature and Biologically inspired Computing, NABIC 2009; Coimbatore. [18] A. Selwin Mich Priyadharson and Dr. T.R.Rangaswamy, Cascaded Fuzzy Controller Scheme For Combustion Control of a Utility Boiler Using Control Balance Model International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 2, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 42 - 53, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553 Published by IAEME. [19] Mr. Laith O. Maheemed and Prof. D.S. Bankar, Harmonic Mitigation for Non-Linear Loads Using Three-Phase Four Wire UPQC Control Strategy International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 247 - 260, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553 Published by IAEME.

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