Protection of Power Transformers

High voltage engineering, Network protection
Power transformer protection

Overcurrent protection
overcurrent relay
instantaneous tripping in high-voltage side faults
delayed tripping in low-voltage side faults
inrush current (switching current surge)
has to be taken into account
differential relay
Earth fault protection
earthed network
overcurrent relaying
measurement and time delay of the neutral point current
differential current relay
neutral isolated network; measurement of zero-sequence voltage
(delay)
J.Partanen 1
www.ee.lut.fi/fi/lab/sahkomarkkina/
Network protection, Power transformer protection
Winding and interturn fault protection
In an interturn fault, there occur high currents in the

turns experiencing an interturn short circuit. However,
only small current changes can be seen outside
the transformer.
Buchholz gas relay

also insulation failures
Differential relay
faster than gas relay
J.Partanen 2
Overload protection
measurement of the oil temperature

time delay with respect to the temperature rise of the winding
winding temperature indicator
resistance element that passes a current proportional to the
load current
Overvoltage protection
> 10 % overvoltage damages the transformer (saturation)

U/f control
J.Partanen 3
Transformer differential protection

The protection has to be stable and sensitive:
Operation:
in faults inside the protection zone
when switching against a fault in the protection zone
when the transformer is overexcited
May not operate:
when switching a transformer to the grid (no fault)
when the voltage is restored to normal after clearing an external
fault
in faults outside the protection zone
when switching a parallel transformer to the grid
when switching a transformer against a fault outside the
protection zone
J.Partanen 4
P1 P2 110/20 kV P2 P1
J.Partanen 5
Transformer differential protection
Problems to be solved:
saturation of current transformers
transformer inrush current
transformer overexcitation
compensation of the vector group of the transformer
stabilization of the operation
no-load current
on-load tap changer
J.Partanen 6
Inrush current in the transformer

The iron core of the transformer saturates strongly
when, under certain conditions, the transformer is
connected to the network
The inrush current may reach a value of 10–20 x In, 500

x I0
depends on the transformer and the instant at which
the transformer is switched out (disconnected) from
the network
occurs always at some phase
dampens in 0.1–30 s
J.Partanen 7
The switching current includes plenty of harmonics;

compared with the excitation current of the normal
state, there occurs also some 2nd harmonic.
blocking based on the ratio I2/In (does not always work)
blocking based on the curve form of the differential current
Transformer Supply to the Supply to the Time in which the
power MVA high-voltage low-voltage current decreases to
side winding side winding half / s
1 7⋅îN 12⋅îN 0.1–0.2
5 5⋅îN 9⋅îN 0.2–0.5
10 4⋅îN 8⋅îN 0.5–1.0
50 3,5⋅îN 7,5⋅îN 1.2–7.2
Measured values of the transformer inrush current.
J.Partanen 8
Transformer overexcitation
Voltage rise of the transformer supply (load drop)
Φ ∼ U/f, voltage rise causes an increase in the excitation

current; an increase in harmonics in the differential current
Identification from the 5th current harmonic
Detection from the current curve form:

During the cycle, there are two periods, during which the
differential current is of the magnitude of the normal
excitation current.
J.Partanen 9
The transformer excitation current and the current harmonics in overvoltage

situation. The rated power of the transformer is 60 MVA and the rated
voltage 78 kV. The transformer core material is grain-oriented steel. In the
table below, U is voltage, Un rated voltage, Im transformer excitation current,
In transformer rated current, I1f fundamental harmonic of the excitation
current, I3f 3rd harmonic and I5f 5th harmonic.
U Im I1 f I3 f I5 f
/% /% /% /% /%
Un In Im I1 f I1 f
100 <1 93 34 24
110 2 76 67 48
120 8 72 76 54
130 25 76 73 44
140 46 80 68 32
150 70 84 62 22
J.Partanen 10
Current transformer saturation
DC component
there are plenty of 2nd and 3rd harmonics in the secondary
current
High primary current
only odd harmonics
In faults outside the protection zone, the current transformers of

the primary and secondary may saturate at different time instants
Æ differential current
Calculation of differential current right after the instant at which the

polarity (sign) of the current changes removes the above problem.
J.Partanen 11
Protection technology, instrument transformers

Saturation of the current transformer
Excitation curve of the iron core

non-linear and saturating
knee-point voltage
Saturates
at a high sinusoidal overcurrent
as a result of the DC component of the primary current
as an effect of remanence
J.Partanen 12
Magnetic flux density / T
Time / ms
Magnetic flux density of the core of a current transformer, when there is a high
short-circuit current including a DC component in the primary
(Bs ≈ 2.1 T and
J.Partanen 13

Current / A
Primary current
Secondary current
Time / ms
Primary and secondary current of a current transformer saturated by a large DC

component. The primary current is referred to the secondary of the current
transformer.
J.Partanen 14
Vector group compensation
Numerical relays: mathematical algorithms
Yd and Dy compensation
subtraction of phase currents
problems in inrush current (phase shift ≠ 120°) and when the
current transformers are saturating
Delaying of samples
small delay
J.Partanen 15
Vector group compensation by delaying the samples of the phase current and by changing
the polarity (sign reversal). In the table, NS is the number of samples during one cycle. The
factor –1 corresponds to the 180° phase shift of the phase current.
Primary current Secondary current
Clock Delay Factor Delay Factor
reading
0 0 1 0 1
1 (1/12) · NS 1 0 1
2 (2/12) · NS 1 0 1
(3) (3/12) · NS (1) (0) (1)
4 0 -1 (2/12) · NS 1
5 0 -1 (1/12) · NS 1
6 0 -1 0 1
7 (1/12) · NS 1 0 -1
8 (2/12) · NS 1 0 -1
(9) (0) (1) ((3/12) · NS) (1)
10 0 1 (2/12) · NS 1
11 0 1 (1/12) · NS 1
J.Partanen 16

Protection of Power Transformers

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Protection of Power Transformers

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High voltage engineering, Network protection

Power transformer protection

Network protection, Power transformer protection

Winding and interturn fault protection

In an interturn fault, there occur high currents in the

Buchholz gas relay

 measurement of the oil temperature

> 10 % overvoltage damages the transformer (saturation)

Network protection, Power transformer protection

Transformer differential protection

Network protection, Power transformer protection

Transformer differential protection

Inrush current in the transformer

The inrush current may reach a value of 10–20 x In, 500

Network protection, Power transformer protection

The switching current includes plenty of harmonics;

Measured values of the transformer inrush current.

Φ ∼ U/f, voltage rise causes an increase in the excitation

Identification from the 5th current harmonic

Detection from the current curve form:

Network protection, Power transformer protection

The transformer excitation current and the current harmonics in overvoltage

Current transformer saturation

In faults outside the protection zone, the current transformers of

Calculation of differential current right after the instant at which the

Protection technology, instrument transformers

Excitation curve of the iron core

Protection technology, instrument transformers

Primary and secondary current of a current transformer saturated by a large DC

Vector group compensation

Numerical relays: mathematical algorithms

Network protection, Power transformer protection

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