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the rated voltage and rated current for the HV and LV sides. (b) Derive an approximate equivalent circuit referred to the HV side. (c) Determine the voltage regulation at full load, 0.6 PF leading. (d) Draw the phasor diagram for condition (c). open-circuit test 100 V, 6.0 A, 400 W short-circuit test 50 V, 100 A, 1800 W
A 1 single-phase, 25 kVA, 220/440 V, 60 Hz transformer gave the following test results. : 220 V, 9.5 A, 650 W Short-circuit test : 37.5 V, 55 A, 950 W (a) Derive the approximate equivalent circuit in per-unit values. (b) Determine the voltage regulation at full load, 0.8 PF lagging. (c) Draw the phasor diagram for condition (b).
A single-phase 10 kVA, 2400/ 120 V, 60 Hz transformer has the following equivalent circuit
parameters: Zeqp = 2 + j5 , Rcp = 6.4 k and Xmp = 2.6 k Standard no-load and short-circuit tests are performed on this transformer. Determine the following: No-load test results: Voc , I oc ,
Poc
Vsc , I sc , Psc
Voltameter eadings
Im =
2 2 I oc = I c + I m = 0.375 2 + 0.923 2 = 0.997 A Ameter readings 2 The wattmeter readings is Poc = I c Rc = 0.375 2 * 6400 = 900W
(Ameter readings)
( )
4-
A single-phase, 250 kVA, 11 kV/2.2 kV, 60 Hz transformer has the following parameters.
RHV= 1.3 XHV=4.5, RLV = 0.05 , XLV = 0.16, Rcs= 2.4 k Xms = 0.8 k. Standard no-load and short-circuit tests are performed on high voltage of this transformer. Determine the following:
Poc
Vsc , I sc , Psc
(i)
Solution:
a= 11000 =5 2200
Reqp = R p + a 2 R s = 1.3 + 5 2 * 0.05 = 2.55 X eqp = X p + a 2 X s = 4.5 + 5 2 * 0.16 = 8.5 Rcp = a 2 Rcs = 5 2 * 2.4 = 60k X mp = a 2 X ms = 5 2 * 0.8 = 20k
Voltameter eadings
Im =
2 2 I oc = I c + I m = 0.183 2 + 0.55 2 = 0.58 A Ameter readings 2 The wattmeter readings is Poc = I c Rc = 0.183 2 * 60000 = 2009W
I r1
(Ameter readings)
( )
(b)
Z L = 15 90 o
Z L = a 2 * Z L = 5 2 * 15 90 o = 375 90 o
it delivers 9 kW at 0.9 power factor. This transformer is connected as an autotransformer to supply load to a 460 V circuit from a 580 V source. (a) (b) (c) Show the autotransformer connection. Determine the maximum kVA the autotransformer can supply to the 460 V circuit. Determine the efficiency of the autotransformer for full load at 0.9 power factor.
Reconnect the windings of a 1 , 3 kVA, 240/120 V, 60 Hz transformer so that it can supply (b) Determine the maximum kVA the reconnected transformer can deliver.
460/208 V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to the high-voltage side is 1.0 + j2.0 . The transformer delivers 20 kW at 0.8 power factor (leading). (a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection. (b) Determine the transformer winding current. (c) Determine the primary voltage. (d) Determine the voltage regulation.
impedance of the high-voltage winding is 0.25 + j 1.5 with the lowvoltage winding short-circuited. The admittance (i.e., inverse of impedance) of the low-voltage winding is 0.025 - j O.075 mhos with the high-voltage winding open-circuited. (a) (b) (d) Taking the transformer rating as base, determine the base values of power, voltage, current, Determine the per-unit value of the equivalent resistance and leakage reactance of the Determine the per-unit value of the excitation current at rated voltage. Determine the per-unit value of the total power loss in the transformer at full-load output and impedance for both the high-voltage and low-voltage sides of the transformer. transformer. (c) condition.
9- A 460 kVA, (4600/460) V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has the following parameters:
RP = 2.6 , RS = 0.024 52, Re+h = 4 k, XS = 0.06 , XP = 6.0, Xm = 2.4 k. The HV winding of this transformer is connected to a 4.6 kV, 60 Hz supply while the LV winding is connected to a load of a resistance of 6.0 , an inductor of 14.0 mH and a capacitor of 502 uF all connected in shunt. Calculate the voltage regulation, efficiency, input current and supply power factor. Sol:
ZL =
1 1 1 + + j 2 * * 60 * 0.000502 6 j 2 * * 60 * 0.014
= 60.076
6000.076
602.6380.65
= 510.65312.85
510.65312.85
Z in = 510.65312.85 + 2.6 + J 6 = 514.5513.43 V 4600 I1 = 1 = = 8.94 13.43 A Z in 514.5513.43 So supply power factor is cos (13 .43) = 0.973 Lagging
4565.17 0.59 = 7.58 1.233 A 6020.076 6020.65 V 2 = E I 2 * (R 2 + JX 2 ) = 4565 .17 0.59V 7.58 1.233 * (2.6 + j 6 ) = 4545 .19 1.16V V * I cos( L ) 4545.19 * 7.58 * cos(0.076 ) = 2 2 = * 100 = 86.133% V1 I 1 cos( inp ) 4600 * 8.94 * cos(13.43) I2 = E =
At no load the equivalent circuit becomes:
Noload equivalent circuit 1 Z excitation = = 2057.9859.04 1 1 + 4000 J 2400 4600 * 2057.98 59.04 = 4585.56 0.024V Then V NL = 2057.9859.04 + 2.6 + j 6 Then voltage regulation can be obtained as following: V V2 4585.56 4545.19 VR = 2 NL = * 100 = 0.89% V2 4545.19
10- A single-phase, 10 kVA, 2000/200 V, 60 Hz distribution transformer has the following characteristics: Core loss at full voltage =120 W Copper loss at half load =80 W i. Determine the efficiency of the transformer when it delivers full load at 0.8 power factor lagging. ii. Determine the rating at which the transformer efficiency is a maximum. Determine the efficiency if the load power factor is 0.9 iii. Determine the rating of transformer at 92% efficiency and 0.8 power factor. iv. The transformer has the following load cycle: No load for 6 hours 66% full load for 10 hours at 0.8 PF 85% full load for 8 hours at 0.9 PF Determine the all day efficiency of the transformer 2- (i) Pout = 10 * 0.8 = 8kW
Pcore = 120W Pcu 80 = x 2 Pcu , FL = = 320W 2 Pcu , FL 1 2
xmax =
Pcore = Pcu , FL
0.6123 * 10000 * 0.9 * 100 = 95.83% 0.6123 * 10000 * 0.9 + 120 + 120
(iii) =
8000 * x
8000 * x + 120 + 320 * x 8000 * x = 0.92 8000 * x + 120 + 320 * x 2 294.4 x 2 640 x + 110.4 = 0
= 92%
x=
Then (iv)
x = 1.985 refused
or
x = 0.189
E24 = 0 + 10 * 0.66 * 0.8 *10 + 8 * 0.9 * 0.85 *10 = 114kWh Ecore = 120 * 24 *10 3 = 2.88kWh
Ecu = 320 * 0.66 2 *10 + 320 * 0.85 2 * 8 = 3.244 kWh E24 Then all _ day = *100 E24 + Ecore + Ecu 114 all _ day = *100 = 94.9% 114 + 2.88 + 3.244
11- A 6kVA, 250/500 V, transformer gave the following test results short-circuite 20 V ; 12 A, 100 W and Open-circuit test : 250 V, 1 A, 80 W i. Determine the transformer equivalent circuit. ii. calculate applied voltage, voltage regulation and efficiency when the output is 10 A at 500 volt and 0.8 power factor lagging. iii. Maximum efficiency, at what percent of full load does this maximum efficiency occur? (At 0.8 power factor lagging). iv. At what percent of full load does the effeciency is 95% at 0.8 power factor lagging.
3- (I)
cos o =
Then o
= cos 1 0.32 = 71.3371o Then I c1 = I o cos o = 1.0 * 0.32 = 0.32 A I m1 = I o sin o = 1.0 * 0.7953 = 0.7953 A V 250 Then Rc1 = o1 = = 781.25 I c1 0.32 V 250 And X m1 = o1 = = 314.35 I m1 0.7953
As shown in Fig.3.16, these values refer to primary i.e. low-voltage side
From Short Circuit test: The rated current of the secondary side is:
I2 =
It is clear that in this test instruments have been placed in the secondary i.e. highvoltage winding and the low-voltage winding i.e. primary has been short-circuited. Now,
6000 = 12 A 500
Z eq 2 =
V2 sc 20 = = 1.667 I 2 sc 12
2
Z eq1 = a * Z eq 2
Also,
1 = *1.667 = 0.4167 2
2 Psc = I 2 sc Req 2 100 Then, Req 2 = = 0.694 2 12 2 1 * 0.694 = 0.174 2 Then, Req1 = a * Req 2 = 2
Then,
As shown in the following figure, these values refer to primary i.e. low-voltage side
V1
314.35
V2
The parameters of series branch can be obtained directly by modifying the short circuit test data to be referred to the primary side as following: SC test 20 V ; 12 A, 100 W (refered to secondery) SC test 20*a=10V ; 12/a=24A, 100 W (refered to Primary)
So, Z eq1 =
It is clear the second method gives the same results easly. (II) Output KVA = 10 * 500 * 0.8 = 4 kVA Now, from the aproximate equivalent circuit refeared to secondery : V1 o = V2 0 o + I 2 o * Z eq1 Then,
V1 o = 250 0 o + 20 36.87 o * (0.174 + j 0.3786) = 257.358 0.89 o V V 257.358 250 *100 = 2.943% VR = 1 2 = V2 250 Pout = 10 * 500 * 0.8 = 4kW ,
(III) maximum effeciency ocures when Pc = Pcu = 80W the The percent of the full load at which maximum efficiency occurs is :
P 80 X= c = = 0.8945% P 100 cu , FL
(IV)
=
= Pout Pout = 0.95 + Pi + Pcu 6000 * 0.8 * x 6000 * 0.8 * x + 80 + 100 * x 2 = 0.95
Then,
95 x 2 240 x + 76 = 0 Then, x = 2.155 (Unacceptable) Or x = 0.3712
Then to get 95% efficiency at 0.8 power factor the transformer must work at 37.12% of full load.
12- A single phase, 50 kVA, 2400/460 V, 50 Hz two-winding transformer has an efficiency of 0.95% when it delivers 45kW at 0.9 power factor. This transformer is connected as an auto-transformer to supply load to a 2400 V circuit from 2860 V source. (a) Show the transformer connection. (b) Determine the maximum kVA that autotransformer can supply to 2400 V circuit. (c) Determine the efficiency of the autotransformer for full load at 0.9 power factor.
Solution: (a)
2860
460
2400
(b) I s , 2 w
Pi + Pcu , FL = 2368.42 W
310870 * 0.9 = 99.61 % 310870 * 0.9 + 2368.42
Auto =
13- Three single phase, 30 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz transformers are connected to form 3 , 4160/240 V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to the high voltage side is 1.5+j2. The transformer delivers 60 kW at 0.75 power factor (leading). (a) Draw schematic diagram showing the transformer connection. (b) Determine the transformer winding current (c) Determine the primary voltage. (d) Determine the voltage regulation. (e) determine the maximum efficiency if the maximum effeciency occurred at 90% of full load at 0.9 power factor.
Solution:(a)
(b) kVA =
I 1 ph =
60 = 80kVA 0.75
80 *10 3 3 * 4160
= 11.1 A
I 1L = I 1 ph = 11.1 A
a=
2400 = 10 240
I 2 ph = a * I 1 ph = 10 * 11.1 = 111 A
V1 = V2 + I 2 * Z eq1
VR = =
I 2 rated =
max
Pout 0.9 * 90 * 10 3 * 0.9 = = * 100 = 98.46% Pout + 2 Pcu 0.9 * 90 * 10 3 * 0.9 + 2 * 0.9 2 * 12.5 2 * 1.5 * 3
14- Three single-phase, 50 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz transformers are connected to form a three-phase, 4000/230 V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to low voltage is 0.012 + j0.016 . The three-phase transformer supplies a three-phase 120 kVA, 230 V, 0.85 PF (lag) load. (a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection. (b) Determine the transformer winding currents. (c) Determine the primary voltage (line-to-line) required. (d) Determine the voltage regulation.