CHAPTER 4

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

4.2 Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in iron at 850C. The energy for vacancy formation is 1.08 eV/atom. Furthermore, the density and atomic weight for Fe are 7.65 g/cm3 and 55.85 g/mol, respectively. Solution Determination of the number of vacancies per cubic meter in iron at 850C (1123 K) requires the utilization of Equations 4.1 and 4.2 as follows:

# Q & # Q & N A )Fe N v = N exp %" v ( = exp %" v ( $ kT ' $ kT ' AFe
And incorporation of values of the parameters provided in the problem statement into the above equation leads to !

Nv =

(6.022

$ ' " 10 23 atoms / mol)(7.65 g / cm3) 1.08 eV / atom exp &# #5 eV / atom # K) (850C + 273 K) ) 55.85 g / mol % (8.62 " 10 (
= 1.18 1018 cm-3 = 1.18 1024 m-3

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4.8 What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that consists of 6 at% Pb and 94 at% Sn? Solution In order to compute composition, in weight percent, of a 6 at% Pb-94 at% Sn alloy, we employ Equation 4.7 as
' CPb APb ' ' CPb APb + CSn ASn

CPb =

" 100

(6)(207.2 g / mol) = " 100 ! (6)(207.2 g / mol) + (94)(118.71 g / mol)

= 10.0 wt%

CSn =

' CSn ASn ' ' CPb APb + CSn ASn

" 100

(94)(118.71 g / mol) " 100 (6)(207.2 g / mol) + (94)(118.71 g / mol)

= 90.0 wt%

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4.36 Determine the ASTM grain size number if 20 grains per square inch are measured at a magnification of 50. Solution This problem asks that we determine the ASTM grain size number if 20 grains per square inch are measured at a magnification of 50. In order to solve this problem we make use of Equation 4.17viz.

" M %2 NM$ ' = 2 n(1 # 100 &

where NM = the number of grains per square inch at magnification M, and n is the ASTM grain size number. ! Solving the above equation for n, and realizing that NM = 20, while M = 50, we have

"M % log N M + 2 log $ ' # 100 & n= +1 log 2 " 50 % log 20 + 2 log $ ' # 100 & = + 1 = 3.3 log 2

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