AMR V 21 PDF

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3GPP SYSTEMS
Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR)

Burak Balkis & Lauro Ortigoza
November 2002 Version 1.2
Advanced Technology Group
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Contents
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Principles of AMR
AMR - Ericssons Implementation AMR - Nokias Implementation
3GPP SYSTEMS
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Introduction
Since its conception, the GSM system was designed with the (now old) GSM half-rate (HR) and full-rate (FR) codecs. This pair of codecs lacked behind the quality of the wireline telephony
(32 kbps adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM))
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These two codecs satisfied the initial expectations of the GSM system. However, the user demand for better speech quality, along with capacity gains enabling cost savings for network operators motivated the further development of the speech services and codecs
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3GPP SYSTEMS
FR codec
Information - User 1
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Training Tail Information Information Tail 8.25 Sequence 3 58 58 3 26
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
3GPP SYSTEMS Advanced Technology Group WFI PROPRIETARY
HR codec
Information - User 1 Information - User 2
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
The Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) Codec (1)

Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) was the first significant improvement in speech quality in the GSM system.
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It was introduced in ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) specifications in 1996, as well as in IS-641 in the USA the same year. EFR provides equivalent quality as a normal fixed connection even in typical error conditions. EFR codec was jointly developed by Nokia and University of Sherbrooke.
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The Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) Codec (2)

In spite of the commercial success of EFR, the codec left room for improvements
The performance of the codec in severe radio channel error conditions could have been better. In addition, GSM half-rate codec was not able to provide adequate speech quality
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So, it was decided to continue the codec specification work with a new codec generation the AMR
GSM HR & FR EFR AMR GSM AMR WCDMA
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3GPP SYSTEMS
The Search for a New Codec

In October 1997 a new programme was initiated by ETSI aimed at the standardisation of Adaptive MultiRate for GSM system. A one year feasibility study was carried out before to validate the AMR concept. The main target of the work was to develop a codec that provided a significant improvement in error robustness, as well as capacity, over Enhanced Full Rate (EFR).
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The History of AMR in ETSI

The actual AMR codec standardisation was carried out as a competitive selection process consisting of several phases.
In February 1999, ETSI approved the AMR codec standard, which was based on the codec developed in collaboration between Ericsson, Nokia and Siemens. In April 1999, 3GPP adopted the AMR codec as the mandatory speech codec for 3G WCDMA system In June 1999, some parts of the AMR codec were finalised and included in the standard
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What is Adaptive Multi-Rate? (1)

The AMR is an efficient quality and capacity improvement functionality.
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Basically, it consists of the introduction of an extremely efficient and adaptable speech codec, the AMR codec. The AMR codec contains
A set of fixed rate speech and channel codecs, Fast in-band signalling and Link adaptation.
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What is Adaptive Multi-Rate? (2)

The AMR operates in both the full rate (22.8 kbps) and the half rate (11.4 kbps) GSM channel modes AMR has the ability to adapt to radio channel and traffic load conditions and select the optimum channel mode (HR or FR) and codec mode (bit rate trade-off between speech and channel coding) to deliver the best possible combination of speech quality and system capacity Codec mode adaptation for AMR is based on received channel quality estimation.
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Benefits of AMR
AMR FR gives better speech quality than Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) under severe radio conditions. AMR FR gives always better speech quality than HR.
This makes more attractive to use FR.
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Up to doubled capacity with AMR HR due to the improved robustness (due to possibility to use tighter frequency reuse). Reduced number of dropped calls (with unchanged frequency planning).
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Speech Coding in AMR (1)

The AMR codec utilises the algebraic code excitation linear prediction (ACELP) algorithm employed also in GSM EFR and D-AMPS EFR codecs.
Speech Analysis LPC filter Coef. Pitch Parameters (Gain and Lag) Excitation Parameters (Index and Gain)
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M Channel U Coder X
Speech Synthesis
Excitation Pitch Vocal Tract Filter Synthesized Speech
Try to imitate Vocal Cords

3GPP SYSTEMS
Tries to imitate Vocal Tract
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Speech Coding in AMR (2)

With AMR, there are two channel modes,
full-rate and half-rate.
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Each of them use a number of codec modes which use a particular speech codec. The full-rate codec is actually a combination of eight speech codec The six lowest ones are used by the half-rate codec.
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Speech Codec Modes

AMR consists of 8 different speech CODEC modes with total of 14 channel CODEC modes, which are listed in the table:
Channel mode Channel codecMode Source coding bitrate, speech Net bit-rate, inChannel band channel coding bit-rate, speech 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 10.20 kbit/s 12.20 kbit/s 14.45 kbit/s 15.00 kbit/s 15.70 kbit/s 16.50 kbit/s 17.25 kbit/s 17.65 kbit/s 3.25 kbit/s 3.80 kbit/s 4.50 kbit/s 5.30 kbit/s 6.05 kbit/s 6.45 kbit/s Channel coding bitrate, in-band 0.30 kbit/s 0.30 kbit/s 0.30 kbit/s 0.30 kbit/s 0.30 kbit/s 0.30 kbit/s 0.30 kbit/s 0.30 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s 0.10 kbit/s TCH/FR CH0-FS CH01-FS CH2-FS CH3-FS CH4-FS CH5-FS CH6-FS CH7-FS TCH/HR CH8-HS CH9-HS CH10-HS CH11-HS CH12-HS CH13-HS 7.95 kbit/s (*) 7.40 kbit/s (IS-641) 6.70 kbit/s 5.90 kbit/s 5.15 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s 12.20kbit/s (GSMEFR) 10.20 kbit/s 7.95 kbit/s 7.40 kbit/s (IS-641) 6.70 kbit/s 5.90 kbit/s 5.15 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s
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( * ) Requires 16 kbit/s TRAU. Therefore it is not seen as a feasible CODEC mode and is not supported by NOKIA BSS10.
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Channel Coding in AMR

Channel Coding performs error correction and bad frame detection.
The correction in all codec modes is based on recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) coding with puncturing to obtain the required bit rates.
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Each mode utilises a 6-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for detecting bad frames.
In order to maximise the commonality with GSM, all channels use polynomials used for the previous GSM channels.
3GPP SYSTEMS
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Block Diagram of the AMR Codec System

Mobile Station (MS)
Multi- MI Multi- MI Rate Rate S Speech S Speech Encoder Encoder MR MR Mode Request Generator Downlink Quality Meas.
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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Radio Channel (UPLINK)
MI S MR
Transcoder (TC)
Speech in
MultiMI Multi- MI Rate Rate S Speech Speech S Abis Channel Decoder Out Decoder MR DownLink Mode Control Uplink Mode Control
MC
Link Adaptation
S = Speech Data QI = Quality Indicator MC = Codec Mode Command MR = Codec Mode Request MI = Codec Mode Indicator MC, MR & MI = (In-band Signalling)
Uplink Quality Meas. Link QI Adaptation
MC MultiRate Speech Abis MI Encoder S
MC MultiRate Channel Decoder S
Speech Out
MultiRate Speech Decoder
Radio Channel
(DOWNLINK)
MC S MI
MultiRate Channel Encoder
MC MI
Speech In
MI
3GPP SYSTEMS
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Link Adaptation
Both the MS and the BTS perform channel estimation of the received signal. Based on channel quality measurements, a codec mode command (down-link) or codec mode request (up-link) is sent over the radio interface in in-band messages. The receiving end uses this information and selects the best codec mode for the prevailing channel conditions The codec used in the up-link may be different to the one used in the down-link, However, the channel mode (HR or FR) MUST BE THE SAME
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3GPP SYSTEMS
In-Band Signalling
An in-band signalling channel is defined for AMR that enables the MS and the BTS to exchange messages on applied or requested speech and channel CODEC modes. The benefit of in-band method is that it does not require a separate signalling channel for the message transfer. With in-band signalling, messages and indicators are sent together with the speech payload. This makes Link Adaptation faster and leads to improvements in the system performance.
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Codec Selection - MS and BTS operation (1)

The BTS controls the UL and DL codec modes and channel modes. BTS commands the MS to apply a particular speech CODEC mode in the up-link, The MS MUST obey the codec mode command.
The MS can only request the BTS to apply a particular speech CODEC mode in the down-link
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The BTS, on the other hand, may use complementing information, in addition to codec mode request, to determine the downlink codec mode.
That is, the BTS has an option to override the MS's request.
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Codec Selection - MS and BTS operation (2)

Although only a set of up to 4 speech CODEC modes is used during a call, the MS must implement all the codec modes. However, the BTS can support any combination of codecs, based on the choice of the operator,
Except 7.95 kbit/s on HR channel, and it has one default set for each channel mode (I am not sure if this only applies to NOKIA).
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The default CODEC sets include also a default set of decision thresholds and hysteresis. The initial CODEC mode and CODEC set with thresholds and hysteresis are transferred between network elements and MS by using the existing layer 3 signalling
3GPP SYSTEMS
Additional Techniques Used in AMR

AMR contains voice activity detection and discontinuous transmission (VAD/DTX) These techniques reduce radio interference and extend battery lifetime.
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3GPP SYSTEMS
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AMR Narrow Band - AMR-NB (1)

GSM has the HR, FR, EFR and AMR speech codecs As explained, AMR was standardised in GSM Rel. 98 and has also been adopted in the UTRAN Rel. 99 as mandatory speech codec The AMR Rel98 is also referred to as AMR-NB (AMRNarrow Band) to distinguish it from the new AMR-WB (AMR-Wide Band) The difference between AMR-NB and AMR-WB lies in the speech coding bandwidth.
The bandwidth for AMR-WB varies between 50 and 7000 Hz whereas the bandwidth of AMR-NB varies between 150 and 3500 Hz.
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AMR Narrow Band - Speech Codecs

The full-rate codec is actually a combination of eight speech codecs. The six lowest ones are used by the half-rate codec.
Bits per Speech Frame 260 112 244 244 204 159 148 134 118 103 95
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Speech Codec GSM FR GSM HR EFR AMR NB
Bit Rate (Kbits/s)
12.2 10.2 7.95 7.4 6.7 5.9 5.15 4.75
Average Code Rate GMSK Channel FR HR 0.57 0.49 0.54 0.54 0.45 0.35 0.7 0.32 0.65 0.29 0.59 0.26 0.52 0.23 0.45 0.21 0.42
8-PSK Channel FR HR
0.36 0.3 0.23 0.22 0.2 0.17 0.15 0.14

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3GPP SYSTEMS
AMR - Wide Band (AMR-WB) (1)

The AMR-WB codec is based on similar principles as those defined for AMR-NB
Speech coding bandwidth relates directly to the speech quality difference.
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AMR-WB increases the naturalness and intelligibility of the speech. The major difference in the deployment scenarios is that for preserving the superior quality of the wide-band speech, no transcoders are allowed in the transmission path of the speech from one terminal to the other.
3GPP SYSTEMS
AMR - Wide Band (AMR-WB) (2)

The AMR-WB has nine different codec rates ranging from 6.60 to 23.85 Kbps.
In GSM/EDGE single timeslot configuration, all these codec rates can be supported in the 8-PSK speech channels, and the code rates from 6.6 to 19.85 Kbps can be supported in the GMSK speech channels.
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The link adaptation mechanism is similar to the one defined for the AMR-NB and based on the in-band signalling bits that are transmitted along the speech frames. AMR-WB has been selected by 3GPP as its recommended wide-band speech codec.
3GPP SYSTEMS
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AMR Wide-Band (AMR-WB) (3)

Speech codecs supported by AMR-WB
Bits per Speech Frame 477 461 397 365 317 285 253 177 132
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Speech Codec AMR WB
Bit Rate (Kbits/s) 23.85 23.05 19.85 18.25 15.85 14.25 12.65 8.85 6.6
Average Code Rate GMSK Channel FR HR
0.87 0.8 0.7 0.63 0.55 0.39 0.29
8-PSK Channel FR HR 0.35 0.7 0.34 0.67 0.29 0.58 0.27 0.53 0.23 0.46 0.21 0.42 0.18 0.37 0.13 0.26 0.1 0.19
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Contents
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Principles of AMR
AMR - Ericssons Implementation
AMR - Nokias Implementation
3GPP SYSTEMS
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Coding Sets
In every call setup and handover two parameters are selected by this algorithm
A Coding Set and A Channel Rate/Mode
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A Coding Set (CS) is a group of up to four CODEC rates/modes that an MS or a BTS could use
All of them using the same channel rate (FR or HR).
A Channel Rate/Mode is the speed (in Kbps) of the codec selected. This set is called ACTIVE CODING SET .
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Principle View of AMR
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3GPP SYSTEMS Advanced Technology Group
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Decision Thresholds
For each of the predefined CODEC sets, there is an associated set of Decision Thresholds that determine which CODEC rate should be used for a certain C/I. This algorithm allows a CODEC rate to be changed every second speech frame. This change can be done only to the closest higher or lower CODEC rate in the active coding set ( Fast CODEC mode adaptation.)
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3GPP SYSTEMS
Defined CODEC Rates for AMR

Different CODEC rates can be used on the uplink and downlink (the set of CODEC rates is the same). The CODEC rate changes are not audible. The active coding set is predefined. All TRXs /TRUs in the same cell must also support AMR
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In-band Signalling (1)

Quality measurements on the incoming link to perform the CODEC rate adaptation are done by both MS & BTS receiving side. The Quality Indicator produced on the MS side is converted to a Mode Request that is sent to the BTS using In-band signaling.
Transcoder
B T S
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1. Codec Mode Request
Uplink
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In-band Signalling (2)

There (@BTS), a CODEC mode control entity selects the CODEC mode to be used on the downlink, based on the Mode Request sent by the MS. The CODEC mode control entity also selects the CODEC mode to be used on the uplink, based on the Quality Indicator produced in the BTS. The selected uplink mode is sent in-band to the MS. This mode indication is sent every second speech frame.
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Transcoder
B T S
2. Codec Mode Command
Codecs to be used in Uplink & Downlink

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AMR Functional Diagram
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CODEC Mode Adaptation

When AMR is chosen at call setup:
A CODEC set is communicated to the MS and the BTS.
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The selection of CODEC mode within the CODEC set is based on measurements of the up-link and down-link radio channel. The CODEC modes in an Active CODEC Set are defined as follows:
Codec Mode 1 2 3 4 Decription Codec Mode with the lowest bit rate Codec Mode with the second lowest mode Codec Mode with the third lowest mode Codec Mode with the highest mode (if the Active Coding Set includes four modes)
3GPP SYSTEMS
AMR Threshold Definition

For each of the predefined CODEC sets (two for Full Rate channels) there is an associated set of decision thresholds that determine which CODEC mode should be used for a certain C/I. A decision thresholds threshold (THR) is given as an absolute value between 0 and 63 which represent normalized C/I values as follows:
Threshold 0 1 2 62 63 Normalised C/I (dB) 0.0 0.5 1.0 31.0 31.5
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AMR Hysteresis Definition

To avoid continuous rapid changes between 2 CODEC modes a hysteresis is used for the decision thresholds. The hysteresis values (HYST) are given as an absolute value between 0 and 15 and are coded as follows:
Hysteresis 0 1 2 14 15 Threshold (dB) 0.0 0.5 1.0 7.0 7.5
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AMR Thresholds & Hysteresis
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AMR Multi-Rate Configuration

At Call setup and handover, the CODEC set to be used is sent from the BSC to the MS and the BTS together with the decision threshold and hysteresis values. There are two full rate CODEC sets pre-defined in the BSC.
Full Rate Codec Set 1 Full Rate Codec Set 2
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These CODEC sets with their associated decision threshold and hysteresis values are hard-coded and can not be changed.
3GPP SYSTEMS
Full Rate Codec Set 1

This CODEC set has been selected because extensive evaluations have shown that it provides a good overall speech quality during all radio conditions. It allows the operator to take full advantage of the possibility to use AMR as a capacity booster in the network.
Full Rate Codec Set 1 CODEC RATE Codec_Mode_1 4.75 Kbps Codec_Mode_2 5.90 Kbps Codec_Mode_3 6.70 Kbps Codec_Mode_4 10.20 Kbps
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3GPP SYSTEMS
FR Codec Set 1 - Thresholds and Hysteresis

Decision thresholds and Hysteresis values for full rate CODEC set 1
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Threshold THR_1 THR_2 THR_3
Value 12 21 21
dB 6 10.5 10.5
Hysteresis HYST_1 HYST_2 HYST_3
Value 2 3 3
dB 1 1.5 1.5
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Full Rate Codec Set 2

This CODEC set provides basically the same overall speech quality as full rate CODEC set 1 but offers a slightly better speech quality under clean speech conditions.
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Full Rate Codec Set 2 CODEC RATE Codec_Mode_1 4.75 Kbps Codec_Mode_2 5.90 Kbps Codec_Mode_3 7.95 Kbps Codec_Mode_4 12.2 Kbps
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FR Codec Set 2 - Thresholds & Hysteresis

Decision thresholds and hysteresis values for full rate CODEC set 2
Threshold THR_1 THR_2 THR_3 Value 12 17 25 dB 6 8.5 12.5 Hysteresis HYST_1 HYST_2 HYST_3 Value 2 3 3 dB 1 1.5 1.5
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Initial CODEC Mode (ICM)

It is sent from the BSC to the BTS and MS at call setup and handover. The ICM is determined by the following rule:
If the ACS contains 1 CODEC mode, then this CODEC shall be the ICM. If the ACS contains 2 or 3 CODEC modes, then the ICM shall be the most robust CODEC mode in the set. If the ACS contains 4 CODEC modes, then the ICM shall be the second most robust mode.
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This means that 5.9 kbps will be the ICM for both full rate CODEC sets. !!!!
Ericsson AMR Parameters

Parameter Name Default Value Rec. Value Range Unit AMRSUPPORT 0 ** 0-4 0 = OFF
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3GPP SYSTEMS
1=Full rate CODEC set 1 3=Not Defined
2=Full rate CODEC set 2 4=Not Defined
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Contents
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Principles of AMR
AMR - Ericssons Implementation
AMR - Nokias Implementation
3GPP SYSTEMS
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NOKIAS AMR Solution (1)

AMR CODECs are supported by different NOKIA base station generations as follows:
NOKIA InSite Base Station: NOKIA InSite BTS does not support AMR.
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NOKIA MetroSite GSM and MetroSite EDGE and UltraSite EDGE Base Stations: NOKIA MetroSite and UltraSite base stations have full AMR support however NOKIA UltraSite EDGE TRXs have AMR support in CX3.1 software release.
AMR CODECs support in NOKIA BSC and TCSM: All the NOKIA BSCs have full AMR support. except 7.95 kbit/s on HR channel. NOKIA TCSM2/E has full AMR support. TC PCM pool type is needed for transcoder configuration in A-interface. At minimum the basic AMR type, which supports FR AMR and HR AMR (pool 23), is at least implemented. The other pool types support is still for further study.
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Nokias AMR Solution (2)

Sub-multiplexing on highway PCM is 8/16 kbit/s,
If AMR FR (16 kbit/s) is used in Abis interface, the Ater interface rate is also 16 kbit/s. If AMR HR (8 kbit/s) is used in Abis interface, then Ater interface rate is 2 * 8 kbit/s (BSC transmits ones (= bit value 1) on the unused 8 kbit/s sub-timeslot).
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NOKIA TCSM Transcoder??? does not support AMR. When the AMR HR solution is implemented, the BSCs maximum channel capacity 4096 must be taken into account in the BSCs TRX amount dimensioning.
The BSC2i provides with 512 half-rate TRXs capacity or 256 fullrate TRXs.
BSC TRX capacity can be maintained by using FR to HR load threshold parameters.

NOKIAs AMR Solution (3)

Adaptive Multi Rate CODEC (AMR) introduces a new set of CODECs (8 AMR FR CODECs and 6 AMR HR CODECs).
AMR increases the speech capacity by using the half rate (HR) mode and still maintains the quality level of current FR calls.
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The CODEC mode adaptation for AMR is based on received channel quality estimation in both MS and BTS. The basic AMR CODEC mode sets for MS and BTS are provided by BSC via layer 3 signalling. AMR interacts with DADL/B (Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band).
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The Transcoder TCSM2

The Adaptive Multi Rate Codec, AMR has also affected TCSM2.
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All modes of operation of the AMR codec have been implemented in TCSM2. Transcoder encodes downlink TRAU frames in the mode, which is commanded by the BTS and decodes uplink TRAU frames it receives from MS via BTS. A new version of transcoding software (TD3PRB) has been created for AMR.
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AMR and Handovers

If a handover is necessary, calls are handed over to a BTS that supports AMR. AMR affects handover through prioritisation of AMR capable cells during internal and external handovers. AMR includes new RxQual thresholds for AMR FR and AMR HR.
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FEP (Frame Erasure Probability), when available (FER Measurement feature is optional), replaces RxQual in HO algorithms.
Link Adaptation
There are two link adaptation (LA) modes; 1) ETSI specified fast LA
Allows in-band CODEC mode changes on every other TCH frame
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2) NOKIA proprietary slow LA

Allows in-band CODEC mode changes only on SACCH frame interval.
During both LA modes the BTS indicates the first and the last CODEC used during the last measurement interval as well as the average quality.
3GPP SYSTEMS
Fast Link Adaptation (ETSI)

During fast LA mode the BTS allows the in-band CODEC mode changes on every other TCH frame
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Information - User 1 CODEC MODE 1
...
Information - User 1 CODEC MODE 2

3GPP SYSTEMS

Slow Link Adaptation (NOKIA)

During slow LA mode the BTS allows in-band CODEC mode changes only on SACCH frame interval. The slow LA mode offers the best flexibility with HO & PC algorithms (with mode reporting).
The same CODEC MODE has to be used in all 12 frames (it can be the same than the one used in the previous SACCH frame interval
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
The same CODEC MODE has to be used in all 12 frames 26 Frame Multi-Frame
Link Adaptation and Decision Thresholds (1)

For each CODEC mode set there is an associated set of decision thresholds for mapping the channel quality measurements to the Mode Commands/Requests. The Power Control (PC) and the Handover (HO) algorithms are affected by the Rx quality indicator in the following way
If the quality is below lower thresholds then PC (more power) or HO is triggered depending on the current threshold values. Otherwise if quality is above lower thresholds, nothing is done. Respectively, if the quality is above upper thresholds then PC (less power) is triggered. Otherwise if quality is below upper thresholds, nothing is done.
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Link Adaptation and Decision Thresholds (2)

The aforementioned cases are valid only in quality HOs.
They are not valid in, for example, power budget HOs.
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The BSC indicates to BTS about which LA mode is used.

Fast LA is the default mode of BSS. The octet defining the LA mode used shall not be sent to MS by BTS.
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Initial CODEC Mode (ICM) (1)

The Initial Codec Mode is determined according to ETSI specifications (as described in section I). Channel allocation depends on the parameter Initial AMR channel rate, which default value is Any Rate.
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Any Rate means that the chosen channel rate is defined by taking into account the currently used information (Channel Type IE, resource situation on radio interface, circuit pool, current channel rate, handover parameters, etc.). The other option is AMR FR, which means that full rate channel is allocated despite of the values of the currently used information.
3GPP SYSTEMS
Initial CODEC Mode (ICM) (2)

If AMR FR cannot be allocated, then allocation is continued with the currently used information.
call set-up (except FACCH call set-up), internal inter cell handover and external handover.
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The Initial AMR channel rate parameter is valid in
The reason behind the Initial AMR channel rate parameter is that quality may not be sufficient for HR AMR call set-up (radio measurement is done on SDCCH). AMR capable TRXs are allocated first for AMR speech call use and then for other speech calls.
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New Rx Qual Thresholds

New RxQual thresholds are specified for FR and HR AMR sets. Default values for these new thresholds are set according to the default AMR CODEC sets.
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Current Nx and Px values of RxQual thresholds are used.

Nx is total number of samples and Px is a set of them
If an operator wants to replace or remove the most robust mode on the AMR set, the corresponding PC and HO RxQual thresholds have to be edited manually.
This also applies to the least robust mode. Replacement or removal of a middle mode on a AMR set does not effect the new PC and HO thresholds.
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New Rx Qual HO Thresholds

New RxQual HO thresholds are specified for FR and HR AMR and they are taken into account when making intra-cell handovers between FR AMR and HR AMR:
intra HO threshold Rx qual for AMR FR intra HO threshold Rx qual for AMR HR
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Current Nx and Px values of RxQual thresholds are used.
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AMR and Common BCCH Control

Decisions on the need for packing AMR full rate (FR) calls to half rate (HR) AMR calls is based on the load situation of each individual BTS also in the segment environment. FR AMR calls in a certain BTS that should be packed is decided based on the load of that BTS only. The intra cell handovers that perform the actual packing of calls are implemented as BTS internal events.
When an intra segment TCH handover is made in order to decrease the load of a BTS, the amount of the possible requests for AMR full rate call packing in the BTS is decreased in order to avoid unnecessary handovers.
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Packing of FR AMR Calls to HR AMR Calls

USER 1 Training USER 1 Tail Tail Information Sequence Information 8.25 3 3 58 26 58 USER 2 Training USER 2 Tail Tail Information Sequence Information 8.25 3 3 58 26 58
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...
...
USER 1 Training USER 2 Tail Tail Information Sequence Information 8.25 3 3 58 26 58
IDLE Training IDLE Tail Tail Information Sequence Information 8.25 3 3 58 26 58
...
3GPP SYSTEMS
...
WFI PROPRIETARY
Packing of FR AMR Calls to HR AMR Calls due to BTS Load (1)

Spontaneous packing of FR AMR calls to HR AMR calls is triggered when the cell load is high. The parameter (actually a threshold) Lower limit for FR TCH indicates the number of free full rate resources When the number of free FR resources reduces below the value of this parameter, the packing process starts. Packing continues until the cell load is low enough.
amr
That is, until the number of free full rate resources increases above the value of the parameter Upper Limit For FR TCH resources.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
Packing of FR AMR Calls to HR AMR Calls due to BTS Load (2)

When packing is necessary, the BSC makes a request to perform an intra-cell HO for N amount of calls.
N is defined by the BSC and it follows the principle that the number of free full rate resources increases by one compared to the situation before the new channel allocation.
amr
Then, the BSC performs ordered HOs for FR AMR calls, whose quality is above the intra HO threshold Rx qual for AMR FR and which use the least robust CODEC mode. A packing request is valid until it is overwritten by a new one. A packing request, which indicates the amount N as 0, is used to remove any pending packing requests.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
Unpacking of FR AMR Calls to HR AMR Calls

USER 1 Training USER 2 Tail Tail Information Sequence Information 8.25 3 3 58 26 58 IDLE Training IDLE Tail Tail Information Sequence Information 8.25 3 3 58 26 58
amr
...
...
...
3GPP SYSTEMS
...
WFI PROPRIETARY
Unpacking of HR AMR Calls to FR AMR Calls due to Call Quality

Spontaneous unpacking of HR AMR calls to FR AMR calls is triggered when the quality of a HR AMR call degrades below the parameter intra HO threshold Rxqual For AMR HR. Cell load does not have an effect on the unpacking process. When Rx level is good, the BSC performs intra-cell HOs for HR AMR calls one by one according to the new threshold. Otherwise inter-cell HOs are performed according to the current threshold parameters. After the unpacking process, FR and HR AMR call counters of BSC are again updated during channel allocations and releases
amr
Handover Algorithm
In order to support AMR call continuation also after internal or external HO, the handover target cell list is manipulated so that AMR capable cells which load is low, are on the top.
The candidate cells on the target list are already pruned by the adjacent cell parameter HO Margin PBGT (PMRG). Define?? AMR capable cells are verified by the new adjacent cell parameter amr Dadlb Target Cell of direct access to desired layer
amr
AMR capable adjacent cells that are below the threshold of BTS parameter BTS Load Threshold (BLT) are prioritised.
Prioritisation is only done when the current call type supports AMR
Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band DADL/B

In order to support 2 generation BTSs in AMR environment, DADL/B is used to handover AMR calls to co-located AMR capable cells during call set-up phase. Both intra and inter BSC DADL/B handovers are possible and preferably inside one frequency band as the failure probability is much higher with DADL/B handovers between bands.
amr
If AMR call is the aim and there are no TCHs available in the accessed cell, then Directed Retry (DR) due to congestion, with or without queuing, is made.
3GPP SYSTEMS
DADL/B (2)
If on the other hand there are TCHs available in the accessed cell and there are adjacent cells defined as DADL/B handover target cells with the parameter amr Dadlb Target Cell, then the DADL/B handover is applied. Adjacent cells are not verified according to the MS capabilities (single band, dual band or tri-band), but they have to fulfill the current signal level requirements in order to be considered as a target cell for DADL/B handover. If there are no DADL/B handover target cells defined, the TCH is allocated from the accessed cell and another speech codec than AMR is chosen.
amr
3GPP SYSTEMS
Default AMR CODEC Sets for FR and HR (1)

BTS-MML (Mobility Management Layer ??) is used to take care of entering, modifying and displaying the new multi-rate configuration, that is, AMR CODEC sets, for BTS. The AMR CODEC set modification does not require the locking of BTS. The AMR set includes
AMR CODECs, Threshold and hysteresis values and Initial CODEC mode definition.
amr
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

Basic AMR set for FR channel on BSC
amr
Codec Threshold Hysteresis Mode (C/I) (C/I) 12.2 7.4 5.9 11 7 4 1 1 1
Lower Upper threshold(C/I) threshold(C/I) 11 7 4 12 8 5
BER FER (% ) (% ) 2.97 6.72 10.4 0.1 0.2 1
4.75
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

The basic AMR set for HR channel on BSC
amr
Codec Threshold Hysteresis Lower Mode (C/I) (C/I) threshold(C/I) 7.4 5.9 14 11 1 1 -
BER FER Upper threshold(C/I) (% ) (% ) 0.6 15 12 1.1
14 11
4.75
Lower threshold in the tables above means towards more robust CODEC and upper threshold means towards less robust CODEC.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
FR Initial CODEC Mode (ICM)

amrConfigurationFr: initCODECMode (NOKIA BSS Parameter) This parameter is used to define whether the initial CODEC mode used by the mobile station is defined explicitly in the AMR CODEC mode set or it is implicitly derived by the mobile station from the amount of CODEC modes in the AMR CODEC mode set.
If the AMR FR CODEC mode set parameter is defined as disabled, then this parameter is set as 0. If the parameter is defined as 0, then the AMR FR start mode parameter is set as 00.
amr
Range 0 1
Definition Initial CODEC mode is defined by the implicit rule provided in GSM 05.09 Initial CODEC mode is defined by the Start Mode field.
3GPP SYSTEMS
User Interface with Enhanced Speech CODECs (1)

Channel rate and speech CODEC change control in internal inter-cell and external handovers with the parameter tchRateInternalHo.
The default is that the best cell offering the call serving type of TCH and speech CODEC is preferred to be primarily allocated during the speech connection.
amr
TCH allocation optimisation is based on the cell load.

It is based on intra-cell HOs between AMR channel rates. It is handled with the parameter btsLoadDepTCHRate. Defaults for the lower and upper limit are set so that TCH allocation optimisation is off.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
User Interface with Enhanced Speech CODECs (2)

The preference between the currently used AMR CODEC set and the one defined for the target BTS during internal and external handovers is handled with parameter amrConfInHandovers.
The default is the CODEC set currently used.
amr
The definition of the initial channel rate, Any Rate or AMR FR, in call set-up, internal inter-cell HO and external HO is handled with parameter initAmrChannelRate.
The default is the Any Rate, meaning that there are no extra requirements by this parameter The chosen channel rate is defined by taking into account the MSC input and other parameters effecting to channel allocation.
3GPP SYSTEMS
User Interface with Enhanced Speech CODECS (3)

The AMR CODEC mode set can be downgraded or upgraded after internal inter-cell HOs.
amr
The source side downgrade is used to align the source side CODEC set with the one chosen for the target side in order to utilise the uni-directional downlink connection for the target side. The utilisation of uni-directional downlink connection decreases the amount of muting experienced in the speech path connection during internal inter-cell HO.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
User Interface with Enhanced Speech CODECS (4)

The target side upgrade is made to utilise the original AMR CODEC set of the target BTS which set was not chosen for the target side because of target side alignment with the source side during internal inter-cell HO. The reason for this alignment is the same as in the downgrade case. AMR Codec Mode set upgrades and downgrades are handled with parameter amrSetGradesEnabl. The default is No, meaning that no source or target set alignment is performed.
amr
AMR Quality Parameters (1)

threshold dl Rx qual AMR HR and threshold ul Rx qual AMR HR define, respectively, the threshold level of the signal quality downlink and uplink measurements for triggering a handover. These parameters are only applicable to AMR HR.
amr
Parameter QDRH QURH
Value 0-7 0-7
Description less than 0.2% - greater than 12.8 less than 0.2% - greater than 12.8
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

intra HO threshold Rx qual AMR FR defines the threshold level of the signal quality downlink and uplink measurements for triggering an intra-cell handover process for an AMR FR call in order to switch it to an AMR HR call. intra HO threshold Rx qual AMR HR is the equivalent parameter for AMR HR calls.
Parameter IHRF IHRF Value 0-7 0-7 Description less than 0.2% - greater than 12.8 less than 0.2% - greater than 12.8
amr
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

--NOKIA DEFAULTS-BSC BSC-LAB 2000-03-25 19:10:02
amr
HANDOVER CONTROL AMR SIGNAL QUALITY THRESHOLD PARAMETERS OF BTS-044 TESTLABANIMALOO THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR FR ............... < 0.2% THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR FR ............... 0.8% - 1.6% THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR HR ............... > 12.8% THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR HR ............... 0.4% - 0.8% INTRA HO THRESHOLD RX QUAL AMR FR ......... 3.2% - 6.4% INTRA HO THRESHOLD RX QUAL AMR HR ......... 1.6% - 3.2% SUPER REUSE GOOD C/I THRESHOLD AMR FR ..... 16 dB SUPER REUSE BAD C/I THRESHOLD AMR FR ...... 11 dB SUPER REUSE GOOD C/I THRESHOLD AMR HR ..... - 5 dB SUPER REUSE BAD C/I THRESHOLD AMR HR ...... - 90 dB
3GPP SYSTEMS
AMR Quality Parameters - Power Control (1)

pc upper threshold dl Rx qual AMR FR
It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the BTS power decrease.
amr
It is defined for AMR FR. The values range from 0 to 7.
pc upper threshold ul Rx qual AMR FR

It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the MS power decrease.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

pc lower threshold dl Rx qual AMR FR
It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the BTS power increase.
amr
pc lower threshold ul Rx qual AMR FR

It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the MS power increase.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

pc upper threshold dl Rx qual AMR HR
It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the BTS power decrease.
amr
It is defined for AMR HR. The values range from 0 to 7.
pc upper threshold ul Rx qual AMR HR

It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the MS power decrease.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

pc lower threshold dl Rx qual AMR HR
It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the BTS power increase.
amr
pc lower threshold ul Rx qual AMR HR

It defines the threshold level of the downlink signal quality measurements for the MS power increase.
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY

--NOKIA DEFAULTS-BSC BSC-LAB 2000-03-03 01:35:52 POWER CONTROL AMR SIGNAL QUALITY THRESHOLD PARAMETERS OF BTS-044 CENTRUM1 PC UPPER THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR FR .. 0.2% - 0.4% PC UPPER THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR FR .. 0.2% - 0.4% PC LOWER THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR FR .. 0.4% - 0.8% PC LOWER THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR FR .. > 12.8% PC UPPER THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR HR .. < 0.2% PC UPPER THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR HR .. 0.4% - 0.8% PC LOWER THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR HR .. 1.6% - 3.2% PC LOWER THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR HR .. 1.6% - 3.2%
amr
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
AMR Counters (1)

Traffic Measurement Seizures for
TCH allocations on BTS level with either EFR or AMR CODEC in use. All internal handovers between FR and HR on BTS level Intra AMR HOs, in other words HOs between AMR channel rates
amr
TCH requests for AMR calls, in other words AMR CODEC is the most preferred one AMR CODEC mode set downgrades and upgrades
(Successful AMR CODEC Set Downgrades, Unsuccessful AMR CODEC Set Downgrades, Successful AMR CODEC Set Upgrades and Unsuccessful AMR CODEC Set Upgrades).
3GPP SYSTEMS
AMR Counters (2)
amr
RX Quality Statistics Measurement

AMR FR and AMR HR CODEC modes (1-4) used on up-link and on down-link with different RxQual classes (0-7).
Handover Measurement
Number of HO attempts from AMR FR to AMR HR (HO ATT FOR AMR TO HR)
Number of HO attempts from AMR HR to AMR FR (HO ATT FOR AMR TO FR)
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
Hysteresis Parameters (1)

AMR FR hysteresis 1 (FRH1)
This parameter, along with AMR FR threshold 1, is used to define the threshold for switching from CODEC mode 1 (lowest bit-rate) to CODEC mode 2 (second lowest bit-rate). 0 to 15 dB 1
amr
Unused hysteresis is set as 0. Range: MML default:


3GPP SYSTEMS

amr
AMR HR hysteresis 1 (HRH1)

This parameter, along with AMR HR threshold 1, is used to define the threshold for switching from CODEC mode 1 (lowest bit-rate) to CODEC mode 2 (second lowest bit-rate). 0 to 15 dB 2

3GPP SYSTEMS

amr


3GPP SYSTEMS
CODEC Mode Set Parameters (1)

AMR FR CODEC mode set (FRC)
Used to define the CODEC mode set for a full rate channel. If the parameter is defined as disabled, then the whole CODEC mode set is disabled.
amr
If the parameter is defined as disabled, then other AMR FR set related parameters (thresholds, hysteresis, ICMI and start mode) are set as 0. Range: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 kbit/s This parameter can be assigned the values 0 or 1-4 at the same time by using the wild card character &. MML default: 12.2 7.40 5.9 4.75
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
CODEC Mode Set Parameters (2)

AMR HR CODEC mode set (HRC)
Used to define the CODEC mode set for a full rate channel. If the parameter is defined as disabled, then the whole CODEC mode set is disabled.
amr
If the parameter is defined as disabled, then other AMR HR set related parameters (thresholds, hystereses, ICMI and start mode) are set as 0. Range: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 This parameter can be assigned the values 0 or 1-4 at the same time by using the wild card character &. MML default: 7.40 5.90 4.75 kbit/s Description:
3GPP SYSTEMS
WFI PROPRIETARY
Link Adaptation Parameters

slow AMR LA enabled (SAL)
This parameter defines the AMR link adaptation (LA) mode within the BSS Range: Y = fast LA, N N = slow LA MML default:
amr
Link adaptation (LA) mode can be fast LA or slow LA. The LA mode is handled with the parameter slowAmrLaEnabled.
The default is No, meaning that Fast LA mode is used.


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amr

Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR)

Advanced Technology Group

AMR - Ericssons Implementation AMR - Nokias Implementation

Advanced Technology Group

Training Tail Information Information Tail 8.25 Sequence 3 58 58 3 26

Training Tail Information Information Tail 8.25 Sequence 3 58 58 3 26

The Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) Codec (1)

Advanced Technology Group

The Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) Codec (2)

Advanced Technology Group

The Search for a New Codec

Advanced Technology Group

The History of AMR in ETSI

Advanced Technology Group

What is Adaptive Multi-Rate? (1)

Advanced Technology Group

What is Adaptive Multi-Rate? (2)

Advanced Technology Group

Advanced Technology Group

Speech Coding in AMR (1)

Excitation Pitch Vocal Tract Filter Synthesized Speech

Try to imitate Vocal Cords

Tries to imitate Vocal Tract

Advanced Technology Group

Speech Coding in AMR (2)

Advanced Technology Group

Speech Codec Modes

Advanced Technology Group

Channel Coding in AMR

Advanced Technology Group

Block Diagram of the AMR Codec System

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Uplink Quality Meas. Link QI Adaptation

MC MultiRate Speech Abis MI Encoder S

MC MultiRate Channel Decoder S

MultiRate Speech Decoder

MultiRate Channel Encoder

Advanced Technology Group

Codec Selection - MS and BTS operation (1)

Advanced Technology Group

Codec Selection - MS and BTS operation (2)

Additional Techniques Used in AMR

Advanced Technology Group

AMR Narrow Band - AMR-NB (1)

Advanced Technology Group

AMR Narrow Band - Speech Codecs

Speech Codec GSM FR GSM HR EFR AMR NB

Bit Rate (Kbits/s)

12.2 10.2 7.95 7.4 6.7 5.9 5.15 4.75

0.36 0.3 0.23 0.22 0.2 0.17 0.15 0.14

Advanced Technology Group

AMR - Wide Band (AMR-WB) (1)

AMR - Wide Band (AMR-WB) (2)

Advanced Technology Group

AMR Wide-Band (AMR-WB) (3)

Speech Codec AMR WB

Average Code Rate GMSK Channel FR HR

0.87 0.8 0.7 0.63 0.55 0.39 0.29

Advanced Technology Group

AMR - Ericssons Implementation

AMR - Nokias Implementation