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14

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09-5502618

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20

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rsm;&JU pmrsufEmS . . .pmrsufEmS
wdik ;f rSm umvowfrw
S f csuf
awGeJY csKyfpyfxm;wmrdkY 'D
rEav; . . a. &aq; yef;csDum;
av;rSm jrefrmhr[m *DwoH
awG . . .a0 . . .aeav . . .&UJ /
zefwD;olu q&mBuD;
a&Tjynf OD;bwif&UJ om; yef
wsmausmif;tkyBf uD; OD;0if;az
av/ tEkynm&Siaf wGukd rsKd;
qufopfawGu cspfjrwfEdk;
pGm uavmifemrnf yef;csD
q&mvufrw
S t
f &if twdik ;f
tm;&yg;& 0if;azvdyYk J ac:&
&if 'g[m rE a v;&eH Y e J Y
0if ; az&J U tar&d u jyef
vuf&musK;H . . u
. m; . . a. ygh.../
t&G,fu 10" x 12"
a&aq; tMunfa&;xm;wm
u NrdKUd;k jymom'f? MumcGuf
Mumyef;eJY MumyGifh Mumzl;
Mum&Guf MumcGuf Mumyef;eJY
tud k i f ; ? tcuf ? t&G u f ?
tvuf rEav;taiG U
toufa'opGJ tEkynmopf
ta&mifrSwfwrf;vdkYqdk&r,f/
b,favmufxd cHpm;
MurvJ . . .
azsmfajzyGJwpfyGJ&JU ed*Hk;
aemufqufrSm tEkynmeJY
cHpm;olwu
Ykd kd jzwfawmufv&Ykd
ayr,fh yef;csDrSmawmh t
a&mifawG&UJ tvif; tarSmif
zG J U pnf ; rI [ m pu K yom'
uae jrifpdwfav;xJ pGJNrJ
&pfaESmifae&pfcJhwmrdkY tdyf
rufudk a&eJYyufNyD; zsufvdkY
r&ovd k jrif r uf c sef x m;
cHpm;EkdifMuw,f/
'Dae&mrSm pdwyf nm&Sif
awGajymwJyh pkH aH v;rsKd;eJY cHpm;
wwfMuwJh wkjYH yefrI oabm
av;eJY 'D yef;csDum;av;udk
csOf;uyfMu&atmif
(1) a&vdkuf ig;vdkuf
cHpm;rI

awmifawmf[m pdr;f vsufpt

kd ad eNyD; a&npd rd ;f
arSmfuGufav;awGeJY &dyf&dyfvdIif; jrifhwuf&mrSm
&yfawmfrl wefaqmif; jymo'fawGeYJ apmif;wef;
awGrSm edrfhcsnf jrifhcsnfpkefqefaew,f/
oD . . .wm . . .oD . . .wm . . .jr . . .om; . . .
Mum . . .Mum . . .Mum . . ig; . . . yg; . .
r[m*Dw&JU wd;k a0SY wdu
k cf wfrrI mS jyefu
Y s,fc;kH
xaewJ h rsuf E S m jyif a wG e J Y Mum&G u f a wG v d k
vGwv
f yf w,f/ MumcGuaf wGvkd ayghyg;vIycf wfNyD;
Mumzl; iHkav;awG yef;Ek tDiHk MuufaoG;eDwdkY
avta0S Y r S m
&eH Y a v;awG
&Syfajy;&if;eJYaw;csif;oDw,f/
(3) oabmaygufrI vuPmorm;&JUcHpm;rI
Charactor type

yef;csDqw
kd m ta&mifukd cHpm;,if ta&mif&UJ
bmompum;ygru zGUJ pnf;yHt
k quftpyf&UJ [efeYJ
uAsmudk vuPmzwfwwfzdkYvdkw,f/
jymo'fay:0JusaewJh tcuftvuftwuf
tdk;awGu tdk;udk t&GufrzHk;qdkwJh pum;yHkudk
azmfeT ;f aewmvm;/ ,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpu
f pd /
&ifbwfudkzGifhjyNyD;
oa&mfaewmrsm;vm;/
aEGoauFw? tnmtrSwftom; tylydkif;a'o
edrw
d yf kH usKH; a&jyif&UJ tuGmta0; tTe;f avmuf
awmhru wef&mbl; ...
usKH;awmf . . . rSm . . a&T . . Mum . . yGihf . .w,f
eef;awmf NrdKUdk;BuD;eJY
&if;wm; ypif pHk . . .nD . . .
acwfoDcsif; tzGJUtEGJUrSmvnf; rEav;[m
a&eJu
Y sKH;eJMY umeJY awmifeYJ MunfE;l p&maumif;NyD;
om;/ eEmayavm wl pG[kwm/
ta&mifukd nDatmif nd ekH YJ omrefpkH akH vmuf
jc,fwmqd&k if rIe;f xm;wm bmaMumifv
h /J 'Dpum;
tydrk [kwf zefw;D ol&UJ tZw tjriftwif tjy
apwemeJY tvSaA'&oay;a0rIu tjcm;wpf
a,muf wk,lvdkYr&wJh zefwD;rIayyJvm;/
(4) aywHrsufpdeJY "r'd|orm;cHpm;rI
Objective type

Associative type

jrifjrifum rw cHpm;rI
vdkYyJ qdkMuygpdkY&JU q&m[m
tEkynmavmurSmyJ usif
vnf zefwD;cJhayr,fh wpf
udk,fawmfoD;oefY yef;csDjyyGJ
&,fawmh rawGUrdao;bl;/
owfowfcwfcwf jyyGw
J pfyJG
taeeJ Y M unf h & &if q&mh & J U
ES v H k ; om;jywd k u f a v;xJ u
armf'efrsLZD,efrSm
ckawmh NrdKUd;k eJY jymom'f
ndKndKBuD;udkawGUuwnf;u
a'opGJBuD;wJh tnmom;awG
&ifcek Nf yD/ a&Tref;awmif&yd f a&
ndKndK &pfumorf;wJh ta&mif
bG J U *D w ok y f a zmf o H p Of o pf r S m
jref r mawG &pf y wf w G , f a ES m if N yD /
vdarmfa&mifEk aumif;uifom;eJY vdarmf
eD 0g tndK owf jzm us 0J &pf opfuikd ;f
opfcufwdkYeJY obm0udk yef;csD cspfwwfolwdkY ESpf
NcdKufMunfarmNyD/
a&jrifv
h Ykd Mumwifw
h m/ MumawG jynfah ewJh uef a&jyif usKH;udk
aexGufeJY ae0if &ifvmckefMuwJh EkdifiHwum cHpm;wwfolwdkYtwGuf
ta&miftcif;tusif;av; udk appreciate vkycf pH m;Ekid rf sm aocsmyg&JU/
(2) qlvG,f eyfvG,f orm;wdkY&JUcHpm;rI
Subjective type

10, 3 , 2013, Sunday

yef;csDqdkwm tjriftmHkwHcg;0u &o avwdk;oH qdkawmhum;

tmHEk ;dk vG,o
f al wGtwGuf Munfvifat;jrwJt
h pdr;f udk Nidro
f ufat;csrf;
wJh tndKeJY tcsKd;nD zGJUpyfxm;wJh &oajrmufjc,frIef;rIrSm
jyom'fukd &ifcek Mf u&atmif ndKwJh rdiI ;f a,mif&w
dS ,f/ rnpfb;l /
av;wJ h x d yd raebJ td H k a v; td a ewJ h tnd K om;av;xJ r S m
ukef;abmifacwf &mZ0iftaiGUtoufwdkYqDaiGUjyefw,f/

cyfrsm;rsm;u yef;csDudk Munfh&if&Sdxm;wJh

aywHeYJ wdik ;f Ekid if w
H um yefwsmawG&UJ oif;kd Te;f
wrf;xJu 5p 6p eJY jrifodw,fqdkNyD;cHpm;/
17 &mpk ES p f u wnf ; u ok y f r S e f e J Y
obm0udk csefxm;cJhNyD; yef;csDopf azmufxGuf
vmcJhwm 'D wef;udkausmfNyD;rSyg/ 'gayr,fh 'D
ajy;vrf; ormav;avmufeyYJ J yef;csDukd wifw
h rd f
a&mifh&J aeEkdifMuwJhxJ jrefrmygw,f/ rEav;&Sd
w,f/ 'gudk 'D rEav;usKH; yef;csDum;av;u
vrf;cGJ xGufcJhNyDav/
21 &mpkopftp 'DumvrSm rEav;usKH;xJ
Mum&SdvdkYvm;/ usKH;[m usKH;eJY
rwlbJ wmwrHudk tumt&H
awGeJY o'gvefp&m acwfudk
wcpfcpf &,fNyD; avSmifaeovdk
vd k Y a jym&if "r ' d | H a ywH o rm;
awGu oabmwlcsifrS wlyg
vdrfh/
rE a v;rS m &S d w J h rE a v;
yef;csDum;
'Dvkd cHpm;rIav;rsKd;xJrmS wpfrsKd;wnf;ru
ESpfrsKd;oHk;rsKd; oD;oefYcHpm;cHpm;a&mNyD;yJ cHpm; cHpm;
'Dxufykd &ifcek o
f ed x
YJ ad tmif rdatmifb,fvykd J cHpm;
cHpm;'Dyef;csDum;av;uawmh ckrEav;rSm pkaqmif;
xm;&Sdw,f/
yGiv
hf if;vmr,f Ekid if w
H um&JU ,Ofaus;rIawG
wd;k 0ifwu
kd cf wfwu
hJ mv ESpo
f pfrmS b,fEidk if u
H kd
'D yef;csDum;av; c&D;xGuNf yD; vSnv
hf nfomG ;r,frod
rEav;&wemyHu
k ek ;f abmifacwf&UJ r[m*Dwudt
k a&mifawGeYJ BudK;nad y;
wJhausmif;tkyfBuD; q&mOD;0if;azudkawmh orkdif;rSwfwrf;t& aus;Zl;
wifMu&rSmyg/
,Ofaus;rI orkdif;tarGESpf pmrsufESmrSmrEav;usKH;&Sdayr,fh 'D
rEav;usKH;yef;csDum;av;rSm tEkynmtopf&Sdw,f/ acwfNydKifcHpm;
rItwGuf 21 &mpkESifhtwl EkdifiHwumudk &ifaygifwef;EdkifaMumif;u
armifav;xGef;
aocsmvS/

27

V o l : ( 2 ) , N o . ( 46)
uRefawmfonf touf wpfq,fh
&SpfESpfjynfhonfESifh wyfrawmfxJ 0ifcJh
onf / q,f a usmf o uf b 0rS m Nrd K Ur
txufwef;(trsKd;om;)ausmif; ynm
oifMum;aeqJ tif;pdeNf rdKUrSm wdu
k yf aJG wG
jzpfonf/
tif;pdeNf rdKUonf uRefawmf aexdik &f m
&efukefta&SUydkif;ESifh rnfrQa0;rSef;rod/
okaYd omf a&Tw*d b
kH &k m;teD;&Sd NrKd Urausmif;okYd
aeYpOfausmif;wuf&ef pdwfrcs&[kqdkum
NrdKUrausmif;rS xGu&f onf/ a&ausmf&yf&dS
q&mBuD;OD;armifarmif tvGwfynmoif
ausmif;okdY ajymif;&onf/
tif;pdew
f u
kd yf jJG zpfp (1949) ckEpS rf mS
yif &efuek Nf rdKUwGi;f rS t&yfot
l &yfom;rsm;
pk wdkufyGJ0if wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;
oG m ;a&muf t m;ay;MuaMumif ; Nrd K Ur
ausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; oGm;a&muf apwemh
0efxrf;wdkufyGJ0ifMuaMumif; Mum;od&
onf/
&efuek Nf rdKUBuD;udk olyek w
f Ykd odr;f ydu
k f
awmh ra,mifa,mif owif;rsKd;pkH jzpfay:
vsuf&Sdonf/ t&G,fra&mufao;aom
uRefawmfwkdY oli,fcsif;wpfokduf oGm;
a&mufwu
kd cf u
kd
f pdwrf sm; wzGm;zGm;ay:
aygufvsuf&Sdonf/
xdkpdwf"mwft&SdefESifh toufjynfh
vQif jynfch sif; wyfrawmfxJ 0ifco
hJ nf/
(1954) ckEpS rf pS us&mwm0efrsKd;pkH xrf;
aqmifcJh&onf/
touf j ynf h H k r u touf v G e f r S
(2006) ckESpfwGif tem;,ljzpfcJhonf/
touf ck E S p f q ,f a usmf a omf v nf ;
usef;rmao;onf/ oifhawmf&mwm0ef
xrf;aqmifEdkifao;onf/ okdYaomfvnf;
vlBuD;rsm;u oem;Mu[efwyl gonf/ vkyf
oufqktjynfhay; tNidrf;pm;vpmjynfh
ESifh tem;,lcGifhjyKcJhygonf/
touft&G,fBuD;&ifhvm ay &Spf
axmifausmf awmifay:okYd rwufEikd af wmh
yg/ wdkif;jynfNidrf;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf
aoewfydkufvsuf wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifpGrf; r&Sd
awmhyg/
okdYaomf pGrf;orQ wm0efxrf;csif
ao;onf/ ud,
k cf spfaom wyfrawmfukd
ysKd;axmifco
hJ rl sm; ordik ;f wjznf;jznf; arS;
rSed v
f mjcif;aMumifh vGwv
f yfa&;udk vG,f
vG,Ef iS hf &,lcjhJ cif;r[kwaf om wyfrawmf
ordik ;f udk vdu
k
f vdu
k
f ar;onf/ rSw
f
rSwfa&;onf/
onf v d k E S i f h vG w f v yf a &;twG u f
BudK;yrf;csderf mS yg0ifcahJ om q&morm;BuD;
rsm;udk ar;uma&;cJrh ad om yH&k yd af qmif;yg;
rsm;udk pkumpkum ]]vGwv
f yfa&;yk&H yd rf sm;}}
[laom pmtkyfudk xkwfa0jzpfcJhonf/
(2010) ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvrSp vQyfwpf
jyuf*sme,fwiG f a&;om;cJo
h rQ aqmif;yg;
pkukd (2011) ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvusrS pmtkyf
tjzpf xkwfa0cJh&onf/
xkyd &Hk yd rf sm;xJrS trSwpf Of (5) tjzpf
AdkvfrSL;BuD;0if;taMumif;a&;jzpfcJhonf/
Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;0if;onf vGwv
f yfa&;BudK;yrf;
rIacwfOD;rS yg0ifcJholBuD; jzpfygonf/
(1920) ckEpS u
f arG;zGm;cJah om oxko
H m;
armif b ZH o nf (1936) ck E S p f r S p
Ed k i f i H a &; yd k ; 0if c J h u m (1938) ck E S p f
ausmif;om; oydwrf mS ud,
k w
f idk yf g0ifco
hJ l
jzpfonf/
xdkyk*dKvfBuD;udk oGm;a&mufawGUqkH
vsuf (ZGwt
f wif;) awmif;yefum ar;cJh
a&;cJ h r d o nf / pd e f a ygvf a usmif ; om;
armifbZHwpfa,muf NrdKUrausmif;om;

28

ausmif;rS oli,fcsif;rsm;ESit
hf wl ausmif;
om;oydwrf mS ygcJo
h nf/ q,fwef;atmif
NyD; wuov
kd af &mufaomtcg tif*sifeD
,mausmif;om;jzpfvmaomfvnf; trsKd;
om;EdkifiHa&;av[kefrSm ajcpkHygvmonf/
Edik if aH &;oifwef;wufonf/ tif*sife,
D m
rjzpfbJ Edik if aH &;orm;av; jzpfvmonf/
vQKdU0Suo
f ifwef;udk &efuek Nf rdKU? A[ef;&yf
uGurf mS wufonf/ OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidr;f ?
ocifcspf? OD;vSarmif (AdkvfrSL;BuD;tb
vSarmif) wkEYd iS ahf wGUcJo
h nf/ vli,fav;
jzpf awmfvSefa&;twGuf vQKdU0SufnTef
Mum;csufawGykdYaom wm0efrSpcJh&onf/
rEav;-q&mcifarmifav;(0efBuD;)jrif;NcH?
oHrPdarmifarmif (AuyA[dkaumfrDwD
0if) rdwv
D m? ysOf;rem; ocifyg? ajrmif;jr
ocifp;kd jrifh polwx
Ydk H wpfjynfv;Hk oGm;
a&muf q uf o G , f nT e f M um;csuf a wG
udk,fwkdifay;&onf/
&Jabmfo;Hk usdyw
f Ydk bDtikd af twyfBuD;
csDwufrvmcif BudKwifvyI &f mS ;cJ&h ol jzpf
onf/ jynfwiG ;f okyek t
f zGUJ ESihf zGUJ pnf;jyif
qifxm;&ef BudKwif0ifa&mufvmaom
ocifaI rmif(&Jabmfo;Hk usdy)f ESihf yJc;l NrdKU
pnfwD;&GmwGif awGU&onf/ avhusifhrI
,l & onf / ud k b ZH E S i f h ud k a rmif a rmif
(Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf)wkEYd pS af ,mufukd jrpf0uRef;ay:
okdY vTwfonf/ jynfwGif;olykefvlpk
bDtdkifat ppfaMumif;awG BudK&onf/
c&D;wpfavQmufa&SUrS ajy;&onf/ pkpnf;&
onf/ jyifqif&onf/ yl;aygif;vdkufyg&
onf/ bDtikd af twyfBuD; ay:ay:xifxif
a&mufvmaomtcg udb
k ZHonf Adv
k 0f if;
tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH a&muf&Sd
teD;uyf wm0ef,&l onf/ awmfveS af &;
BuD; NyD;onftxd Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf
twl wm0ef,lcJh&onf/
oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; armifbZH?
EdkifiHa&;orm;av; udkbZH? bDtdkifat
Adv
k 0f if;? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESit
hf wl *syef
awmfvSefcJhaom AdkvfrSL;0if; qdkolonf
'kw,
d urmppfNyD;p uEDpmcsKyft& wyfr
awmfukd jyefvnfzUJG pnf;aomtcg (1511-1945)wGif bDpD (3501)? Adv
k v
f ufsm?
(15-12-1945) wGif bDpD (3502) Akv
d f
ae0if;? bDpD (3503) AdkvfaZ,s? bDpD
(3504) AdkvfausmfaZmwkdY (36)OD;udk cefY
tNyD; (1-1-1946) aeYwiG f bDpD (3540)
Adkvfarmif0if; t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf/ [dk
wpfcsdeu
f tjrifq
h ;Hk xJrmS ygaom Adv
k rf LS ;
BuD; (Colonel) tqifhjzifh wyfrawmf
wm0ef? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme 'kwd,
0efBuD;? jynfolUvkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJU
0if ponfh Edik if aH &;wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif
cJo
h Bl uD;onf (20-1-2013)&uf touf
(93)ES p f w G i f uG , f v G e f c J h y gawmh o nf /
om;orD;rsm; pkaH tmif apmif&h onfrYkd (5)

&ufjynfhrS tokbpDpOf&onf/
AkdvfrSL;BuD;0if;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzuf
oufw&l ,
G w
f al wG r&So
d avmuf jzpfae
NyD/ okaYd omf vli,fvufwaJG zmfrsm; &Sad o;
onf/ wynfhawG aygonf/ om;orD;
awGuvnf; todik ;f t0dik ;f aumif;Muonf
rdYk a&a0;rSm tpnfum;qk;H jzpfc&hJ onf/
xkyd *k Kd vfBuD;taMumif; uRefawmfa&;
om;wifjycJh&mwGif awmfvSefa&;tqifh
qifrh mS vQKdU0Suaf jratmufvyk if ef;? ouf
pGefYBudK;yrf;wdkufyGJrsm;awGMum;rS omref
pmzwfow
l Ydk owdjyKEdik pf &m r[kwaf om
jrKyfuu
G af v;wpfck rodrjrif yg0ifcahJ o;
onf/
(1946) ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DwiG f t&m&Sd
jzpfcahJ om Adv
k Bf uD;armif0if; vGwv
f yfa&;
&aomaeY r S m b,f a e&m b,f X meu
wm0ef x rf ; aeygovJ [ k uRef a wmf u
ar; rdonf/ olUtajzu pdw0f ifpm;p&m/
]]vGwfvyfa&;&wJhaeYrSm vm;Id;udk
a&mufw,f/ e,fjcm;apmifhwyf (Commander Froutier Foree) 'k w yf r S L ;
(A.D.I.G) tjzpf jynfxa
J &;0efBuD;Xmeudk
a&mufoGm;w,f}} [k qdkonf/
t*Fvyd t
f yk pf ;kd pOfu zvrf;? jrpfBuD;
em;? Aef;armf? vm;Id;? awmifBuD;wkdYrSm
e,fjcm;apmifw
h yfawG &So
d nf/ xkw
d yfawG
udk tkyfcsKyfzkdY jynfxJa&;vufatmuf
ajymif;&onf/ (D.I.G) tjzpf Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf
pde0f if; (bDp 3525) (aemif-0efBuD;csKyf)
udk wm0efay;onf/
vG w f v yf a &;tBud K umvup
awmfveS af &;wm0ef,cl NhJ yD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;? Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;wkEYd iS hf teD;uyfwm0ef
ay;jcif;cH&olu bmaMumifh jynfxJa&;
bufa&muf&ovJ[k qufar;rdonf/
q&morm;BuD;txif[k ajymykHu]]pdwf0ifpm;zkdYvnf; aumif;w,f/
t&m&Sjd zpfNyD; vGwv
f yfa&;r&ciftajrmuf
wyfrmS wm0efusw,f/ tJ'rD mS uGejf rLepf
awGyJ pnf;Hk;w,f/ AdkvfrsKd;jrifhwkdY Adkvf
rif;atmifwaYdk ygh/ ud,
k w
f u
Ydk vnf; uGejf rL
epf rjzpfa&;jyefNyD; pnf;H;k &w,f/ aemuf
awmh Adv
k v
f ufsmuwyfuv
kd mNy;D wyfxrJ mS
EkdifiHa&;raqG;aEG;MuzkdY ajymw,f/
tJ'*D ,ufyjJ zpfrmS aygh/ jynfxaJ &;udk
tydcYk v
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kd &f w,f/ b0udk cHEikd &f nf&adS om
vl a [mif ; BuD ; ajymorQ rS w f o m;NyD ;
vQyfwpfjyuf *sme,frmS a&;jzpfcyhJ gonf/
Ad k v f v uf s m\orD ; a'guf w mcif
vufsmud,
k w
f ikd f a&;om; (2012) ckEpS ?f
atmuf w k d b mvwG i f xk w f a 0aom
]]azaz Adv
k v
f ufsm}} pmtkyu
f kd zwfvu
kd f
&ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh apmMum'dk;ESifh
ocif x d e f 0 if ; wk d Y ajymMum;csuf r sm;ud k

pdw0f ifpm;zkv
hd nf; aumif;w,f/ t&m&Sjd zpfNy;D
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uGefjrLepf awGyJ pnf;Hk;w,f/ AdkvfrsKd;jrifUwkdhAdkvf rif;atmifwkdhaygU/
udk,fwkdYuvnf; uGefjrLepf rjzpfa&;jyefNyD; pnf;Hk;&w,f/
aemufawmU Adv
k v
f ufsmuwyfuv
kd mNy;D wyfxrJ mS
Ekid if aH &;raqG;aEG;Muzkhd ajymw,f/
tJ'*D ,ufyjJ zpfrmS ayg/U
jynfxJa&;udk tydkYcHvdkuf&w,f . . .
tm;jyKxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/ Adv
k v
f ufsm
onf vufsmz&D;rif;pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;
xdk;olyDyD ppfom;tjzpf toufarG;ol
om wyfxJwGif wm0ef,l EdkifiHa&;
pdw0f ifpm; olwYdk Edik if aH &;xGuv
f yk Mf u&ef
vdkvm;ol jzpfaMumif; a&;xm;onfudk
zwf&jyef onf/
Adkvfvufsmonf rsKd;cspf&Jabmfrsm;
tm; a&G;cs,f&ef vrf;ESpv
f rf;ay;cJo
h nf/
ppfwyfwiG f qufvufaevdyk gu ppfpnf;
urf;Oya'rsm;udk vku
d ef m&rnf/ Edik if aH &;
vkyfvdkygu ppfwyfrSxGuf BudKufESpf
ouf&m EdkifiHa&;ygwDokdY 0ifEdkifonf/
olwkdY zGJUpnf;&rnfh ]]Armhwyfrawmf}}
onf wyfrawmfjzpf&rnf/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh
a&m ,S u f rae&[l jzpf o nf /
(apmMum'd;k ajymjycsuft&) [k pmrsufEmS
(269^26) wGif zwf&onf/
pmaMumif;rsm;u (2010) ckESpf?
azazmf0g&Dv? (5) &ufu azmfjyaom
uRefawmfh aqmif;yg;udk axmufujl yKxm;
aMumif; awGU&ygawmhonf/
vGwv
f yfa&;&NyD; rMumrDrmS uGejf rL
epfwYdk awmcdMk uonf/ vGwv
f yfa&;r&rD
Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;rsm; (3?4?5) [k
zGJUaomtcg AdkvfrSL;ausmfaZm? AdkvfrSL;
ae0if;? Adv
k rf LS ;aZ,swkYd ok;H OD;wyf&if;rSL;
jzpfcyhJ gonf/ Akv
d rf LS ;ausmfaZmESihf Adv
k rf LS ;
aZ,swkrYd mS xdyo
f ;D Auyrsm;tjzpf ordik ;f
rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/

wyfwiG ;f rSm uGejf rLepfrsm; pnf;H;k rI

jyif;xefwnfvmcsdef uGefjrLepfrjzpfa&;
vIyf&Sm;cJhaom AdkvfrSL;0if;ae&maumif;
r&cJh&Smyg/ xkdtcsdefrSm Adkvfvufsmonf
yg0gtmPm&SdqJjzpfyg\/ uGefjrLepfqefY
usif vm;I;d okYd tydcYk &H aom Adv
k rf LS ;0if;
wpfa,muf autif'DtkdwkdY tzrf;cHcJh&
ao;onf/ uHaumif;axmufrpGm xGuf
ajy;vGwaf jrmuf towfc&H jcif;rS vGwf
uif;cJh&onf/
rQ wyfrawmf a&S;OD;ordkif;wGif
yg0ifcJhaom AdkvfrSL;BuD;0if;taMumif;
aESmif;vlwYdk odyrf odMu/ aemifvmaemif
om; orD;rsm;yifvQif uRefawmf ar;cJh?
a&;cJhoavmuf rodcJhMu[k qdkygonf/
okYd ordik ;f &Sad om Mu,fyiG Bhf uD;rsm;
wpfyGifhNyD;wpfyGifh a<uvGifhaeygonf/
pMu0VmrSm Mu,fawGrsm;pGm &So
d nf/
vlawGjrifMuonf/ okaYd omf Mu,fwpfyiG hf
csif;taMumif;udk rodMu/
uRefawmfonf wyfrawmfordik ;f qdik f
&m Mu,fwpfyGifhtaMumif; tusOf;rQ
a&;rd &ygonf/ usefaom Mu,fyiG rhf sm;
ordik ;f &Sd orQ odorQ a&;Muyg/ rSww
f rf;
wif M uyg[k o m 0goemwl o l r sm;ud k
wdkufwGef;ae& ygonf/
xkaYd Mumifv
h nf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;
a&;rS wyfrawmfordik ;f trSef usef&rdS nf[k
,kHMunfygaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
armifaqGouf

10, 3 , 2013, Sunday

V o l : ( 2 ) , N o . ( 46)

odkY&mwGif pkukd jrefrmjynfolvlxku EdkifiHa&;pifjrifhxufwGif

pwifjrif&onft
h csdeu
f armifaomfuESi,
hf OS w
f
JG jrifcMhJ u&onf/ armif
aomfuonf jrefrmrGwfqvifwpfOD;jzpfNyD; t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;
armif;ESifh oGufvufxufjrufonfh kyfoGifjyifrsdK;Sdonf/ a&wyfwGif
t&mxrf;jzpfczhJ ;l onf/ Adv
k rf LS ;b0wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; yifv,fxw
J iG f
oabFmysuf urf;rjrifvrf;rjrif tpmiwf? a&iwfjzifh(12)&ufwdkif
wdkifaecJh&NyD;aemuf *syefoabFmwpfpD;u u,fwifojzifh aouHr
a&muf toufraysmufjzpfcJh&olvnf;jzpfonf/ ,if;tawGUtBuHKt
aMumif;ukd ]wdu
k af &,mOf (103)}trnfjzifo
h u
l pmtkyw
f pftyk f a&;om;
xkwaf 0cJ&h m ta&mif;taumif;qH;k pmtkyw
f pftyk jf zpfco
hJ nf/ wyfuxGuf
vmNyD;aemuf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif pmay? uAsmrsm;a&;om;&if; arGUavsmf
onf/ jrefrmEdik if pH ma&;q&mtpktzGUJ wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifyg0ifNyD; Edik if t
hH 0ef;
pmaya[majymyGrJ sm; vku
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k [
l o
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rSwjf cif;cH&NyD;ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u olUa[majymyGrJ sm;wGiaf SUqH;k rSowif;
wnfaqmufavhSdonf/
armifaomfuonf pkudk pmtkyt
f awmfrsm;rsm;? pma&;q&mtawmf
rsm;rsm;ESihf rdwq
f ufay;cJo
h nf/ ]tJ'pD ma&;q&muyJ pkudk ta&;tcif;
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wmrsd K ;aygh } [k bmwD ; vif h w emua&;om;cJ h o nf / wH w m;jzLrS
wHwm;eD[kajymif;vJac:&onfhudp? ql;avw0dkufESifh ausmif;om;rsm;
aoG;pGef;cJh&onfhae&mtcsdKUwdkYukd armifaomfu,u pkukdvkdufjycJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ ,if;rSm Edik if aH &;ZmwfedS jf rifw
h ufvmjcif; 0daoovuPm
rsm;[kqdkMuonf/
bDbDpDowif;axmuf c&pwdkZm*g;eufonfvnf; &efukefNrdKUodkY
a&mufv
dS mNyD; OD;ae0if;acwfaESmif; Edik if aH &;jrifuiG ;f ukd rD',
D mIaxmifrh S
yHak zmfEikd &f ef tm;xkwcf o
hJ nf/ ]&efuek af &mufcw
hJ hJ uRefawmf&h UJ t"du
&nf,
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f dk yHak zmfzyYkd gyJ/ vlxu
k wdik ;f jynfp;D yGm;
a&; usqif;aewmukd trSew
f u,fudk trsufxu
G af ewmawGU&w,f/
'gawGudk uRefawmf rsufjrifu,
dk af wGU odc&hJ ygw,f}[k olu a&;om;cJh

10, 3 , 2013, Sunday

onf/
*g;eufonf xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;rsm;ESit
hf pd;k & xdyw
f u
kd af wGUcJh
yHjk rifuiG ;f tzHzk u
kH dk uGi;f qif;owif;,lEikd cf NhJ yD; xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfu
dS &if
olykefrsm;ESifhvnf; csdwfqufowif;,lEdkifcJhonf/ xdkYjyif olonf
(8-8-88) [laom&ufpGJukdtpGJjyK jrefrmhacwfordkif;ukd qpfykdif;rnfh
taMumif; t&mrsm;ukdvnf; xkwfvTifhay;EdkifcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
bDbpD jD refrmykid ;f a&'D,x
kd w
k v
f iT chf sufudk em;qifoal ygif;oef;ESihf csDSd
onf/ ppftpd;k & tarSmifcsxm;aom? zH;k uG,x
f m;aom owif;tawmf
rsm;rsm;ukd bDbpD u
D xkwv
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hJ nf/ wcsdKUowif;rsm; rSeo
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d nf/ Mum;owif;ukd [kwEf ;kd Ed;k ESihf vTizhf ;l onfvnf;Scd o
hJ nf/ [kwf
aomfSd? r[kwfaomfSd *g;eufuawmh (8-8-88) [laom &ufpGJukd
tpGjJ yKvsuf wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf \ta&;tcif;wpfcu
k dk ab;wD;ay;Edik cf hJ
avonf/
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f pdk pftyk cf sKyfa&; xkwjf yef
onf/ aemufwpf&ufwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; aTw*d b
kH &k m;? y&d0P
k w
f iG pf rk d
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vSefpOfwkef;uvnf; aTwd*Hkbk&m;0ef;usifwGif odkYESifESifvlpkzl;onf
trSwf&rdMuonf/ tpmiwfcHqEjyolrsm;vnf; ay:vdkufao;onf/
odkYaomftjcm;NrdKUGmrsm;odkY oydwfpcef;rsm;odyfrvSrf;EdkifMuao;/ AA
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/

29

V o l : ( 2 ) , N o . ( 46)

Photo; NLD Congress

trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyfEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mnDvmcHrS A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUOu|a':atmifqef;pkMunftm;a&G;cs,f
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Ou |
A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
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A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
3/ OD;[Homjrifh
A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
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A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
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A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
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A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
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A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
8/ OD;0if;xdef
A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if

30

9/ a'gufwmOD;aZmfjrifharmif
A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if
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zd k ; pd k i f ;

10, 3 , 2013, Sunday

V o l : ( 2 ) , N o . ( 46 )
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rsm;udak &;qGaJ p
ygonf/

BULLOCK CART
This
is
a
reporduction of one out
of six different picture
postcards issued, in limited number in 1943 during the Japanese Occupation of Myanmar.

q&mOD;bmPfu xkad eYwiG f tpnf;ta0;

rwufa&mufEkdif yef;csDum;a&; qGJ&ef
tpDtpOfudk acwqdkif;iHhxm;ygonf/
*syef a cwf w G i f (r[mArmjyyG J ) ud k
(1945)ck azazmf0g&DvaemufqHk;ywfwGif
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f Ykd ppfyef;csDXmerS
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The Chronicle of the Saw Mra Aung

the Mons & The
Collectionof Histories
of their pagodas

26

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10, 3 , 2013, Sunday

15

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