The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF RADAR NETWORK FOR MONITORING OF HAZARDOUD WEATHER

2008. 11. 21

HOON LEE
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology & millisys, Inc.

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CONTENTS 1. Backgrounds 2. Pulse Compression 3. Radar Network 4. 4 System Architecture 5. Summary

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

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BACKGROUNDS (1)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Long range, high power, pulse radars

- Max. Detection Range: 200 ~ 300 km - Transmitting Device: Magnetron, Klystron - Transmitting Power: > Hundreds of kW - Range Resolution: 150 ~ 600 m - Frequency: S-band, C-band

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BACKGROUNDS (2)
Earth Curvature - Blind region, resolution degradation

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

R (Km) ( )

High Power Device

- High price of components f - Safety (High Voltage) - Interference

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BACKGROUNDS (3)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Torrential rain, snow More precise observation of important, important high population density, drainage areas density with compact radar system

Effective sensing system? Low altitude observation higher resolution with advanced technologies ? observation,
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BACKGROUNDS (4)
Future system : Integrated observing systems

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Spaced-based radars Primary radar network

Short range, supplementary radars

Mobile radars Other government & private sector radars Other observation systems ~ Radar profiler

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PULSE COMPRESSION (1)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

The pulse compression ? ~ the process of transforming a signal with wide time duration into a pulse with much narrower duration to get high range resolution.

Modulation - FM (frequency modulation) : linear (chirp radar) or non-linear - PM (phase modulation)

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PULSE COMPRESSION (2)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Advantages and disadvantages of the pulse compression vs. vs general pulse radar

Advantages g lower pulse-power suitable for solid state amplifier higher maximum range good range resolution better jamming immunity difficult reconnaissance

Disadvantages g complex signal processing bad minimum range range (time) sidelobes

It is different from FMCW in MRR FMCW radar ~ dependent on linearity of frequency

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PULSE COMPRESSION (3)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Vaisala, (2007) Device: 8 kW TWT

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PULSE COMPRESSION (4)

TRMM GPM (2013)
Item

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

KuPR

KaPR

Swath Width Range Resolution Spatial Resolution Beam Width

245 kilometers (km)

120 kilometers (km)

250 meters (m)

250/500 meters (m)

5 km (Nadir)

5 km (Nadir)

0.71 degrees 128 Solid State Amplifiers 1000 Watts (W)

0.71 degrees 128 Solid State Amplifiers 140 Watts (W)

Transmitter Peak Transmit Power Pulse Repetition Freq.

4100 to 4400 Hertz

4100 to 4400 Hertz two 1.667 microseconds pulses in matched beams two 3.234 microseconds pulses in i d l i interlaced scans 49 (25 in matched beams and 24 in interlaced scans)

Pulse Width

two 1.667 microseconds pulses

Beam Number

49

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PULSE COMPRESSION (5)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Japan (2007) Low-Power High-Resolution Broad Band Radar.. Tomoaki Mega, etc.

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PULSE COMPRESSION (6)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Range time sidelobe ~ Pulse shaping (Time), Windowing (Freq.) Minimum Detection Range (Mono-static case)
Hybrid Waveform Design for Blind Zone Detection of the Pulse Compression Radar (millisys, Inc., Patent pending)

M Magnitude

0.8 0.6 0.4 0 4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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PULSE COMPRESSION (7)

Path of long range detection
Analog receiver end ADC Down converting Lowpass filter
Decimation

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

0 -10
Matched filtering

-20 -30

Reference for long pulse

-40
Data combining Post data processing

-50 -60 -70 70

Part of front samples

Reference for short pulse

Down converting

Lowpass filter

Decimation

Matched filtering

-80 -90 -100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Path of short range detection

Generation of Chirp signal

DDS

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RADAR NETWORK (1)

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Dual-Doppler estimation of horizontal Dualwind vector Pinpoint tracking of target features Pinpoint Bistatic, Multistatic scattering measurements +

scanning radars
AVA Project (USA) Map all clouds/precipitation within 5-8 km (inner) domain from ARM site

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RADAR NETWORK (2)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

CASA : the Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere

[NetRAD] 3-cm radar network Adaptive sensing

Multi-Doppler Analysis for improved detection resolution and wind retrieval retrieval.

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RADAR NETWORK (3)

[Off The Grid]

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

(240 k ) km) (30 km)

Solar Cell, Wireless networking 4 nodes will be deployed

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RADAR NETWORK (4)

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Long range Long-range radars 1) 2) Beam overshoot (earth curvature) Degradation of crossbeam resolution with increasing range

Enhancements, + Mitigation of data corruption, filling data voids + Multiple view angles in overlapped regions + Adaptive Sensing

It is important to investigate cost-effective ways to achieve a sufficiently dense radar network

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RADAR NETWORK (5)

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S-band radar network

Sub-network of small radars operating at higher frequencies such as X-band.

To T cover lower altitude b l th radar horizon, l ltit d below the d h i mountainous regions, low-level boundaries

Polarimetric X-band systems: measure hydrologically and climatologically important light to moderate rainfall more accurately. (Martner et al., 2001) Using differential absorption technique, LOS attenuation measurements may provide additional information on precipitation rates or water vapor content. Appropriate networking high bandwidth, real time data processing, transmission Consideration in minimal interference

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (1)

10 m resolution LFM Bandwidth: 15 MHz

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Band I CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5

Band II CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9

Band III CH10 CH11 CH12

9310

9325

9340

9355

9370

9385

9415

9430

9445

9460

9475

9400

9490

Freq. (MHz) 95 500

9300

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (2)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (3)

System Structure (millisys, Inc (millisys Inc., Patent pending)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (4)

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Rx. (LNA)

RF BPF

IF BPF

Digital Receiver
9.3 ~ 9.5 GHz In digital part, at down-converting step, wanted channel will be selected by changing frequency frequency. That means we can also use bi-static data only by changing IF freq.

LO1
Band I Band II Band III

LO2
Frequency Synthesizer CH1/5/9 CH2/6/10 CH3/7/11 CH4/8/12

Tx. (P.A.)

RF BPF

IF BPF

DDS (Chirp)
9.3 9.5 9 3 ~ 9 5 GHz Filter Bank By selecting channel

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (5)

4 separated channels (Measured from IF)
|D Raw(f)| DDS 1.2 x 10
-4

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Spectrum of DDS Raw Data 1.4

x 10

-4

Spectrum of DDS Raw Data

1.2

1 0.8 |D Raw(f)| DDS 20 40 60 80 Frequency (MHz) 100 120 0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4 0.4 0.2

0.2

20

40

60 80 Frequency (MHz)

100

120

1.8 1.6
1.4 1.2 |DD Raw(f)| DS 1 0.8 08 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

x 10

-4

Spectrum of DDS Raw Data

x 10

-4

Spectrum of DDS Raw Data

|DD Raw(f)| DS

20

40

60 80 Frequency (MHz)

100

120

20

40

60 80 Frequency (MHz)

100

120

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (6)

Received signal & pulse compression (simulation with RF hardware implementation)
0

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

-10 0

-20

-30

-40 |y1(t)|, dB

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

0.05

0.1

0.15 time(msec) ti ( )

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

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SUMMARY

The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

To improve sensing capability of weather especially for bad conditions such as flash flood, torrential rain and heavy snow, it is adequate to add up short f f i i i i (middle) range, compact radar network to current large, long range radars.

For this type of radar system, instead of current high power devices, solid state with pulse compression t h i ith l i technique will b a b tt choice b considering ill be better h i by id i g system safety, compactness, and enhanced resolution.

Radar system and network architecture were suggested with an example in Xband t b d type and simulated with really implemented circuits of RF part. d i l t d ith ll i l t d i it f t

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The 9th Weather Radar Workshop

Thank Y Th k You !!!

hlee@gist.ac.kr hlee@gist ac kr

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