Deiva Oswin Stanley, 2011, Fishery Resources of Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest, Myanmar

Fishery Resources of The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
FAO-UN, Myanmar Publicaton 2011/04

Fishery Resources of The Wunbaik
Reserved Mangrove Forest
Khin Maung Soe
Consultant to FAO, Head of the Research & Development Division, Department of Fisheries
&
Deiva Oswin Stanley
TCDC Consultant to FAO, Mangrove Management Specialist
Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry
Union of Myanmar
Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Natons
Yangon, Myanmar
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The designatons employed and the presentaton of the material in this publicaton do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organizaton of
the United Natons concerning the delimitaton of its fronters or boundaries.

The opinions expressed in this publicaton are those of the authors alone and do not imply any
opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO.
First Editon: 2011
FAO-UN Myanmar
Photos: U Khin Maung Soe
Cover Design & Photos : Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley
For Copies of the Book, write to:
FAO Representaton Ofce
Seed Division Compound, Insein Road, Yangon, Myanmar
Email: FAO-MMR@fao.org
Phone: 95-1-641772, 641673
Fax: 95-1- 641561
In commemoration of the
International Year of Forests 2011
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Acknowledgements

1. Introducton

2. Geographical Locaton of the Random Sites Sampled in the Wunbaik
3. Morphology of fn fshes

3.2 Structure of fn fsh tails
3.3 Mouth positon and protrusibility in fn fshes
4. Catalog of the Fishery Resources of the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove
Forest

5. Fishery Resources of the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
6. Recommendatons for the Fishery Management in the Wunbaik
7. Gear and Crafs used in the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
8. Index of the Fishery Resources of Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
9. References
10. Descripton of fsheries in Myanmar language
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Foreword
The Bilingual Handbook on the Fishery Resources of the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
is an outcome of the project Sustainable Community-based Mangrove Management in Wunbaik
Forest Reserve TCP/MYA/3204. This is a Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Naton,
Myanmars preliminary atempt in cooperaton with the Forest Department towards cataloguing
the fshery resources in the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest, Rakhine State, Myanmar. The
annotated and illustrated inventory is a valuable outcome for the project and base for conservaton,
management and ratonal utlizaton of the aquatc resources of the reserved forest.
Fishery resources are the important link of the food chain and it is essental to conserve every
linkage in the food chains and webs for a sustainable energy fow. This handbook is a source of basic
informaton about fsh species, relevant to aspects of identfcaton, scientfc and standardized
vernacular names, biology; habitat status of each identfed species in the reserved forest, local
economic values and utlizaton paterns. Our appreciatons are due to Mr. Khin Maung Soe and
Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley, Integrated Mangrove Management Specialist from India the authors for
their scrupulous work and Mr. Jeremy Broadhead the backstopping Ofcer of the project for his
efcient guidance.
The handbook reports about the 72 species of fshes and shell identfed from the reserved forest
area and is the frst ever documentaton of fshery resources from the Reserved Forest. As Wunbaik
is the base for Rakhine fshery and of the ocean indirectly, steps should be initated to protect the
water holding capacity of the Wunbaik Reserved Boundary to support as the nursery ground. The
study on the Wunbaik fshery has confrmed that the mud crabs, brooders of shell and fn fshes
are in major threat and the size of the fshes have reduced considerably, which is an ALERT for
acton. The present version of this document produced should be viewed as a working document
capable of improvement and expansion with additonal informaton.
Dr. Shin Imai, Former FAO Representatve
Food and Agriculture organizaton of the United Natons,
Yangon, Myanmar
U Aye Myint Maung, Director General
Forest Department,
Nay Pyi Taw
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Commander of Western Command Brigadier General Soe Thein for
the permission to study the facts of the mangroves in Wunbaik Resrved Forest, Rakhine State.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to U Thein Aung, Minister, Ministry of Forestry, U. Maung
Maung Thein, Minister, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, U Thaung Aye, Chairman of the Rakhine
State Peace and Development Council, Dr. Shin Imai, Former Representatve, FAO in Myanmar, Mr.
Giuseppe Romalli, a.i., FAOR, for the encouragement and eforts to implement wide spectrum
approaches through this TCP project. Our special thanks are due to Mr. Jeremy S. Broadhead,
the Backstopping ofcer of the project for his efcient guidance throughout the project duraton.
Thanks are due to Mr. Leon Gouws and Dr. Bir Mandal for the constant encouragement.
Our grattude are due to U Aye Myint Maung, Director General, Forest Department, U Sann
Lwin, Director General, Planning and Statstcs Department, Ministry of Forestry, Dr. Myint Than,
Director General, Directorate of Livestock & Fisheries, U Khin Ko Lay, Director General, Department
of Fisheries, Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Deputy Director General of Forest Department and U Kyaw Myo Win,
Deputy Director General, Department of Fisheries for their constant encouragement and support.
We would like to thank the FAO-Myanmar programme unit for all the support provided especially
to Dr. Aung Swe, Assistant FAOR Programme, Ms. Tha Nwai Law, Assistant FAOR Administraton,
Ms. Aye Aye Thet, Ms. Myat Nwe, Mr. Thu Kha, Ms. Sanda Saing, Ms. Say Wah, Ms. Aye Myint
Khine, U. Than Htke Zin and Ms. Khin Hnin Myint.
We are grateful to U Kyaw Min Rakhine State Fisheries Ofcer, U Htun Tin Kyauk Phyu District
Fisheries Ofcer, U Khin Shwe Yambye Township Fisheries Ofcer, U Aung Myat Thein, Director,
Forest Department, Rakhine State, U Win Myint, Assistant Director, Kyauk Phyu District, Forest
Department, the former Natonal Project Coordinators of the project, U Hla Maung Thein and U
Aung Khin, staf from Yambye Township and Kyaukphyu District Fisheries and Forest Department
Ofces, for their invaluable assistance during the survey at Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
and Ms. Kyitha Myint Assistant Researcher, Research and Development Division, Department of
Fisheries for her treless assistance while identfying fshes. Thanks are due to all those who have
contributed for this publicaton
iii
U Khin Maung Soe
Consultant to FAO
Dy. Director, Head of the R&D Divison
Department of Fisheries
aquadof10@gmail.com
Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley
TCDC Consultant to FAO
Mangrove Management Specialist
oswinbaby@redifmail.com
ebcbaroda@yahoo.co.in
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Fishery Resources of the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
1. Introducton
Sustainable Community based Mangrove Management in Wunbaik Forest Reserve, TCP/MYA/3204
(D) is a joint venture of the Forest Department and the Food and Agriculture of the United Natons
to develop a ratonal and applicable management model to conserve and sustainably utlize
the resources in Wunbaik Mangrove Reserved Forest. There were no studies available so far to
understand the fshery resources of the Wunbaik Mangrove Reserved Forest. It was felt imperatve
to document the standing status of fshery resources, and therefore, a rapid survey was carried out
during the months February to April 2010 using the common traditonal gear inside the reserved
forest boundary. The data would also form a base for developing the Integrated Mangrove
Management Plan for the Wunbaik Reserved Forest.
The Wunbaik Mangrove Reserved Forest is endowed with several deep and shallow creeks, large
rivers; mudfats, sandy, muddy and also rocky botoms. The fertle river mouths open to the Bay
of Bengal paving paths for seasonal migraton of both anadromous and catadromous transient
fsh populaton. Mangroves are one of the important habitats for diversifed foral and faunal
assemblages. The ecosystem provides support as breeding and feeding grounds and refuge
from predaton for the major proporton of fn and shell fshes and other biodiversity. Wunbaik
Mangrove Reserved Forest consistng of 56633 acres in Yambye Township was declared as a
reserved mangrove forest in February 1931. Presently around 40% of the forest area is degraded
due to encroachment for paddy and shrimp farming and cutng wood for commercial purposes
like charcoal, brick baking and bark peeling. The remaining 53% of the forested area is virtually in
a critcal pedestal for further encroachment for paddy and shrimp farm expansions and illicit wood
extracton in an uncontrolled fashion driven by the rich business men, money lenders and middle
men populaton living around and outside the district or state with the help of the local community.
The water holding capacity of the reserved zone which supports fshery is also reduced to 6% in
to 2009
As a consequence, the mangrove habitat for fshery is invariably lost which has and would have a
major implicaton on the fshery productvity within the mangrove waters of the reserved forest
and in the estuarine and the neretc waters outside the boundary. It is obvious that the populaton
density of the fshery in the wild is directly proportonal to the health of the mangroves and areas
of mangrove waters available for fsh populaton to breed and migrate. In additon, practces
of fshing on the wunbaiks river mouth twice in both tdes, usage of minute mesh sized gear
and sieving out small sized crabs, year round mud crab harvestng in unrestrained approaches
has combined the threatening pressure on the fshery populaton and a considerable decline in
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fsheries, inside and outside the reserved zones has been recorded. A total of 62 species of fn
fshes, 5 species of crustaceans and 5 species of mollusks were identfed and many more are
there to be studied. The signifcantly small sized fshes recorded proclaim the candid fshing stress
on the survival of the existng populaton.
This publicaton, Fishery Resources of the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest is a user friendly
bilingual handbook providing informaton on Scientfc, English and Vernacular names of the
fshes, simple morphological descriptons, the habitat biology; fsh size class available in mangrove
waters, local prices and utlizaton practces. A gamut of readers from all level of stakeholders from
the local community, researchers to the administrators and others involved in natural resource
conservaton will be benefted
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2. GeographicalLocatonoftheRandomSitesSampledintheWunbaik
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F

Pelvic (Ventral) Iin
Pectoral Iin
Opercular spine
Tail Iin
Caudal peduncle
Anal Iin
Anal Iin spine
Mouth
Orbit
Preopercle
Eye
Operculum
First dorsal Iin
Dorsal Iin spine
Second dorsal Iin Scale
3. Morphology of Fin Fishes .e:e|. _eeee~o:e:.
Mouth : . Orbit : .
Eye : . Preopercle : .
Operculum : Operculum spine :
First Dorsal fn : ..... Dorsl fn spine : ......
Second dorsal fn : ..... Caudal peduncle : .,
Tail fn : . Anal fn : ...
Anal fn spine : ..... Pelvic fn : ..
Pectoral (ventral) fn : .. Scale : ._...
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DWW(yg;pyf yH k pH ES if h taetxmrsm;;)

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1. Family: Ambassidae
Ambassis gymnocephalus ( Lacepede, 1802 ) (i g;Zi fpyf?aMumi frpm;)
2. Family: Bagridae
Mystus vitatus ( Bloch, 1797 ) (i g;Zi fdki f;)
3. Family: Batrachoidae
Batrichythyes sp. (Smith, 1934 ) (i g;zm;?i g;t kwf)
4. Family: Belonidae
Strongylura leiura ( Bleeker, 1851 ) (i g;awmi fpdrf;?i g;azmi fdk;BuD;)
5. Family: Bothidae
Pseudorhombus arius ( Hamilton Buchanan, 1822 ) (i g;zuf&Guf)
6. Family Cynoglossidae
Cynoglossus lingua (i g;pyfpm?i g;acG;&Sm)
7. Family; Carangidae:
Selaroides leptolepis ( Cuvier, 1833 ) (rsufqHus, f?i g;l;)
8. Family: Centropomidae
Lates calcarifer ( Bloch,1790 ) (uuwpf?i g;o' dkuf)
9. Family: Chaetodontdae
Chaetodon descussatus, Cuvier, 1831 (i g;vdyfjym)
10. Family: Clupeidae
Anodontostoma chacunda ( Hamilton - Buchanan, 1822 ) (i g;0rf;yl?i g;0ufpyf)
Tenualosa illisha ( Hamilton - Buchanan, 1822 ) (i g;oavmuf)
11. Family: Drepanidae
Drepane punctata ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) (qi fem;&Guf?i g;ykvJ)
12. Family: Engraulididae
Coilia dussumieri, Valenciennes, 1848 (NrD;wHoG, f)
Coilia ramcarit ( Hamilton Buchanan,1822 ) (NrD;wHoG, f)
Setpinna wheeleri, Wongratana,1983 (i g;yg;&Sm;?i g;yg;)
Thryssa mystax ( Bloch and Schneider, 1801 ) (i g;yg;&Sm;)
13. Family: Gerreidae
Gerres abbreviates, Bleeker, 1850 (i g;qDt dk;)
Gerres flamentosus, Cuvier, 1829 (i g;qDt dk;)
14. Family: Gobiidae
Acentrogobius caninus ( Valenciennes, 1837 ) (i g;o0ufzdk)
Bathygobius fuscus ( Ruppell, 1828 ) (i g;&Sydk;?i g;, uf)
Boleopthalmus boddart ( Pallas 1770 ) (i g;a' gi f;aysmuf)
Glossogobius giuris ( Hamilton - Buchanan, 1822 ) (uoydk;?i &Sydk;)
Pseudapocryptes lamceolatus ( Bloch & Schmeider,1801 ) (i g;, ufjzL)
15. Family: Haemulidae
Pomadasys commersonni ( Lacepede , 1802 ) (i g;*Hk;)
Pomadasys olivaceum ( Day, 1875 ) (i g;*Hk;)
4. Catalog of the Fishery Resources of the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove
Forest
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16. Family: Hemiramphidae
Zenarchopterus sp ( Gill, 1864 ) (i g;azmi fdk;?i g;awmi fzkef;)
17. Family: Holocentridae
Sargocentron rubrum ( Forsskal, 1775 ) (i g;aMu;rm?i g;eDaMu;Murf;)
18. Family: Labridae
Thalassoma lunare ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) (i g;oi facsm)
19. Family: Leiognathidae
Leiognathus equulus ( Forsskal,1775 ) (i g;' *Fg;?i g;0dki f;)
Leiognathus bidus ( Valenciennes , 1835 ) (i g;Zae;?i g;' *Fg;?i g;0dki f;)
Leiognathus fasciatus ( Lacepede , 1803 ) (i g;' *Fg;)
Secutor insidiator ( Bloch, 1787 ) (i g;' *Fg;?i g;0dki f;)
20. Family: Lobotdae
Datnioides quardrifaciatus ( Sevastanov, 1809 ) (ausmufi g;0uf)
21. Family: Lutjanidae
Lutjanus johnii ( Bloch, 1792 ) (i g;acG;reD?i rSwfxi f)
Lutjanus lutjanus ( Bloch, 1790 ) (a&Ti g;?i g;v0g)
22. Family: Mugilidae
Liza parsia ( Hamilton - Buchnan, 1822 ) (ubDvl;?i g;ui fni f;)
23. Family: Mullidae
Upeneus sulphureus, Cuvier, 1829 (BudK;0g?i g;rkwfqdwf)
Upeneus assymetricus ( Lachner, 1954 ) (i g;aMu;Murf;?BudK;0g)
24. Family: Muraenisocidae
Congresox talabon ( Cuvier, 1829 ) (i g;a&T?oi faygi f;xdk;)
25. Family: Nemipteridae
Nemipterus peronii ( Balenciennes, 1830 ) (a&Ti g;)
Scolopsis vosmeri ( Bloch, 1792 ) (a&Ti g;?ausmufi g;ajyr)
26. Family: Platycephalidae
Platycephalus indicus ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) (i g;qi fei f;?i g;acgi f;jym;)
27. Family: Plotosidae
Plotosus canius, Hamilton - Buchanan,1822 (yi fv, fi g;cl)
28. Family: Polynemidae
Eleuthronema tetradactylum ( Shaw, 1804 ) (i g;w&m;?i g;wa, m)
29. Family: Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus annularis ( Bloch , 1787 ) (i g;vdyfjym)
30. Family: Pomacentridae
Abudefduf saxatlis (ausmufi g;?i g;Mum;r)
Abudeduf sp (ausmufi g;?i g;Mum;r)
31. Family: Pristgesteridae
Illisha megaloptera ( Swainson, 1839 ) (rsufqHus, f)
32. Family: Psetodidae
Psetodes erumei ( Bloch and Schneider, 1801 ) (i g;vufudkuf)
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33. Family: Scatophagidae
Scatophagus argus ( Linnaeus, 1766 ) (i g;yokef?i g;cuf)
34. Family: Sciaenidae
Chrysochir aureus ( Richardson, 1846 ) (i g;oi f0g)
Pennahia anea ( Bloch, 1793 ) (i g;acgi f;yG?i g;ykwfoi f)
35. Family: Serranidae
Cephalopholis formosa ( Shaw and Nodder, 1812 ) (ausmufi g;?i g;awmufwlrD;jym)
Epinephalus erythrurus (ausmufi g;)
36. Family: Siganidae
Siganus javus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) (i g;&ef&Sm?i g;ql;oef)
Siganus vermiculatus ( Valenciennes, 1835 ) (i g;&ef&Sm?i g;ql;oef)
37. Family: Sillaginidae
Sillago sihama ( Forsskal, 1775 ) (i g;Zefyl?i g;ykavG)
38. Family: Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena jello, Cuvier, 1829 (yi fv, fi g;arGxdk;)
39. Family: Synodontdae
Saurida tumbil ( Bloch, 1795 ) (i g;ykavG?i g;Zi fvdyf)
40. Family: Tetraodontdae
Chelonodon potoca ( Hamilton - Buchanan, 1822 ) (i g;ylwi f;?A*si f;)
41. Family: Teraponidae
Terapon jarbua ( Forsskal, 1775 ) (i *Hk;Mum;?i g;eHaMumi f)
42. Family: Toxotdae
Toxotes chatareus ( Hamilton - Buchanan, 1822 ) (i g;yi furf;?i g;aysmufr)
43. Family: Portunidae (Mangrove crab / Mud crab)
Scylla olivacea ( Herbst, 1796 ) (ysm;uP ef;?acsmi f;uP ef;)
44. Family: Penaeidae (Marine shrimps)
Penaeus indicus, H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (ykpGefjzL)
Penaeus japonecus, Bate, 1888 (oJykpGef)
Penaeus monodon, Fabricius, 1798 (usm;ykpGef)
45. Family: Squillidae(Mentsshrimp)
Harpiosquilla sp. (ui f;ykpGef?awmufyqdyf)
46. Family: Arcidae (Cookles)
Anadara granosa ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) (*Hk;oGm;BuJ)
47. Family: Pannidae (Pen shell / Fan Shell)
Atrina pectnata ( Linnaeus, 1767 ) (*Hk;, yfawmi f)
48. Family: Potamididae (Telecopic snail)
Telescopium telescopium ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) (r&Gwfck)
49 . Family: Solnidae (Knife clam / Razor clam)
Solen lamarckii, Deshayes, 1839 (*Hk;a, mi f;r)
50. Family: Veneridae (Hard clam)
Meretrix casta (ysm;*Hk;ck)
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5.FisheryResourcesoftheWunbaikReservedMangroveForest
(0efAdkufopfawmBudK;0dkif;&Sd ig;rsm;)
Ambassidae
Bagridae
Plate 1: Ambassis gymnocephalus. Bald glassy e|.eeee
Plate 2: Mystus vitatus. Stripped dwarf cat fsh e|.eee.
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Family: Ambassidae (Channidae)
Scientfcname: Ambassis gymnocephalus
Common name: Bald glassy
Local name: Nga-zin-cert, Kyaung-ma-cer e|.eeee e_~:eee:. (Plate 1)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, found schooling in shallow waters, in brakish water and in coastal
mud banks near river mouths. Feed on small crustaceans, fshes and larvae, actve at night. Atains
size up to 12 cm.
Morphology: Body oblong and compressed, mouth moderate, slightly protrusible, opercula ends
in a membrane fap. Dorsal fn with 7-8 spines and 8-12 rays; anal fn with 3 spines and 8-17 rays;
pectoral fn rounded, pelvic fn thoracic with 1 spine and 5 rays; caudal fn forked.
Color: Silvery with bright longitudinal band; fns hyaline and yellowish; spinous dorsal fn dusky
between 2nd and 3rd spines.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Coastal shallow waters along Kalein Taung River
Size range recorded: 5-8 cm
Fishing sites: Shallow brackish waters-near mud bank at the Mouth of Kathoung
River
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Stow net , Cast net
Local market price: 200- 350 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried; bait for mud crab trap and long line fshing
Family: Bagridae
Scientfcname: Mystus vitatus
Common name: Stripped dwarf cat fsh
Local name: Nga-zin-yine e|.eeqe. (Plate 2)

Habitat and biology: Common in tdal zone and brackish water reaches of large rivers.
Feed on insects and crustaceans. Atains size up to 20 cm.
Morphology: Body elongated and slightly compressed. Head depressed; occipital process reaching
basal bone of dorsal fn. Mouth terminal; teeth on jaws and on vomer; barble four pairs. Dorsal
spine weak and serrated on inner edge; adipose fn small; caudal fn forked.
Color: Body gray silver to shinning golden with pale blue to deep black longitudinal bands on
fanks; fns glassy with dark tps.
Sample Detail
Sampling site River Mouth- River Pyke Seik Taung Maw
Size range: 8-12 cm
Fishing sites: Shallow creeks converging with large rivers in Wunbaik Reserved Forest
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Stow net , Cast net
Local market price: 500-750 kyat/kg (fresh)
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 3: Batrychthyes sp. Toad fsh e|.e:. e|.o
Plate 4: Strongylura leiura. Banded needle fsh e|.eo:eee.
Batrachoidae
Belonidae
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Family: Batrachoidae
Scientfcname: Batrychthyes sp.
Common name: Toad fsh
Local name: Nga-phar; Nga-oat e|.e:. e|.o (Plate 3)
Habitat and biology: Inhabitng lower reaches of brackish rivers, mangrove estuaries and coastal
shallow waters, benthic zones with muddy botom; atains size up to 20 cm.
Morphology: Body cylindrical; compressed in posterior. Head broad and heavy, mouth large, lower
jaw large and protractle; operculum spines present, frst dorsal fn with 3 strong spines hidden
below skin; second dorsal fn and anal fns long based; pelvic fn jugular inserted ahead of pelvic
fn; pectoral fn fan-like; caudal fn rounded.
Color: Drab colored
Sample Detail
Sampling site: River Mouths of Rivers Pyke Seik Toung Maw and Kaleing Toung
Fishing sites: Shallow waters with muddy botom
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Cast net,
Uses: Fresh, dried.
Note: Potental aquarium fsh
Family: Belonidae
Scientfcname: Strongylura leiura
Common name: Banded needle fsh
Local name: Nga-taung-sein; Nga-phong-yoo-gyi e|.eo:e e e . e|.ee:e ._~ . (Plate 4)
Habitat and biology: Pelagic, common in coastal and estuarine water; schooling, actve at
night; feed on small fsh and crustacean at surface or mid-water (both surface and column feeder).
Atains size up to 73 cm.
Morphology: Body elongated, laterally compressed, almost rectangular in cross secton; upper and
lower jaw elongated with sharp teeth. Anal and dorsal fns forming distnct anterior lobe; dorsal
fn origin above anal fn origin; Teeth on both jaws, upper jaw no protractle; caudal fn truncated.
Upper caudal fn lobe has more rays than that of thelower lobe. No spines in fns.
Color: Top of head and back greenish; silvery stripped along side; lower fank and ventral surface
white; tp of dorsal and anal fn lobes yellowish.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouths of Rivers, Pyke Seik Toung Maw and Kalein Toung
Fishing sites: Surface of all open water in the river mouths in Wunbaik Reserved
Forest
Fishing gear: Beach seine, surface and column water stow net , Cast net
Uses: Fresh, dried.
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Plate5: Pseudorhombus arius. Large tooth founder e|.e~q~
Plate 6: Cynoglossus lingua. Tongue sole e|.eee: e|.e..q:
Bothidae
Cynoglossidae
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Family: Bothidae ( Lef eyed founders ).
Scientfcname: Pseudorhombus arius
Common name: Large tooth founder
Local name : Nga-phet-ywat e|.e~q~ (Plate 5)
Habitat and biology: Benthic, inhabit in coastal estuaries and inshore; depth ranged 10-100
meters; burrowing in mud or sand at day tme. Feed on small invertebrates and fshes. Atains size
up to 35 cm.
Morphology: Body oval and fatened; mouth protractle; and symmetrical; no fn spines, dorsal
fn origin anterior to upper eye, dorsal fn and caudal fn separate from caudal fn; pectoral fn
present; pelvic fn base short.
Color: Eyed side brownish with various dark spots and rings; two smaller spot on lateral line and
posterior; medium fns with dark spots.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of Zareik River
Size range : 12-15 cm
Fishing sites: Open and brackish water with muddy botom along the Rivers Pykeseik
Toung Maw, Zerike and Kaleain Toung
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Botom stow net , Cast net
Local market price: (650 -750) kyat/kg (fresh)
Uses: fresh, dried
Family: Cynoglosssidae (Lef eyed founders)
Scientfcname: Cynoglossus lingua
Common name: Tongue sole
Local name: Nga-sat-sar ; Nga-khwae-shar e|.eee: e|.e..q: (Plate 6)

Habitat and biology: Common in coastal and estuarine waters. Inhabit muddy or sandy botom in
tdal zone of large rivers. Feed on benthic invertebrates. Atains size up to 38 cm.
Morphology: Body tongue shaped, snout pointed, mouth clef well beyond lower eyes. Dorsal
and anal fns confuent with caudal fn; dorsal fn originate in front of eyes; pectoral fn absent, no
spines in fn. Only lef pelvic fn developed and connected with anal fn. Two lateral lines on eyed
side. Ten rays in caudal fn.
Color: Ocular side reddish brown, ofen with irregular brown-black patches; a large blotch on
operculum.
Sample Detail
Sampling site River Mouth of Zerike
Fishing sites: Open estuarine and coastal water with muddy botom along the
Rivers
Pyke Seik Toung Maw, Zerike and Ka Leain Toung
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Botom stow net, Cast net
Local market price: 600-750 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 7: Selaroides leptolepis. Yellow stripped scad e~=~o e|..
Plate 8: Lates calcarifer. Sea bass ~~oe e|.o~
Carangidae
Centropomidae
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Family: Carangidae
Scientfcname: Selaroides leptolepis
Common name: Yellow stripped scad
Local name: Myat-san-kyel; Nga-yoou e~=~o e|.q. (Plate 7)
Habitat and biology: Commonly found over sof-habitat in coastal waters and estuaries, also
ascends into freshwater reaches. Actve at daytmes, feed on mollusks and small fshes. Atains
size up to 15 cm.
Morphology: Body oblong and compressed; dorsal and ventral profle entrely curved; adipose eye
tssue well developed; lateral line curved and covered with scutes at posterior; frst dorsal fn with
spiny rays; anal fn with 3 spines; caudal fn deeply forked; keel on caudal peduncle.
Color: Body bluish-green above, white below, all fns pale to yellowish; distnct black spot on
operculum.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of River Kathoung
Fishing sites: Mouth of Rivers Kathoung, Zerike and Kaleain Toung
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Surround net, Surface stow net
Uses: Fresh, dried and salted
Family: Centropomidae
Scientfcname: Lates calcarifer
Common name: Sea bass
Local name: Ka-ka-dit ; Nga-tha-dite ~~oe e|.o~ (Plate 8)
Habitat and biology: Migrant fsh, Inhabitng estuaries, river mouths opening to the sea, common
in coastal muddy areas in dry season, returns to estuarine and marine environment for spawning
during monsoon. Juveniles are plenty in tdal mangrove waters. Feed on crustaceans and fshes.
Depth range 10-40 meters. Feed on small fshes and crustaceans. Atains size up to 200 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate, moderately compressed; mouth large and slightly oblique, teeth on
jaws. Opercle with single stout spine, pre-operculum serrated; dorsal fn dividing spiny and sof
rayed parts, spiny dorsal fn with 7-8 rays, 8-11 branched rays in sof dorsal fn; caudal fn rounded,
lateral line reaching to tp of caudal fn.
Color: Adult with olive brown above with silvery fank and belly; juvenile greenish above and silvery
below, eyes bright, glowing at night.
Sample Detail
Fishing sites: Open waters of small rivers, rivulets and large mangrove creeks
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Surround net, Stow net
Local market price: 900-1000 kyat/kg (highly preferred commercial fsh)
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 9: Chaetodon descussatus. Buterfy fsh e|.ee_e:
Plate 10: Anodontostoma chacunda. Chacunda shad e|.ee.e e|.e~ee
Chaetodontdae
Clupeidae
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Family: Chaetodontdae
Scientfcname: Chaetodon descussatus
Common name: Buterfy fsh
Local name: Nga-leik-pyar e|.ee_e: (Plate 9)
Habitat and biology: Inhabitng shallow and sheltered water in lagoons and reef; occasionally to
100 meter depth. Feed on worms and sessile invertebrates; Atains size up to 20 cm.
Morphology: Body deep oval and compressed; mouth small, protractble with fne teeth, snout
pointed; dorsal fn single with 16 spines; rayed secton of vertcal fn usually higher than spiny
sectons; eye band present, 3 spines in anal fn.
Color: Alternatng yellow and black bands in caudal fn, at the posterior end of dorsal and anal fns;
Transverse diagonal stripes on the sides of body.
Sample Detail
Fishing sites:, Mouths of Rivers Kathoung Zareik and Kaleaindaung
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Stow net, and Long line
Local market price: 300-500 kyat/kg (Fresh)
Uses: Fresh
Family: Clupeidae
Scientfcname: Anodontostoma chacunda
Common name: Chacunda shad
Local name: Nga-one-pu ; Nga-wet-cert e|.ee.e e|.e~ee (Plate 10)
Habitat and biology: Pelagic, usually found in coastal, estuarine and marine waters, ascend rivers
to upper tdal zone, mainly over mud banks and mud and sand, enter to clear water over coral
reefs for food. Depth range 1- 25 meter; feed on planktons; form large schools. Atains size up to
17 cm.
Morphology: Body very deep, laterally compressed; mouth inferior. Fins without spines, dorsal fn
short, Placed nearly mid point of body; anal fn inserted behind dorsal fn; pectoral fn set low on
body; pelvic fn placed at mid point between anal fn and pectoral fn base; caudal fn deeply forked.
Color: Body silver with a large black spot behind gill opening; lines formed of spots along rows of
scales in upper parts third of body; fns hyaline.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of River Kalein Toung
Fishing sites: Open mangrove waters of all large rivers and rivulets
Fishing gear: Stow net, Drif gill net
Uses: Fresh, smoked, salted
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Drepanidae
Plate 11: Tenualosa illisha. Hilsa shad e|.ee:~
Plate 12: Drepane punctata. Spoted sickle back =e:.q~ e|.ee
Clupeidae
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Family: Clupeidae
Scientfcname: Tenualosa illisha
Common name: Hilsa shad
Local name: Nga-tha-lauk e|.ee:~ (Plate 11)
Habitat, Biology: Pelagic, prefer muddy shallow mangrove waters, anadromous migrant marine
fsh, swims in large schools, enter upper tdal reach of river for spawning. Feed on invertebrates,
crustaceans, algae and diatoms. Plenty of juveniles in mangrove creeks. Atains size up to 50 cm.
Morphology: Body fusiform, moderately compressed with a complete series of scutes along the
abdomen (pelvic scute always present); no scale on head; mouth terminal, minute teeth on jaw.
Dorsal fn single, short, no spines, placed near midpoint of body. Pectoral fns set low on body;
pelvic fns just anterior dorsal-fn base; anal fn short; caudal fn deeply forked.
Color: Blue-green on back, silvery on fanks, dark pigmentaton on part of dorsal, pectoral, anal,
and caudal fns.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: River Mouth of Kathoung
Fishing sites: Open waters of all large rivers fringed with mangroves and mouths of
rivers or creeks converging the sea
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Drif gill net, Surround net, Stow net
Local market price: 600-900 kyat/kg (Fresh), highly commercial
Uses: Fresh, salted
Family: Drepanidae
Scientfcname: Drepane punctata
Common name: Spoted sickle back
Local name: Sin-nar-ywat; Nga palae =e:.q~ e|.ee (Plate 12)
Habitat and Biology: Benthic, neritc, juveniles in large schools on mud banks. Migrate to sandstone
coral or rocky areas when adult. Feeds on invertebrate and bivalve mollusks; Atains size up to 40 cm.
Morphology: Body oval and strongly compressed; snout profle concave, the eye well above
horizontal line; ventral edge of preopercle serrate in juveniles; mouth highly protractble downward;
jaws with teeth. Adults have bony knob on inter-orbital region. Dorsal fn single with 9-10 spines
and 20-22 sof rays; anal fn with 3 spines and 16 -19 rays; pectoral fns elongate reaching caudal
peduncle; caudal fn rounded, almost truncate in adults.
Color: Body silvery; 5 to 10 series of vertcal arranged black spots below dorsal fn to caudal
peduncle; fns dusky yellow; 2 or 3 longitudinal rows of small dark spots on sof dorsal fn.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of Rivers Kathoung and Kyaung Poke
Fishing sites: Open waters of large mangrove fringed river mouths
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Fence net, Drif gill net, Stow net
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 13: Coilia dussumieri. Gold spoted grenadier anchovy _e.oo
Plate 14: Coilia ramcarit. Ramcarat grenadier anchovy _e.oo
Engraulididae
Engraulididae
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Family: Engraulididae
Scientfcname: Coilia dussumieri
Common name: Goldspoted grenadier anchovy
Local name: Mee-tan-thwae _e.oo (Plate 13)

Habitat and Biology: Pelagic; migrant, inhabitng coastal and estuarine waters, higher range
of salinity tolerance; from fully saline water to almost fresh water; feeds larvae of fshes and
crustaceans; light organ developed on body (only species among clupeoid fshes). Atains size up
to 20 cm.
Morphology: Medium-sized rat-tailed anchovy, characterized by a long tapering body; belly
rather rounded before pelvic fn base; 12 to 15 keeled scutes just behind pectoral fn base to anus.
Pectoral fn with 6 long flaments and 9 to 11 branched fn rays; pelvic fn with 7 rays; anal fn long;
caudal fn pointed.
Color: Flanks and belly with golden or pearly spots in rows below scales, also along isthmus, along
edge of lower jaw and a few on cheek and gill cover.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of River Kaleing Toung
Fishing sites: Open water of all along large river mouths in Wunbaik Reserved
Mangrove Forest
Fishing gear: Fence net, Beach seine, Stow net
Uses: Fresh, dried
Scientfcname: Coilia ramcarit
Common name: Ramcarat grenadier anchovy
Local name: Mee-tan-thwae _e.oo (Plate 14)
Habitat and Biology: Common in coastal estuarine and in marine waters, schooling and swimming
in the surface of mangrove creeks, entering to upper reach of large rivers. Atains size up to 15 cm.
Morphology: Body tapering, belly with 13-16 ventral scute (keeled). Pectoral fn with 6 detached
flamentous rays. Pelvic fn with 9-10 fn rays.
Color: Yellowish silver colored with hyaline fns.
Sample Detail
Fishing sites: Open water of all alaong large river moutrhs in Wunbaik Reserved
Mangrove Forest
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Fence net, Drif gill net and Stow net
Local market price: Fresh 300-500 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate15: Satpinna wheeleri. Scaly hair fn anchovy e|.e|.q:. e|.e|.
Plate 16: Thryssa mystax. Moustached thryssa e|.e|.q:.
Engraulididae
Engraulididae
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Scientfcname: Setpinna wheeleri
Common name: Scaly hairfn anchovy
Local name: Nga-pa-sharr ; Nga-parr e|.e|.q:. e|.e|. (Plate 15)
Habitat and biology: Marine, migrant, pelagic and schooling on mangrove waters, mainly
coastal, but also entering estuaries and lower reaches of the large rivers. Feed mainly on larger
zooplanktons, small shrimp and fshes. Atains size up to 30 cm.
Morphology: Body strongly compressed; scales present on dorsal and anal fns, belly with keel
from isthmus to anus. Caudal fn forked, upper lobe truncated and shorter than the lower; pectoral
fn with elongated frst ray.
Color: Body silver gray, fns hyaline, pectoral and caudal fn with dark margin
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of River Kalein Toung
Fishing sites: In large river mouths, creeks and rivulets fringed with mangroves
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Drif gill net
Uses: Fresh, dried, grilled
Scientfcname: Thryssa mystax
Common name: Moustached thryssa
Local name: Nga-pa-sharr e|.e|.q:. (Plate 16)
Habitat and biology: Estuaries and lower reaches of the large rivers. Pelagic, feeds mainly on
larger zooplanktons, small shrimp and fshes. Atains size up to 16 cm.
Morphology: Body compressed, Tip of snout at level of eye center; maxillary tp reaching to 1st
pectoral.
fn ray. Pelvis fn abdominal, ventral keel present before and behind pelvic fn based.
Color: Body silvery gray; black patch behind operculum; tp of dorsal fn as upper lower and hinder
the margins of caudal fn black.
Sample Detail
Fishing sites: In large river mouths and mangrove creeks
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Drif gill net
Local market price: 300-500 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried, grilled
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Plate 17: Gerres abbreviates. Deep body silver biddy e|.=.
Plate 18: Gerres flamentosus. Whip fn silver biddy e|.=.
Gerreidae
Gerreidae
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Family: Gerreidae
Scientfcname: Gerres abbreviates
Common name: Deep body silver biddy
Local name: Nga-se-ooh e|.=. (Plate 17)
Habitat and biology: Common in the coastal estuaries and marine waters to depth about 60 cm,
Occur on mud or mud and sand substrate. Ofen enter to the upper tdal areas of the rivers even
to freshwater areas. Botom feeder, feed on small fsh, crustaceans and mollusks. Atains size up
to 35 cm.
Morphology: Body oblong and compressed. Mouth terminal and extremely protractble downward
as a pointed tube; scale large, thin and easily lost, on head and body, forming sheath along anal
and dorsal fn bases; dorsal fn contnuous.
Color: Dark longitudinal line along scale rows; ventral fn yellow, black edge on dorsal fn, white
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Nga Yet Kyi and the Mouth of River Kalein Taung
Fishing sites: River mouths of large mangrove creeks and rivulets
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Botom stow net
Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Gerreidae
Scientfcname: Gerres flamentosus
Common name: Whip fn silver biddy
Local name: Nga-se-ooh e|.=. (Plate 18)
Habitat and biology: Common in the coastal estuaries and marine water to depth about 60 cm
over mud or mud and sand substrate. Ofen enter to the upper tdal areas of the rivers even to
freshwater areas. Botom feeder, feed on small fsh, crustaceans and mollusks. Atains size up to
35 cm.
Morphology: Body oblong and compressed. Mouth terminal and extremely protractble downward
as a pointed tube; scale large, thin and easily lost, on head and body, forming sheath along anal
and dorsal fn bases; dorsal fn contnuous, 2nd dorsal fn rays produced into flament.
Color: 7-8 vertcal bars of brown blotches over sides; a row of brown checks on mid dorsal fn
Sample Detail
Fishing sites: The river mouths of large mangrove creeks and rivulets
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Botom stow net
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 19: Acentrogobius caninus. Spoted green goby e|.e~e
Plate 20: Bathygobius fuscus. Frill goby e|.qe. e|.o~
Gobiidae
Gobiidae
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Family: Gobiidae
Scientfcname: Acentrogobius caninus
Common name: Spoted green goby
Local name: Nga-tha-wet-hpo e|.e~e (Plate 19)
Habitat and biology: Found in mud and sand botom in mangrove and coastal bays, also in estuaries
and rivers. Benthic, feed on botom invertebrates, Atains size up to 13 cm.
Morphology: Body cylindrical, head rounded, mouth oblique terminal; eyes close together on top
of head; 2 separate dorsal fns, 8 spines in 1st dorsal fn and 1 spine in 2nd dorsal fn; anal fn with
one feebly spine; ventral fn fused and cup-liked.
Color: Blackish-green laterally with black spots, each scales on upper half of the body with dark
spots; sof dorsal fn and upper half of caudal fn speckle with black spots, scapular with blue spot,
body with large spots.
Sample Detail
Sampling site Creek Palae Nwe
Fishing sites: Intertdal creeks connectng the River Than Zeik
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Fence net
Utlizaton: Fresh
Note: Potental aquarium fsh?
Family: Gobiidae
Scientfcname: Bathygobius fuscus
Common name: Frill goby
Local name: Nga-sha-boe ; Nga-yet e|.qe. e|.o~ (Plate 20)
Habitat and biology: Found in shallow brackish water in coastal, estuaries and intertdal zone.
Benthic, feed on botom invertebrates, Atains size up to 9 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate anteriorly; sub cylindrical, compressed in posterior, head depressed;
mouth slightly oblique, teeth on jaws. Dorsal fn separate, uppermost pectoral fn rays free from
membrane near tps; pelvic fn fused cup-liked.
Color: Olivaceous-brown with irregular blotches on fanks; side of head with whitsh spots; dorsal
fn dusky with broad stripe.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Palae Nwe
Fishing sites: The muddy banks of the mangrove creeks
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Fence net, Cast net
Local market value: Fresh 750-900 kyat/kg
Utlizaton: Fresh
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Plate 21: Boleopthalmus boddart. Goggle eyed goby (Mud skipper) e|.eo|e.ee:~
Plate 22: Glossogobius giuris. Tank goby ~e. eqe.
Gobiidae
Gobiidae
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Family: Gobiidae
Scientfcname: Boleopthalmus boddart
Common name: Goggle eyed goby, Mud skipper
Local name: Nga-daung-pyaut e|.eo|e.ee:~ (Plate 21)
Habitat and biology: Inhabit in coastal estuaries and upper tdal zone. Burrow in mud fat of shallow
water; feed on algae and detritus. Highly Actve, shutle back and forth between the burrows and
atmospheric air. Atains size up to 22 cm.
Morphology: Body very elongate, and compressed; head sub cylindrical; eyes closely place above
the dorsal profle of head and movable; dorsal fn separate, pelvic fn fused, cup-liked; caudal fn
round.
Color: Greenish color and pale in the ventral side; bluish or light green spots on head body and
dorsal fn; dark diagonal bands on the body.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Ye Ne Gyi and River Than Zeik
Fishing sites: Intertdal mud fats
Uses: Fresh
Family: Gobiidae
Scientfcname: Glossogobius giuris
Common name: Tank goby
Local name: Ka-tha-bo; Nga-sha-poe ~e. eqe. (Plate 22)
Habitat and biology: Inhabits lower reaches and estuaries, occasionally found in up streams. Feed
on small insects, crustaceans and fshes. Beter growth in brackish water; Atains size up to 30 cm.
Morphology: Body cylindrical, dorsal fn separated, caudal fn round, head large and slightly
depress, mouth terminal, lower jaw projectng. Pelvic fn fused and forming cup liked.
Color: Body dark or olive brown with 5-6 dark blotches; fns hyaline with dusky spots; cheek with
thin pale stripe.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Nga Yet Kyi and River Kalein Taung
Fishing sites: Shallow muddy banks of rivers and creeks inside mangroves
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Fence net, Botom stow net
Local market value: Fresh 900-1200 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Haemulidae
Plate 23: Pseudapocryptes lamceolatus. Goby e|.o~_e
Plate 24: Pomadasys commersonni. Small spoted grunter e|.~.
Gobiidae
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Family: Gobiidae
Scientfcname: Pseudapocryptes lamceolatus
Common name: Goby
Local name: Nga-yet-phyu e|.o~_e (Plate 23)
Habitat and biology: Found in mudfats of coastal estuaries and tdal areas of freshwater rivers
Burrow in the mud. Atains size up to 20 cm.
Morphology: Body elongated, head short broad and scaly; snout rounded, eye large projectng
above dorsal profle. Several rows of sharp teeth on jaws. Two dorsal fns, the frst with 5 to 10
weak spines, the second with 1 weak spine and 5 to 37 rays; anal fn with 1weak spine, pectoral
fns broad; pelvic fns long and disc liked; caudal fn broad and rounded.
Color: Body pinkish brown with 6-8 dark or dusky bars in dorso-lateral
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Nga Yet Kyi and the mouth of River Kalein Taung
Fishing sites: River mouths with mangroves
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Cast net
Local market price: Fresh 600 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh
Family: Haemulidae
Scientfcname: Pomadasys commersonni
Common name: Small spoted grunter
Local name: Nga-gowne e|.~. (Plate 24)
Habitat and biology: Benthic, coastal to marine, common in the shallow coastal estuary, to deep
water. Prefer muddy botom. Carnivores, feed on crustaceans and small fshes. Atains size up to
50 cm. Depth to 30 meters
Morphology: Body oblong and slightly compressed, deep height; Scale present between eyes and
mouth; mouth small, jaws with teeth; preopercle serrated, 2 pores and a medium pit on chin.
Dorsal fn 9-15 spines; anal fn 3 spines and 8-10 rays, caudal fn truncate.
Color: Back gray/ green shading to silvery-white on belly; back and fank with numerous small dark
brown spots that extend also onto dorsal fn; a dark spot at edge of operculum; pelvic and anal fn
dark; juvenile with no spot on body.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of River Kalein Taung
Size range: 10-15 cm
Fishing areas: Open water at the mouth of rivers and large creek in mangroves
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Botom long line, Set gill net.
Local market price: Fresh 900- 1500 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried, salted
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Plate25: Pomadasys olivaceum. Olive grunt e|.~.
Plate 26: Zenarchopterus sp. Halfeak e|.ee:e. e|.eo:ee.
Haemulidae
Hemiramphidae
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Family: Haemulidae
Scientfcname: Pomadasys olivaceum
Common name: Olive grunt
Local name: Nga-gowne e|.~. (Plate 25)
Habitat& biology: Benthic, coastal to marine, common in the shallow coastal estuary, to deep
water. Prefer muddy botom. Carnivores, feed on crustaceans and small fshes. Atains size up to
50 cm. Depth to 30 meters.
Morphology: Body oblong; 2 pores and a medium pit on chin. Dorsal fn 9-15 spines, anal fn 3
spines with 7-8 sof rays, caudal fn truncate.
Color: Body olive color, large blotch on upper end of pre-operculum
Sample Detail
Fishing areas: River mouths fringed with mangroves
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Botom long line
Local market price: 900- 1200 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Hemiramphidae
Scientfcname: Zenarchopterus sp
Common name: Halfeak
Local name: Nga-phoun-gyoo, Nga-taung-phone e|.ee:eq. e|.eo:ee. (Plate 26)
Habitat & biology: Pelagic, swimming near surface, common in coastal and of shore waters.
Migrant, entering estuaries and even freshwater. Feed on planktons. Atains size up to 23 cm.
Morphology: Body very elongate and slender, laterally compress. Lower jaw elongated, upper jaw
triangular and projectng forward from snout, teeth small. Pectoral fn placed higher up. Pelvic fn
in posterior; caudal fn truncate.
Color: Silvery greenish and nearly translucent, almost the same color of water where they live
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Nga Yet Kyi and the mouth of River Kalein Taung
Fishing areas: Open waters of rivers and large creeks.
Local market price: Fresh 600 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 27: Sargocentron rubrum. Red coat grouper e|.e_~.e:
Plate 28: Thalassoma lunare. Moon wrass e|.ee.:
Holocentridae
Labridae
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Family: Holocentridae
Scientfcname: Sargocentron rubrum
Common name: Red coat grouper
Local name: Nga-kyai-mar ; Nga-ne-kyae-gyan e|.e_~.e: e|.e_~._~e. (Plate 27)
Habitat & biology: Benthic, from shallow coastal water associated with coral reefs and in rocky
areas. Depth to 30 meters; actve at night. Feed on benthic crustaceans. Atains size up to 32 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate, spiny and sof dorsal fn separated. Bone of head with highly serrated;
two sharp poisonous spines at upper edge of pre-opercle; anal fn with four strong spines; caudal
fn forked.
Color: Dark spots at the base of sof dorsal fn and anal fn; white stripe along each body scale row;
spinous dorsal membrane reddish white; sof dorsal, anal and caudal fn yellow leading edge and
margin crimson; tp of ventral blackish.
Sample Detail
Fishing areas: Open water of all rivers and large creek
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Long line
Uses: Fresh, dried but rarely eaten
Family: Labridae
Scientfcname: Thalassoma lunare
Common name: Moon wrass
Local name: Nga-thin-chaw e|.ee.: (Plate 28)
Habitat & biology: Demersal, associated with shallow coral and rocky reefs, prefer sandy botom.
Feed on benthic invertebrates and fsh eggs; depth to 20 meter. Atains size up to 30 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate, laterally compressed; caudal fn truncate with elongated frst and last rays
Color: Body bright green to blue with a vertcal red band on each scale, red or purple lines on head;
small individuals with a large black spot in dorsal fn and caudal fn based.
Sample Detail
Fishing areas: Open water of all rivers and large creeks connected to the sea
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Botom long line, Botom set gill net
Uses: Rarely eaten, potental aquarium fsh
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Plate 29: Leiognathus equulus. Orange fn pony fsh e|.o~|. e|.ee.
Plate 30: Leiognathus bidus. Commmon pony fsh e|.ee. e|.o~|.
Leiognathidae
Leiognathidae
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Family: Leiognathidae
Scientfcname: Leiognathus equulus
Common name: Orange fn pony fsh
Local name: Nga-dingar; Nga-waing e|.o~|. e|.ee. (Plate 29)
Habitat and biology: Found in shallow coastal water to depths of 40 meters, over sand substratum
swim near surface and botom, adult schooling. Feed on polychaetes, crustaceans and small fshes.
Morphology: Body deep and strongly compressed; Dorsal and ventral profles usually equal with
short rounded snout, large eyes; no scale on head and breast; two antero-orbital spine forming as
a blade; mouth protractble forward and downward; teeth on jaw.
Color: Caudal peduncle with a small brown saddle. No coloraton on spinous dorsal fn
Sample Detail
Sampling staton: Creek Do Ra Ta and River Pykeseik Toung Maw
Fishing sites: Large Rivers and rivulets fringed with mangroves
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Beach seine, Fence net
Uses: Fresh, dried
Scientfcname: Leiognathus bidus
Common name: Common pony fsh
Local name: Nga-za-nae; Nga-dingar; Nga-waing e|.ee. e|.o~|. e|.ee. (Plate 30)
Habitat and biology: Found in shallow coastal water to depths of 40 meters, prefers sand
substratum; adult schooling common; feed on polychaetes, crustaceans and small fshes. Atains
size up to 11 cm.
Morphology: Body round to oblong, strongly compressed; dorsal and ventral profles usually
equal; mouth protractble forward and downward; nuchal spine developed ; single dorsal fn with
8 spines and 16 rays; Anal fn with 13 spines and 14 rays; caudal fn forked.
Color: Silvery with dark grey fank; outer half of spinous dorsal fn pale yellow to orange with a
black line beneath; anal spine tpped with orange; sof dorsal grayish; other fn colorless.
Sample Detail
Fishing areas: Open waters of river mouths fringed with mangroves converging the sea
Utlizaton: Fresh, dried
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Plate 31: Leiognathus fasciatus. Striped pony fsh e|.o~|.
Plate 32: Secutor insidiator. Pignose pony fsh e|.o~|. e|.ee.
Leiognathidae
Leiognathidae
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Scientfcname: Leiognathus fasciatus
Common name: Striped pony fsh
Local name: Nga-din-gar e|.o~|. (Plate 31)
Habitat and biology: Found in shallow coastal water to depths of 40 meters, over sand substratum
swim near surface and botom, adult schooling common. Feed on polychates, crustaceans and
small fshes. Atains size up to 21 cm.
Morphology: Body deep and strongly compressed; dorsal and ventral profles usually equal; large
eyes; no scale on head and breast; Two antero-orbital spine forming as a blade; mouth protrusible
forward and downward; teeth on jaw; sof dorsal and anal spine elongated.
Color: Dark vertcal line on upper part of body are more widely space; yellow oval spot in horizontal
rows following the lateral line; posterior margin of caudal lobe dusky or black.
Sample Detail
Fishing areas: Open waters of large rivers and creeks with mangroves
Uses: Fresh, dried
Scientfcname: Secutor insidiator
Common name: Pignose pony fsh
Local name: Nga-dingar; Nga-waing e|.o~|. e|.ee. (Plate 32)
Habitat and biology: Inhabit shallow coastal; occasionally enter brackish water and estuaries.
Morphology: Body oval and compressed; ventral profle more convex than dorsal profle; nostril
above orbit; mouth small, pointng upward when protracted; lower jaw ascend upward nearly 90;
one anterio-orbital spine.
Color: Silvery, upper half with pearly blue spots; the bars on upper side are faint; but on anterior
part more like blue spot or blotches; margins of spinous dorsal fn speckled black.
Sample Detail
Fishing areas: Open water of all large rivers and river mouth
Uses: Fresh, dried, mostly used as animal feed
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Plate 33: Datnioides quadrifaciatus. Four barred tger fsh e~:~e|.e~
Plate 34: Lutjanus johnii. Mangrove red snapper ee..e eeooe
Lobotdae
Lutjanidae
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Family: Lobotdae
Scienticname: Datnioides quadrifaciatus
Common name: Four-barred-tger-fsh
Local name: Kyauk-nga-wet e~:~e|.e~ (Plate 33)
Habitat and biology: Inhabit estuaries and coastal water. Voracious predator, Camoufage as
foatng leaves in shallow bank and dart prey. Atains size up to 30 cm.
Morphology: Body elevated and compressed; upper jaw protractble; operculum edge serrated;
mouth large; Every alternatve dorsal spine thicken on one side; anal spines strong, 2nd is the
strongest.
Color: Olive-brown color, pale to downward, 8-10 dark brown partal bands on body; black spot
on operculum.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Dorahta and River Pykeseik Taung Maw
Fishing areas: Mangrove fringed creeks and rivulets
Local market price 600-750 kyat/kg
Utlizaton: Fresh, dried
Family: Lutjanidae
Scientfcname: Lutjanus johnii
Common name: Johns snapper, Mangrove red snapper
Local name: Nga-khwae-ma-ne; Nga-hmat-htn ee..e eeooe (Plate 34)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, prefer muddy or sandy mud botom. Young are found in mangrove
estuarine and brackish waters. Adult migrate to deep ofshore to depths of 80 meters. Atains size
up to 120cm.
Morphology: Oblong to deep-bodied; moderately compressed; perch like fsh; head profle slightly
convex; mouth large, terminal; teeth on jaws; pre-operculum margin serrated; single contnuous
dorsal fn with 9-12 spines and 7-10 branched rays; anal fns with 3 spines and 7-11 branched rays;
caudal fn truncated.
Color: Body silvery pale-red or bronze with distnct spot on each scale forming a length-wise series
of dark streaks; large black spot present above lateral line at juncton of spinous and sof parts of
dorsal fn.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Nga Yet Kyi and the mouths of Rivers Zareik and Kaleain Taung
Fishing areas: Mouths of large rivers and creeks inside mangroves
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Beach seine, Fence net, Botom long line
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Plate35: Lutjanus lutjanus. Bigeye snapper eqe|. e|.ee|
Plate 36: Liza parsia. Gold spot mullet ~e. e|.~e_e.
Lutjanidae
Mugilidae
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Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Lutjanidae
Scientfcname: Lutjanus lutjanus
Common name: Big eye snapper
Local name: Shwe-ngar; Nga-la-war eqe|. e|.ee| (Plate 35)
Habitat and biology: Benthic, found in inshore water with sand or mud botom associated with
reefs and sandstones to depth of 60 meters; frequently occurs as large schools; migratory. Atains
size up to 30 cm.
Morphology: Oblong to deep-bodied; moderately compressed; eyes large; mouth large and
terminal; teeth on jaws; pre-operculum margin serrated; single contnuous dorsal fn with 9-12
spines and 7-10 branched sof rays; anal fns with 3 spines and 7-11 branched sof rays; dorsal, anal
and caudal fns with scale; caudal fn truncated.
Color: Body usually golden brown, dusky white below; with yellow and dark-yellow horizontal line.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Nga Yet Kyi and the mouths of Rivers Zareik and Kaleain Tound
Fishing areas: Mouths of large rivers and creek and open mangrove waters
Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Mugilidae
Scientfcname: Liza parsia
Common name: Gold spot mullet
Local name: Ka-be-lu ; Nga-kin-nyin ~e. e|.~e_e. (Plate 36)
Habitat and biology: Inhabitng coastal waters and estuaries over muddy botom; adaptable to
great changes of salinity; spawn at sea, the young enter nursery areas, estuaries at about water
about 1-1.5 cm. Atains size up to 90 cm
Morphology: Body usually robust, elongated; head wide and fatened; mouth small; two dorsal
fn , 1st dorsal fn with 4 spines, 2nd dorsal fn with one spine; pectoral fn high on body; Anal fn
with 3 spines and 9 sofy rays.
Color: Body olive-green on back; silvery on fanks; shading to white below; a golden spot on
operculum; dorsal and caudal fn with dusky margin, caudal fn shallow forked.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Hmoe Hin Toung and the River Kaleain Tound
Fishing area: Open water in large rivers and creek.
Fishing gear: Surface stow net, Beach seine, Fence net, Hook and line
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate37: Upeneus sulphureus. Sulphur goatish _~.e| e|.eo=o
Plate 38: Upeneus assymetricus. Striped goatish e|.e_~._~e.
Mullidae
Mullidae
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Family: Mullidae
Scientfcname: Upeneus sulphureus
Common name: Sulphur goatish
Local name: Kyo-war; Nga-moat-seik _~.e| e|.eo=o (Plate 37)
Habitat and biology: Demersal; inhabit coastal waters; prefers muddy botom and estuaries. Feed
on worms and small crustaceans in sof botom. Atains size up to 23 cm
Morphology: Body moderately elongates; chin with a pair of slander barbels; 7-8 spines in 1st
dorsal fn, 1 spine in 2nd dorsal fn; tail forked.
Color: Back greenish motled with bronze, silvery white on fank with two yellow narrow stripes;
Dorsal fn with three yellowish brown stripes; no stripes on caudal fn.
Sample Detail
Sampling sites: Creek Hmoe Hin Toung and the River Kaleain Tound
Fishing areas: Large Rivers and creeks inside mangroves
Uses: Fresh, value added dried
Family: Mullidae
Scientfcname: Upeneus assymetricus
Common name: Striped goatish
Local name: Nga kyae gung ; Kyo war e|.e_~._~e. _~.e| (Plate 38)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, common in coastal areas and in estuaries; Atains size up to 13 cm
Morphology: Body oblong, slightly compressed; under side of head and belly fat; two feshy
barbels on chin; head blunt; two dorsal fns widely separated and stripped, frst dorsal fn ray
longest; ventral fn with auxiliary scale; caudal fn forked.
Color: Gold band from eye to caudal peduncle; dorsal, ventral and anal fns white crossed by 3-4
orange to oblique bands; caudal fn lobes crossed by 4-5 crimson bands tpped with dark brown;
ventral side pale or dusky.
Sample Detail
Sampling sites Mouth of River Kyaung poke
Fishing sites: River mouths and open waters of large rivers and creeks with
mangroves
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Plate 39: Congresox talabon. Yellow pike conger e|.eq eee|e.o.
Plate 40: Nemipterus peronii. Thread fn bream eqe|.
Muraenisocidae
Nemipteridae
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Family: Muraenisocidae
Scientfcname: Congresox talabon
Common name: Yellow pike conger
Local name: Nga-shwe ; Thin-baun-htoe e|.eq eee|e.o. (Plate 39)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, benthic on sof substrata; marine also found in coastal estuaries
with mud botom to 100 meter depths. Nocturnal, feed on invertebrate and crustaceans. Atains
size up to 80 cm.
Morphology: Body robust and eel shaped, mouth very large, upper jaw well behind eye; dorsal fn
inserted before gill-opening; pectoral fn relatvely large and long, lateral line pores before level
of anus; dorsal, caudal and anal fns are confuences; dorsal fn origin over or before pectoral fn
origin.
Color: Head and body yellow; tnged with bronze, white below; dorsal and anal fn with narrow
black edges.
Sample Detail
Sampling sites: Mouths of Rivers Kathoung and Kalein Toung
Fishing sites: All along the mouths of large rivers and creek.
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Beach seine, Botom long line
Uses: Fresh, dried, smoked
Family: Nemipteridae
Scientfcname: Nemipterus peronii
Common name: Threadfn bream
Local name: Shwe-ngar eqe|. (Plate 40)
Habitat: Demersal, benthic. Common in the coastal estuarine and marine water; prefer muddy
and sandy botom. Atains size up to 28 cm.
Morphology: Body elongated; slightly compressed; mouth terminal with teeth; eye large; single
dorsal fn with 10 spines and 9 rays; anal fn 3 spines and 7 rays; pectoral fn 14-19rays; ventral fn
with auxiliary scales; caudal fn forked.
Color: Body rosy above; silvery white below; 8-9 faint brownish blotches along the back; dorsal fn
rosy with orange margin; tp of spine scarlet; anal and ventral fn white; caudal fn dark pink with
white lower edge.
Sample Detail
Sampling sites: Mouths of Rivers Kyaung Poke, Kathoung and Kalein Toung
Fishing sites: Large rivers and creeks inside mangroves
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Beach seine
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Plate 41: Scolopsis vosmeri. White cheek bream eqe|. e~:~e|.e_ee
Plate 42: Platycephalus indicus. Bartailed fathead e|.=ee. e|.e.|e._e:.
Nemipteridae
Platycephalidae
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Note: High export potental
Family: Nemipteridae
Scientfcname: Scolopsis vosmeri
Common name: White cheek bream
Local name: Shwe-ngar; Kyauk-nga-byae-ma eqe|. e~:~e|.e_ee (Plate 41)
Habitat and biology: Benthic, found in inshore water with sand or mud botom close to the reef.
Atains size up to 16cm.
Morphology: Body elongate, moderately deep, compressed. A single dorsal fn, with 10 spines
and 9 sof rays; anal fn with 3 spines and 7 sof rays; pectoral fn with 2 unbranched and 12 to 17
branched rays; pelvic fn with 1 spine and 5 rays; caudal fn emarginated.
Color: Brownish with a reddish-purple tnge; a broad white vertcal bar from top of head onto
opercle; a whitsh horizontal stripe from edge of opercle to below sof part of dorsal fn; scales on
sides with dark spots; opercular membrane blood-red; fns grayish, tnged red.
Sample Detail
Sampling sites: Mouth of River Pyke Seik Toung Maw
Fishing sites: River mouth of Kathoung, Zareik, Kalein Toung, Pyeikseiktoung Maw.
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Stow net, Botom long line
Local market prices: Fresh 600-850 kyat / kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Platycephalidae
Scientfcname: Platycephalus indicus
Comon name: Bartailed fathead
Local name: Nga-sin-nin, Nga-goung-pyar e|.=ee. e|.e.|e._e:. (Plate 42)
Habitat and biology: Benthic; shallow coastal with muddy botom, mangrove estuarine,
Maximum size atains up to 100 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate depressed anteriorly; subcylidrical and tapered posteriorly; head
depressed with spiny ridges and serrated; mouth large; Two dorsal fns, 1st dorsal fn with
6-11spines, 2nd with 11-14 rays; anal fn without spine.
Color: Brownish or grayish above, whitsh below. Two or three horizontal stripes presents on
caudal fn.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of Zareik River
Fishing sites: Open mangrove waters and large rivers inside mangroves
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 43: Plotosus canius. Gray eel catish eeeoe|..
Plate 44: Eleuthronema tetradactylum. Four fnger thread fn e|.oq:. e|.oeo:
Plotosidae
Polynemidae
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Family: Plotosidae
Scientfcname: Plotosus canius
Common name: Gray eel catish
Local name : Pin-lae-nga-khu eeeoe|.. (Plate 43)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, common coastal estuaries and tdal reaches of the large rivers.
Morphology: Body elongate, torpedo-shaped, scale less; head moderately large, its profle straight
from tp of snout to dorsal fn; barbels 4 pairs, nasal barbell extends well behind eyes ; maxillary
barbels extending to bases of pectoral fns. Eyes small, 1st spines of dorsal and pectoral fn serrated;
anal fn confuent with caudal fn and extending around tp of tail behind dorsal fn; caudal fn
pointed.
Color: Dark olive-green over head and body; below soil creamy brown; barbel grey; fns grey; 1st
dorsal fn and pectoral fns darker.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Ngan Khan and River Zareik
Fishing sites: Open mangrove waters with muddy botom and river mouths and
along the coastline
Local market price: Fresh 900 1500 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh
Family: Polynemidae
Scientfcname: Eleuthronema tetradactylum
Common name: Four fnger thread fn
Local name: Nga-ta-yar e|.oq:. e|.oeo: (Plate 44)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, inhabit shallow coastal water with mud banks, muddy or sandy.
Also found in marine water. Atains size up to 200 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate and slightly compressed; snout prominent and projectng; eyes large;
mouth large, sub-terminal with small teeth. Two dorsal fns, 1st with 7-8 spines; anal fn with 2-
spines and 15-17 rays; pectoral fn with 4 free flamentous rays; caudal fn forked.
Color: Silvery- green above; yellowish white on sides and belly; dorsal and caudal fns yellowish
with dusky edges; anal and pelvic fns orange; pectoral flamentous rays white.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Mouth of Nga Pa Thone and River Wunbaik
Fishing sites: Rivers and creeks inside mangroves converging into the sea
Local market prices: Fresh 600-900 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh, salted, dried
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Plate45: Pomacanthus annularis. Angel fsh e|.ee_e:
Plate 46: Abudefduf saxatlis. Damsel fsh e~:~e|. e|._~:.e
Pomacanthidae
Pomacentridae
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Family: Pomacanthidae
Scientfcname: Pomacanthus annularis
Common name: Angel fsh
Local name: Nga-leik-pyar e|.ee_e: (Plate 45)

Habitat and biology: Benthic, common in the coastal estuarine to marine water. Atains size up to
30 cm.
Morphology: Body deep oval and compressed; mouth small with slender teeth; pre operculum
with strong spine and angle; rayed secton of vertcal fns higher than spiny secton; caudal fn
slightly emarginated.
Color: Body dark orange-brown; distnct brown edged dark blue stripes across body, two horizontal
below eye, 6-7 on body curving upward to sof dorsal fn; blue ring at lateral line origin, fns with
blue stripes, caudal fn white with yellow margin.
Sample Detail
Fishing sites: Large rivers and creeks inside mangroves
Fishing gear: Botom stow net, Fence net, Botom long line
Uses: Fresh
Family: Pomacentridae
Scientfcname: Abudefduf saxatlis
Common name: Coral fsh, Damselfsh
Local name: Kyauk-ngar; Nga-kyarr-ma e~:~e|. e|._~:.e (Plate 46)
Habitat and biology: Benthic, common in the coastal and estuaries with water depth less than 20
m. Atains size up to 17 cm.
Morphology: Body ovate and compressed; mouth small, teeth fne, scales usually onto fns; lateral
line two parts, upper end below sof dorsal fn, lower end on caudal peduncle; contnuous dorsal
fn with 13 spines and 12-13 sof rays, tps of caudal rounded.
Color: Five broad vertcal bars across the body; yellowish fanks.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of the River Kyaung Poke
Fishing sites: Open waters of large creeks and rivers inside mangroves
Fishing gear: Stow net, Beach seine, Fence net
Utlizaton: Fresh
Note: Potental ornamental fsh
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Plate 47: Abudefduf sp. Sergeant major e~:~e|. e|._~:.e
Plate 48: Illisha megaloptera. Big eye illisha e~=~o
Pomacentridae
Pristgesteridae
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Family: Pomacentridae
Scientfcname: Abudefduf sp.
Common name: Sergeant major
Local name: Kyauk-ngar, Nga-kyarr-ma e~:~e|. e|._~:.e (Plate 47)
Habitat and biology: Benthic, common in the coastal and estuaries with water depth less than 20
m. Atains size up to 15 cm.
Morphology: Body ovate and compressed; mouth small, teeth fne, scales usually onto fns; lateral
line two parts, upper end below sof dorsal fn, lower end on caudal peduncle; contnuous dorsal
fn with 13 spines and 14-15 sof rays; anal fn with 2 spines and 13-15 sof rays; tps of caudal fn
rounded.
Color: Six broad vertcal broad bars across the body, last one at caudal peduncle; yellowish
fanks.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of the River Kyaung Poke
Fishing sites: Open waters of large rivers, creek and rivulets converging into the sea
Uses: Fresh
Note: Potental ornamental fsh
Family: Pristgesteridae
Scientfcname: Illisha megaloptera
Common name: Big eye illisha
Local name: Myat-san-kyae e~=~o (Plate 48)
Habitat, and biology: Demersal, found in freshwater, in coastal and in marine waters, Atains size
up to 28 cm. Plankton feeder
Morphology: Body elongate and fairy deep; belly with 30-34 scutes; eyes large. Dorsal fn inserted
nearly mid point of body; anal fn origin below hind part of dorsal fn base; pelvic fn small; pectoral
fn long; caudal fn forked.
Color: Dorsal profle dark; upper fank light brown; pectoral fn rays marginally tpped with black
spot; fn rays pigmented dark toward their tps; remaining rays hyaline; anal margin black, caudal
fn dusted with dark pigment.
Sample Detail
Sampling site Kaleain Taung River Mouth
Fishing sites: Open waters of mangrove fringed river mouths and creeks
Fishing gear: Surface stow net, Drif gill net
Local market price: Fresh 300-600 kyat/kg (Fresh)
Uses: Fresh, salted
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Plate 49: Psetodes erumei. Indian spiny turbot e|.e~~~
Plate50: Scatophagus argus. Spoted scat e|.e e|..~
Psetodidae
Scatophagidae
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Family: Psetodidae
Scientfcname: Psetodes erumei
Common name: Indian spiny turbot
Local name : Nga-let-kaik e|.e~~~ (Plate 49)
Habitat and biology: Marine coastal water to depths of 25 meters, burrow in mud, actve at night.
Morphology: Body oval and strongly depressed; head symmetrical; mouth large with strong teeth;
upper eye near dorsal profle and in front of lower eye; dorsal and anal fns long, free from caudal
fn, caudal fn truncate.
Color: Eye side plain brown or dark green with broad cross band and scatered white spots; white
edge on caudal fn.
Sample Detail
Sample site: Mouth of the River Zareik
Fishing sites: Creeks and rivers with muddy botom and fringed mangroves
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Stow net
Local market price: Fresh 600-750 /kg fresh
Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Scatophagidae
Scientfcname: Scatophagus argus
Common name: Spoted scat
Local name: Nga-pathown ; Nga-khet e|.e e|..~ (Plate 50)
Habitat and biology: School of juveniles commonly found in marine to coastal estuarine waters.
Prefer mud or sandy botom. Depth range 1-4 meters. Atains size up to 28 cm.
Morphology: Body disc shaped, quadrangular; strongly compressed. Snout and inter-orbital apace
rounded. Mouth small and not protractle; teeth brush-like; dorsal fn deeply notched with 11
spine and 16-18 rays; anal fn with 6 spines and 14-15 rays; pelvic fn with 16-17 rays; ventral fn
with 15 rays.
Color: Uniform greenish-silvery, bluish-silver or cofee brown with delicate golden-sheen on back;
numerous dark spots mainly on upper porton of the body.
Sample Detail
Sample site: Kathoung River Mouth
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Stow net and Cast net
Fishing sites: Rivers, creeks and open waters of mangroves
Local market price: Fresh 300-450 kyats/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate51: Chrysochir aureus. Reeves croaker e|.ee|
Plate52: Pennahia anea. Bighead pennah croaker e|.e.|e.e e|.eoe
Sciaenidae
Sciaenidae
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Family: Sciaenidae
Scientfcname: Chrysochir aureus
Common name: Reeves croaker
Local name : Nga-thinn-whar e|.ee| (Plate 51)
Habitat and biology: Primarily inhabit coastal waters on contnental shelves with muddy or sandy
botoms, breed and nurse in coastal estuarine rivers. Depth ranged 40 meter. Occur in large shoals.
Morphology: Body slender snout pointed, projectng in front of upper jaw; mouth large, upper jaw
extending. First part of dorsal fn with 10 spines; second part of fn with 1spine and 25 to 28 rays;
anal fn with 2 spines and 6 or 7 rays; lateral-line scales reaching to tp of caudal fn.
Color: Metallic blue above, shading to silvery below; oblique streaks along scale rows on back;
pectoral fns yellow, other fns grey sufused with orange.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of the River Kathoung
Fishing sites: Open waters of large creeks and river mouths
Fishing gear: Stow net, Beach seine and Gill net
Local market price: Fresh 600- 900/ kg
Uses: Fresh and dried

Family: Sciaenidae
Scientfcname: Pennahia anea
Common name : Bighead pennah croaker
Local name : Goung-pwa , Nga-poak-thin e|.e.|e.e e|.eoe (Plate 52)
Habitat and biology: Primarily inhabit coastal waters on contnental shelves with muddy or sandy
botoms, breed and nurse in coastal estuarine rivers. Depth ranged 40 meter. Occur in large shoals.
Morphology: Body elongate, moderately deep. Snout pointed; mouth large, oblique; teeth in both
jaws. Spinous dorsal fn with 9 to 10 spines, followed by second part of fn with 1 spine and 22 to
24 rays; anal fn with 2 spines and 7 rays; caudal fn truncate. Scales on head.
Color: Greyish light brown on back of head and body, paler ventrally with increasing silvery
refecton to whitsh abdomen; gill cover with difused dark blotch; upper two-thirds of spinous
dorsal fn dusky.
Sample Detail record
Sampling site: River Kathoung
Fishing gear: Stow net, Beach seine and Gill net
Fishing sites: Mouths of the Rivers Ka Thong and Zarike, Kalein Toung
Local market price: Fresh 720- 900/ kg
Uses: Fresh and dried
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Plate53: Cephalopholis formosa. Bluelined grouper e~:~e|. e|.eo:~oe._e:
Plate54:Epinephalus erythrurus. Cloudy grouper e~:~e|.
Serranidae
Serranidae
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Family: Serranidae
Scientfcname: Cephalopholis formosa
Common name: Blue lined grouper
Local name: Kyauk-nga; Nga-taut-tu-mee-pyar e~:~ e|. e|.eo:~ o e ._e: (Plate 53)
Habitat and biology: Coastal and estuaries with rocky or sandy botom. Associated with coral
beds; mangroves depth range (50) meters. Atains size up to 34 cm.
Morphology: Body robust or somewhat compressed, oblong-oval to rather elongate. Mouth with
small, teeth on jaws, vomer and palatnes; edge of preopercle serrate in juvenile; opercle with 3
fat spines; inter orbital area convex; dorsal fn with 9 spines and 15 to 17 rays; anal fn with I3
spines and 8 rays ; pectoral fns usually longer than pelvic fns, pelvic fns reaching about to anus;
caudal fn rounded.
Color: Dark brown to yellowish brown, with slightly irregular dark blue lines on head, body, and
fns; snout, lips, and ventral part of head and chest with small dark blue spots
Sample Detail
Site: River Kyaung poke
Size range: 3 - 9 cm
Fishing sites: Kalein Toung, Kyaung Poke, and Wunbaik Rivers
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Stow net , Botom long line
Local market price: Fresh 600- 1000/kg
Uses: Fresh
Family: Serranidae
Scientfcname: Epinephalus erythrurus
Common name: Cloudy grouper
Local name: Kyauk-nga e~:~e|. (Plate 54)
Habitat and biology: Found in mud bank associated with mangroves, estuarine and coastal with
rocky botom. Depth range 160 meters. Atains size up to 73 cm.
Morphology: Body robust or somewhat compressed, oblong-oval to rather elongate; small and
slender teeth on jaws, vomer and palatnes; edge of preopercle serrate in juvenile; opercle with 3
fat spines. Dorsal fn with 11 spines and 15 to 17 rays; anal fn with 3 spines and 8 rays; pelvic fns
not reaching anus; caudal fn rounded.
Color: Olive to reddish brown with irregular pale spots; and blotches that form an irregular dark
retculum of the background color; 3 dark streaks across operculum; median and pelvic fns motled.
Sample Detail
Site: River Kaleintaung
Size range 10-17 cm
Fishing sites: Banks of large creeks and rivers with muddy botom and
open mangrove waters
Fishing gear: Stow net, Botom long line
Local market price: Fresh 600- 720/kg
Uses: Fresh
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Plate55: Siganus javus. Streaked spinefoot e|.qq: e|.=.
Plate56: Signus vermiculatus. Vermiculated spinefoot e|.qq: e|.=.
Siganidae
Siganidae
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Family: Siganidae
Scientfcname: Siganus javus
Common name: Streaked spine foot
Local name : Nga-yan-shar; Nga-suee-than e|.qq: e|.=. (Plate 55)
Habitat and biology: Found in shallow coastal water, brackish lagoons and estuarine rocky or coral
reefs but not a coral-reef species. Adults in small schools of up to around 10 individuals, Feeds on
benthic seaweeds or on fragment, Depth ranged 40 meters. Atains size up to 30 cm
Morphology: Body deep and compressed. Head relatvely smaller, dorsal profle slightly concave
above orbit, snout short and blunt. A forward-directed spine in front of dorsal fn, 4th to 6th dorsal-
fn spine longest; spine in anal fn is the longest than that of other fns; caudal fn emarginated.
Scales minute; cheeks covered with prominent scales.
Color: Back dark bronze, to paler below; numerous metallic blue spots on head and upper sides,
paler to silvery blue undulatng lines on mid- and lower sides.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Ein Taing Gwa and River Kalein Taung
Site range: 6-18 cm
Fishing sites: Open waters of mangroves, rivers, creeks and rivulets with
sandy/rocky botom.
Fishing gear: Stow net, Beach seine and cast net
Local market price: Fresh 350- 450 kyats/kg
Uses: Fresh
Family: Siganidae
Scientfcname: Siganus vermiculatus
Common name: Vermiculated spine foot
Local name: Nga-yan-shar; Nga-suee-than e|.qq: e|.=. (Plate 56)
Habitat and biology: Found in shallow coastal water, brackish lagoons and estuarine rocky or coral
reefs but not a coral-reef species. Adult schooling up to 20 individuals; group of several hundred to
spawn in inshore areas. Feed on algae growing on sea grasses mangrove roots and rocks. Atains
size up to 45 cm.
Morphology: Body deep and compressed. A forward-directed spine in front of dorsal fn ; spines of
last dorsal-fn and anal fns are longest in smaller fsh; caudal fn emarginated.
Color: Head and body totally covered with a vermiculate patern, with dark brownish and the paler
bluish above, grading to silvery below; dark spots present on sof parts of dorsal and anal fns;
arrange of spots on caudal fn formed 4 vertcal rows;
Sample Detail
Sample site: Creek Ein taing gwa and River Kalein Taung
Size range: 6-18 cm
Fishing gear: Stow net, Beach seine and botom set gill net
Fishing sites: Open waters of mangroves, rivers and creeks
Local market price: Fresh 350- 450 kyats/kg
Uses: Fresh
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Plate57: Sillago sihama. Silver sillago e|.ee e|.eee
Plate58: Sphyraena gello. Pick handle barracuda eeeoe|.eeo.
Sillaginidae
Sphyraenidae
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Family: Sillaginidae
Scientfcname: Sillago sihama
Common name: Silver sillago
Local name: Nga-zan-pu, Nga-pa-lwae e|.ee e|.eee (Plate 57)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, near shore species, found along sand beach, mangrove creeks and
estuaries. Depth ranged to (20) meter. Atains size up to 30 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate, slightly compressed, head tapering; terminal mouth with a band of
brush-like teeth; 1stst dorsal fn with 9 spines, 2nd dorsal fn with 1 spine and 20 to 23 rays; anal
fn with 2 spines and 21 -23 rays.
Color: Body silvery yellowish brown, or honey colored; paler brown to silvery white below; a mid
lateral silvery, longitudinal stripe normally present; dorsal fns dusky terminally caudal fn dusky;
other fns hyaline; anal fn with a whitsh margin.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Mouth of River Pykeseik Taung Maw
Size range: (10 15) cm
Fishing sites: Mouth of Rivers Pyke Seik Toung Maw (Ka Thoung) and Zareik and
open mangrove waters
Fishing gear: Stow net, Drif gill net and beach seine
Local market price: Fresh 600-900 kyats / kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Sphyraenidae
Scientfcname: Sphyraena jello
Common name: Pick handle barracuda
Local name: Pin-lae-nga-mwe-doe eeeoe|.eeo. (Plate 58)
Habitat and biology: Inhabitng bays, estuaries, and turbid inner lagoon. Carnivorous pike-like
pelagic to demersal fshes diurnal; solitary or in small schools. Disperse near shore to benthic with
muddy botom. Depth ranged to 60 meter. Atains size up to 80 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate, sub cylindrical or slightly compressed; head long, pointed. Mouth
large, jaws are elongate, 1st dorsal fn with 4 spines; the 2nd with 1 spine and 9 rays. Anal fn with
2 spines and 7 to 9 rays; pectoral fns short, pelvic fns with 1 spine and 5 rays; caudal fn forked.
Color: Grey to blue, pale brown above, with silvery refectons, lighter to white below; many dark
bars crossing lateral line on body, each bar oblique in upper half, but nearly vertcal in lower half;
caudal fn largely yellowish without white tps.
Sample Detail
Fishing sites: Open waters of mangroves, rivers, creeks and muddy coastal zones
Fishing gear: Drif net, Stow net, Long line
Local market price: Fresh 600- 900 kyat/ kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Synodontdae
Tetraodontdae
Plate59: Saurida tumbil. Greater lizardfsh e|.eee e|.eeee
Plate 60: Chelonodon potoca. Tidal pufer fsh e|.eoe. e~e.
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Family: Synodontdae
Scientfcname: Saurida tumbil
Common name: Greater lizardfsh
Local name: Nga-pa-lwae; Nga-zin-leik e|.eee e|.eeee (Plate 59)
Habitat and biology: Demersal, neritc from depth of 20-60 meters; shallow water on sand or sand
and muddy areas; hardly leaves out from botom substratum, feed on small fsh and invertebrates.
Morphology: Body elongate and cylindrical; head depressed and lizard like, mouth very large and
oblique with needle-like teeth on jaws; maxilla extending far beyond eyes; an dorsal adipose fn
present; dorsal and anal fn short based and single; pectoral fn well developed; 8 rays in ventral
fn; pelvic fns with 9 rays, caudal fn forked. Dorsal fn about midway on back, anal fn posterior to
end of dorsal fn.
Color: Silvery brown, fns hyaline
Sample Detail
Size range: 8-25 cm
Fishing sites: Mouths and open waters of Rivers Pyke Seik Toung Maw
(Ka Thoung) River
Fishing gear: Botom stowed net, Beach seine
Uses: Fresh, dried, salted
Family: Tetraodontdae
Scientfcname: Chelonodon potoca
Common name: Tidal pufer fsh
Local name: Nga-pu-tnn; Ba-gin e|.eoe. e~e. (Plate 60)
Habitat and biology: Found in estuaries and freshwater tdal zone in coastal rivers. Feed on detritus,
vascular plants, mollusks, crustaceans and invertebrates, Occasionally sip scales and fns of live fsh
in natural. Atains size up to 17 cm.
Morphology: Body compressed laterally, infatable, dorsal profle rising nearly rectlinear to the
mid of the back, then sloping to caudal fn. Inter orbital space fat; mouth terminal, four fused
teeth in jaws, beak like; fns rounded; pelvic fn absent; caudal fn truncate. Skin leathery without
spicule.
Color: Back dark green to olive green, fanks yellow to pale grey; belly dirty white, back with dark
cloudy marking descending to sides. Caudal fn bordered with red band.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: River Kalein Taung
Fishing sites: Shallow mangrove waters of the Rivers Katoung , Zerike and Kaleain
Taung
Fishing gear: Beach seine, Surface stow net
Uses: Fresh, smoked
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Plate 61: Toxotes chatareus. Spoted archer fsh e|.ee~e. e|.ee:~e
Plate 62: Terapon jarbua. Jarbua terapon e~._~:. e|.e_~:e
Toxotdae
Teraponidae
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Family: Toxotdae
Scientfcname: Toxotes chatareus
Common name: Spoted archer fsh
Local name: Nga-pin-kan; Nga-byauk-ma e|.ee~e. e|.ee:~e (Plate 61)
Habitat and biology: Common in shallow water of mangrove shores, brackish estuaries, and fresh
waters, especially with overhanging vegetaton. Exhibit one of natures most remarkable feeding
adaptatons. Fish from water surface usually squirt a jet of water forcefully to hit small insect on
overhanging vegetaton and devoured when its drop down in the water. Atains size up to 15 cm.
Morphology: Oval or rhomboidal-shaped, moderately compressed; eyes large, mouth moderately
large, protractle, with lower jaw protruding; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatnes. A single dorsal
fn with 4 to 6 stout spines; anal fn with 3 spines; pelvic fns with 1 spine; no spine in pectoral fns;
caudal fn truncate.
Color: Grayish yellow with color patern consistng of 6 or 7, alternatng large and small black
spots, caudal fn faint yellow
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Nga Yet Kyi
Fishing sites: Shallow creeks inside mangrove and sheltered waters
Fishing gear: Stow net, Beach seine and cast net
Uses: Fresh (seldom eaten), Potental aquarium fsh.
Family: Teraponidae
Scientfcname: Terapon jarbua
Common name: Jarbua terapon,
Local name: Nga-gone-kyar; Nga-nan-gyaung e~._~:.e|.e_~:e (Plate 62)
Habitat and biology: Inhabits coastal, brackish, and fresh waters, but apparently reproduces in
marine waters. Feed on smaller fsh, invertebrates and scales of other fshes. Atains size up to 35 cm.
Morphology: Body oblong moderately compressed laterally. Jaws equal, teeth in juvenile ofen
toothless in adults. Preopercle serrated; lower opercular spine very long and strong. Dorsal fn
with 11 or 12 spines; anal fn with 3 spines; caudal fn emarginated.
Color: Body silvery grayish dorsally and silvery white ventrally; 3 or 4 dark brown or black
downwardly curved stripes on body. Spinous porton of dorsal fn with a blackish blotch dorsally;
caudal fn lobes with dark tps and a transverse band.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: River Thazintan
Fishing gear: Cast net, Beach seine
Fishing site: Open mangrove waters, creeks, rivers and rivulets
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Portunidae
Penaeidae
Plate 63: Scylla olivacea. Mud crab e:.~o. e.:e.~o.
Plate 64: Penaeus indicus. White shrimp ee_e
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Family: Portunidae
Scientfcname: Scylla olivacea
Common name: Mud crab
Local name: Pyar-ka-nan; Choung-ka-nan e:.~o. e.:e.~o. (Plate 63)
Habitat and biology: Benthic to semi pelagic crabs with diverse habits; burrows in
mangroves and sof botom shallow intertdal zone. Atains size up to (maximum carapace width)
for male 18 cm.
Morphology: Carapace hexagonal, transversely ovate to transversely hexagonal, sometmes
circular; dorsal surface relatvely fat to gently convex, usually ridged or granulose; front broad,
usually 5 to 9 teeth on each antero lateral margin, posterolateral margins usually distnctly
converging. Legs laterally fatened to varying degrees, last 2 segments of last pair paddle-like.
Male abdominal segments 3 to 5 completely fused, immovable.
Color: Carapace brownish to brownish green (sometmes orangish), palm orange to yellow.
Note: The taxonomy of the genus Scylla has been terribly confused and is stll difcult. While
generally a single, supposedly widely distributed species is recognized, namely S. serrata, it is now
known that the genus includes 4 species.
Sample Detail
Site sampling: Creek Nga yet kyi
Size range: 25-150 gms
Fishing gear: Bamboo trap, Nylon net trap
Fishing sites: Mangrove creeks and river banks with sof botom and in the
inter tdal zone
Local market price: Variable by size, sex and maturity stage; 500-2500/kg (live)
Uses: Marketed alive
Family: Penaeidae
Scientfcname: Penaeus indicus
Common name: White shrimp
Local name: Pazun phyu ee_e (Plate 64)
Habitat and biology: Benthic, marine, breed in estuaries and mangroves; on sandy and muddy
botoms, from the coastline to depths of about 90 m. Suitable for prawn aquaculture; commonly
Atains size up to 23 cm (female) and 17 cm ( male).
Morphology: Carapace rather smooth, rostrum slightly curved at tp, lacking gastro-frontal and
hepatc crests on carapace; bearing 7 to 9 dorsal and 3 to 6 ventral teeth; telson lacking lateral
spines.
Color: Body semi-translucent, yellowish white or grayish green, covered with numerous minute
dark brown dots; antennular fagella with many dark spots;
Sample Detail
Site: River Kyaung Poke
Size range: Total length 6-11 cm
Fishing sites: Inter tdal zone of rivers and creek inside mangroves and coastline
Fishing gear: Beach seine and stow net
Local market price: Varies with size; generally 1800-6000/kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate65: Penaeus japonicus. Sand shrimp ee
Plate 66: Penaeus monodon. Giant tger prawn ~:.ee
Penaeidae
Penaeidae
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Family: Penaeidae
Scientfcname: Penaeus japonecus
Common name: Sand shrimp
Local name: Thae-pazun ee (Plate 65)
Habitat and biology: Inhabits shelf areas from the coastline to depths of about 90 m, usually
less than 50 m, on sandy or sandy-mud botoms. Adults bury in the substrate in daytme; actve at
night. Atains size up to 30 cm (females); 20 cm (males).
Morphology: Carapace with grooves and crests very distnct, bearing both gastro-frontal and
hepatc crests on carapace; rostrum with 9 or 10 dorsal teeth and 1 ventral tooth; posterior end of
gastro-frontal groove divided into 2. Telson with 3 pairs of movable lateral spines.
Color: Body pale yellowish with dark brown transverse bands; last abdominal band interrupted;
antennal scale greenish with white tps, fagella yellowish; legs whitsh to yellowish; pleopods
yellowish to reddish with brown or white spots at bases.
Sample Detail
Size range: 5-12 cm
Fishing sites: Open waters of the rivers and large creeks inside mangroves
Fishing gear: Cast net, Stow net, Beach seine
Local market prices: Rare species; mixed with black tger shrimp;
generally 6000- 18000 Kyat/ kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
Family: Penaeidae
Scientfcname: Penaeus monodon
Common name: Giant tger prawn
Local name: Kyar-pazun ~:.ee (Plate 66)
Habitat and biology: Post larvae and juveniles occur in estuaries and lagoon adults migrate to the
sea for spawning. Favor a botom substratum of mud or mud and sand, common depths ranged 8
-150 meters. Feed on mixed diet of animal and plant life; cannibalistc when starving. Atains size
up to commonly 35 cm (female) and 20 cm (male).
Morphology: Carapace with distnct grooves and crests, rostrum with 6 to 8 dorsal teeth and 3
ventral teeth; telson without lateral spines.
Color: Body reddish brown in large adults; mud-yellow transverse bands on carapace; antenna
greenish brown.
Sample Detail
Sampling site River Kathoung
Size range: 5-12 cm
Fishing gear: Cast net, Stow net, Beach seine
Fishing sites: Open water with muddy coastal of rivers and large creeks
Local market price: Fresh 6000- 18000 Kyat/ kg
Uses: Fresh, dried
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Plate 67: Harpiosquilla sp. Mants shrimp ~e.ee eo:~e=e
Plate 68: Anadara granosa. Blood cockle ~.:._~
Squillidae
Arcidae
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Family: Squillidae
Scientfcname: Harpiosquilla sp
Common name: Mants shrimp
Local name: Kin-pazun, Taut-paseit ~e.ee eo:~e=e (Plate 67)
Habitat and biology: Marine, demersal; inhabit shallow sub-tdal area with sof substrate,
burrowing animals that hunt from the burrow or leave it to forage for food, seek prey at night.
Depth range 15-25 meters, Atains size up to 38 cm.
Morphology: Body elongate, fatened. shrimp-like or lobster-like crustaceans; eyes large and
movable, carapace very short, 3 pairs of walking legs; 5 pairs of swimming legs (pleopods); tail
long and fatened; 1 pair of lateral uropods with a spiny ventral process; telson with median
longitudinal ridge and spines; raptorial claw large and slender, adapted for spearing the prey. Inner
margin of dactylus of raptorial claw with 5 or 6 serrated teeth.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Open Water at Kathoung and Kalein Toung River Mouth
Size range: 4-12 cm
Fishing gear: Dive and spear; Stow net
Fishing sites: Large river mouth with sand and muddy botom.
Local market price: Varies with size; 300- 9000/kg
Uses: Fresh; marketed alive
Family: Arcidae
Scientfcname: Anadara granosa
Common name: Blood cockle
Local name: Goane-thwar-kyae ~.:._~ (Plate 68)
Habitat and biology: Intertdal and shallow sub tdal waters on muddy botoms, mainly in bays and
estuaries, or in mangroves; occur in dense populatons. Shell length atains 6 cm.
Morphology: Shell equivalve, thick and solid, ovate, strongly infated, slightly longer than high.
About 18 radial ribs at each valve; ribs stout and distnct.
Color: Outside of shell white under the yellowish brown periostracum. Inner side white, ofen
tnged light yellow.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: River Kaleintaung
Size range: 4-6 cm (Transverse)
Fishing site Hand picked by digging out from the mangrove banks and mudfats
during lowest low tde
Fishing sites: Intertdal zone of rivers, creeks and rivulets inside mangroves
Local market price: 300- 600 per kg (Live with shell)
Uses: Fresh meat, boiled or dried meat
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Pannidae
Potamididae
Plate 69: Atrina pectnata. Fan shell, Comb pen shell ~.oeeo:e
Plate 70: Telescopium telescopium. Telescope snail eqo .
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Family: Pannidae
Scientfcname: Atrina pectnata
Common name: Comb pen shell; Fan shell
Local name: Goane-yat-taung ~.oeeo:e (Plate 69)
Habitat and biology: In sand or muddy sand with the ventral (open) porton of theshell facing
towards the current. From low intertdal areas to depths of about 20 m. Tolerant to wide ranges of
temperature (from 1 to 39C) and low-salinity water. Shell length atains 27 cm.
Morphology: Shell rather thin, fragile, moderately infated. Dorsal margin straight or slightly
concave; posterior margin truncate; outer surface of valves with 15 to 30 radial ribs smooth to
densely set with short spines.
Color: Outside of shell slightly shiny, translucent olivaceous, ofen tnged with darker purplish
brown or grey toward the umbones. Interior similarly colored, shining on nacreous area.
Sample Detail
Fishing sites: Mud fats neighboring rivers and estuaries
Fishing: Hand pick during lowest low tdes
Local market price: 50-100 kyat/pcs (Live)
Uses: Fresh, boiled, dried
Family: Potamididae
Scientfcname: Telescopium telescopium
Common name: Telescope snail
Local name: Ma-ryut-kha-yu eqo .q (Plate 70)

Habitat and biology: Inhabitng in mangrove areas and on intertdal mud fats, where the water is
saline or highly brackish. Ofen partly bury in mud, with only top of spire projectng. Atains size
up to 13 cm.
Morphology: Shell large, with a high conical spire and a broad fat base. Spire whorls fat sided,
with weakly defned suture. Outer lip thin and nearly smooth; columella with a strong, central
spiral ridge Anterior siphonal canal very short, open and strongly twisted.
Color: outside of shell dark reddish brown to black, ofen paler spiral band near the suture. Interior
similarly colored, with a light brown or whitsh columella.
Sample Detail
Sampling site: Creek Palaenwe
Size range : (5-8) cm length
Fishing sites: Mud fats neighboring rivers and estuaries. Abundant in mud fat with
shallow water associated with mangroves and in the shrimp ponds
Fishing method: Hand picked by digging during the lowest low tde in mud fats
Local market price: Meat without shell: 50-60 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh meat, dried meat, shell for lime industry
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Plate 71: Solen lamarckii. Knife clam, Razor clam ~.eo:e.e
Plate 72: Meretrix casta. Hard clam e:.~. .
Solnidae
Veneridae
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Family: Solnidae
Scientfcname: Solen lamarckii
Common name: Knife clam, Razor clam
Local name: Goane-yaung-ma ~.eo:e.e (Plate 71)
Habitat and biology: Inhabit in muddy or sandy botoms, partcularly in estuaries and mangrove
areas; litoral and sub litoral to a depth of 25 m. Filter-feeding animals, adapted to swif and deep-
burrowing in sof botoms with their powerful foot. Shell length atains 15cm.
Morphology: Shell elongate-ovate shaped; moderately thin and elongated, about 4 tmes longer
than high. Anterior and posterior margins rounded. Ventral margin roughly parallel to dorsal
margin, ofen faintly depressed in the middle.
Color: Outside of shell of-white under the brownish, ofen darker in the middle. Interior of the
shell colored pale cream to bluish white.
Sample Detail
Size range: 12-16 cm carapace length
Fishing sites: Associated with hard clams. Mud fats of mangroves, rivers and estuaries
Fishing method: Dive and collect
Local market price: Marketed alive 50-100 kyat/pcs
Uses: Fresh
Family: Veneridae
Sientfcname: Meretrix casta
Common name: Hard clam
Local name: Pyar-goane-kha-yu e:.~. . (Plate 72)

Habitat and biology: Common in low intertdal to shallow subtdal depths, especially in areas
where organic debris are concentrated. Burrow in sof botoms, nestling in rock crevice or among
marine growths. Suspension feeders; feed on planktonic algae and organic mater from the water.
Sexes generally separate; eggs numerous; hatch free-swimming pelagic larvae. Length atains 10 cm.
Morphology: Shell mostly solid, equivalve or subequivalve, obliquely rounded. Foot large and short.
Sample Detail
Size range: 5-10 cm
Fishing sites: Mud fats of rivers, mangroves and estuaries
Fishing method: Hand picked by digging during the lowest low tde in the mud fat
Local market price: Meat 100-150 kyat/kg
Uses: Fresh meat, dried meat
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6. RecommendatonsfortheFisheryManagementin
the Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
Wunbaik is declared a Reserved Forest for the conservaton and protecton of biodiversity
(fora and fauna) according to the Forest Law (1992) and fshes are considered as the
forest produce of mangroves according to the Burma Wild Life Protecton Act 1936, 1927,
1994. Commercial benefts of fsheries resources may be obtained from areas outside the
reserve boundary. Over past decades, however, the quality and quantty of fsh captured
within the reserved forest boundary and the health and vitality of the mangrove forest has
deteriorated dramatcally due to inappropriate management - both in legal and ecological
terms. Studies conducted between February and April 2010 indicates the major reasons
for the decline to include:
i) Hydrological disrupton through constructon of embankments and bunds
which block and reduce the water holding capacity of mangrove creeks;
ii) Encroachment into mangrove areas for paddy and shrimp farming;
iii) Use of chemicals and pestcides for farming purposes, resultng in the killing of
juvenile fsh populatons;
iv) Stagnaton, acidifcaton and putrefacton of enclosures of land and water due
to poorly designed sluices;
v) River mouth fence net fshing;
vi) Use of poison and explosives for fshing;
vii) The use of fshing nets with very small mesh size;
viii) Catching of gravid fsh and crabs (brooders);
ix) Trapping of juvenile crabs.
To reverse the situaton and replenish, conserve and manage the fsheries resources of
Wunbaik Reserved Forest, the following recommendatons are suggested. Such actons
will help provide sustainable livelihood support for Wunbaik Reserved Forest (WBRF)
users and others dependent on fshing
A. Encroachment
I. Encroachment of reserve forest waters and land for shrimp pond constructon
is illegal as per the reserve forest law. As on 2009, one thousand one hundred
and seventy seven (1177) hectares of the reserved forest area, however, currently
controlled by 9 private shrimp farm owners who not from the local community.
Bunds constructed for shrimp pond establishment should be demolished to
facilitate the free fow of water and seedlings allowing regeneraton of mangroves
within the reserved zone.
83
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II. Involve/employ local poor fshers dependent on WBRF mangroves in forest
restoraton programs;
B. Fishing
I. Strictly enforce the forest laws and regulate utlizaton of WBRF including water
bodies to protect natural resources within the reserve, and to support fsheries
resources in adjoining sea areas given the direct relatonship with the ecological
health and vitality of the mangrove area;
II. Maintain a WBRF user register and a photo identty card system to keep track of
resource use within the reserved zone (Forest Department responsible);
III. Prohibit commercial fshing inside WBRF according to the Reserve Forest law. In
relaton, craf with capacity beyond a specifed limit should be banned from entering
WBRF waters;
IV. Specify types of fshing gear and craf permited for use inside WBRF waters. Fishers
using the WBRF should hold a license for authorized fshing gear and craf (Forest
Department and Fisheries Department responsible);
V. Establish a system to monitor fsh catch from the WBRF waters (Forest Department
responsible);
VI. Declare a maximum catch from the reserve forest area for household utlizaton/
consumpton (Forest Department responsible);
VII. Closely regulate creek mouth fshing. The capture of brooders at creek mouths on
both tdes has caused fsh populatons within WBRF waters to decline signifcantly
(Forest Department responsible);
VIII. Immediately enforce prohibiton of destructve fshing practces within and adjacent
to the WB reserved forest, including use of poisons, dynamite, electric shocks, etc.
IX. Impose three year restricted entry and limited human actvity in WBRF as an
immediate remedial measure to conserve and replenish fn and shell fsh resources
in the reserved forest and surrounding areas;
X. Declare and strictly enforce WBRF Conservaton Holidays during the fsh spawning
season (post monsoon months) to allow commercial fsh species that depend heavily
on mangroves to proliferate
XI. Entry for any reason should be prohibited (Forest Department responsible);
XII. Implement a rotatonal Prohibited Fishing Ground of the Year (PFGY) strategy as
suggested by villagers using Wunbaik Reserve Forest. The villagers would organise
themselves to prohibit fshing in one creek per village tract. The creek would be
rotated annually. A Five year plan for creek rotaton and protecton for every village
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tract will be developed by the fshers from all the villagers in cooperaton with the
village Peace Development Commitees and simultaneously supported by the Forest
Department during the implementaton of the plan
C.Crabfshing
XIII. Enforce ban on collecton, breeding and fatening of crab for export and collecton
for sof shell crab for commercial purposes within WBRF. There are four major crab
collecton centres and several other permanent statons inside the reserve upon
which Forest Department eforts should centre;
XIV. Establish crab breeding centres outside WBRF to provide the local community a
source of income and reduce pressure on, and illegal actvity within, WBRF that
results from the high export demand for mud crab, including brooders and young
crabs below 100 grams;
D.Sanctons
XV. Announce and enforce penaltes and punishments for illegal utlizaton or exploitaton
of WBRF resources as per the Reserve Forest Law;
E. Other
XVI. Increase public awareness of the signifcance of mangroves and their role in
fsheries productvity, sustainable use of natural resources and responsible fsheries
management practce
The above recommandatons are the comprehensive outcome of the workshops, partci-
patory meetngs, inputs from the local non governmental organizatons, staf from the
Forest Department and Department of Fisheries, villagers and from the consultants
85
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7.GearandCrafsusedintheWunbaikReservedMangroveForest

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8. Index of the Fishery Resources of Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

No. Scientfc Name Page No
1. Acentrogobius caninus 28-29
2. Ambassis gymnocephalus 10-11
3. Anodontostoma chacunda 18-19
4. Batrichythyes sp. 12-13
5. Chaetodon discussatus 18-19
6. Coilia dussumieri 22-23
7. Coilia ramcarit 22-23
8. Drepane punctata 20-21
9. Gerres abbreviates 26-27
10. Gerres flamentosus 26-27
11. Lates calcarifer 16-17
12. Mystus vitatus 10-11
13. Strongylura leiura 12-13
14. Pseudorhombus arius 14-15
15. Setpinna wheeleri 24-25
16. Selaroides leptolepis 16-17
17. Tenualosa illisha 20-21
18. Thryssa mystax 24-25
19. Bathygobius fuscus 28-29
20. Boleopthalmus boddart 30-31
21. Cynoglossus lingua 14-15
22. Glossogobias giuris 30-31
23. Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus 32-33
24. Pomadasys commersonni 32-33
25. Pomadasys olivaceum 34-35
26. Zenarchopterus sp. 34-35
27. Sargocentron rubrum 36-37
28. Thalassoma lunare 36-37
29. Leiognathus eqqulua 38-39
30. Leiognathus bidus 38-39
31. Leiognathus fasciatus 40-41
32. Secutor insidiator 40-41
33. Datnioides quardrifaciatus 42-43
34. Lutjanus johnii 42-43
35. Lutjanus lutjanus 44-45
36. Liza parsia 44-45
37. Upeneus sulphureus 46-47
38. Upeneus assymetricus 46-47
39. Congresox talabon 48-49
87
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40. Nemipterus peronii 48-49
41. Scolopsis vosmeri 50-51
42. Platycaphalus indicus 50-51
43. Plotosus canius 52-53
44. Eleutheronema tetradactylum 52-53
45. Pomacanthus annularis 54-55
46. Abudefduf saxatlis 54-55
47. Abudeduf sp 56-57
48. Illisha megaloptera 56-57
49. Psetodes erumei 58-59
50. Scatophagus argus 58-59
51. Chrysochir aureus 60-61
52. Pennahia anea 60-61
53. Cephalopholis formosa 62-63
54. Epinephalus erythrurus 62-63
55. Siganus javus 64-65
56. Siganus vermiculatus 64-65
57. Sillago sihama 66-67
58. Sphyraena jello 66-67
59. Saurida tumbil 68-69
60. Chelonodon potoca 68-69
61. Terapon jarbua 70-71
62. Toxotes chatareus 70-71
63. Scylla olivacea 72-73
64. Penaeus indicus 72-73
65. Penaeus japonecus 74-75
66. Penaeus monodon 74-75
67. Harpiosquilla sp. 76-77
68. Anadara granosa 76-77
69. Atrina pectnata 78-79
70. Telescopium telescopium 78-79
71. Solen lamarckii 80-81
72. Meretrix casta 80-81
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9. References
Carpenter. K. E and Niem, V.H. (1998). Species Identfcaton Guide for Fisheries Purposes; The
Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacifc; Vol. 1: Sea weed, corals, bivalve and gas-
tropods. Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Natons, Rome.
Carpenter. K. E and V.H. Niem (1998). FAO Species Identfcaton Guide for Fisheries Purposes; The
Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacifc; Vol. 2: Cephalopods, crustaceans, holo-
thurians and sharks Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Natons; Rome.
Carpenter. K. E and Niem, V.H. (1998). FAO Species Identfcaton Guide for Fisheries Purposes; The
Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacifc; Vol. 3: Batoid fsh, chimaeras and bony fsh
part 1: Elopidae-Linophrynidae. Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Natons, Rome.
Carpenter. K. E and Niem, V.H. (1998). FAO species identfcaton guide for fsheries purposes. The
living marine resources of the Western Central Pacifc; Vol. 4: Bony fsh part 2: Mugilidae to Caran-
gidae Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Natons, Rome.
living marine resources of the Western Central Pacifc; Vol.5: Bony fsh part 3: Manidae to Poma-
centridae. Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Natons, Rome
living marine resources of the Western Central Pacifc; Vol. 6: Bony fsh part 4: Labridae to Lat-
imeriidae, Estuarine Crocodile, Sea turtle Sea snakes and Marine mammals. Food and Agriculture
Organizaton of the United Natons, Rome
De Bruin, G.H.P.; Russell, B.C.and Bocusch, A. (1994): FAO species identfcaton guide for fsher-
ies purposes. The marine fshery resources of Sri Lanka. Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the
United Natons, Rome 1995

Department of Fisheries and Myanmar Fisheries Federaton (2008): Commercial fshes of Myan-
mar. Published by Myanmar Fisheries Products Processors & Exporters Associaton, Yangon Myan-
mar.
Nakabo, T. (2002): Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English editon Tokai University
press 2-28-4 Tomigaya, Shibuya-ku Tokyo 151-0063 Japan. URL htp://www.press.tokei.ac.jp
Rainboth, W.J. (1996): FAO species identfcaton guide for fsheries purposes. Fishes of the Cambo-
dian Mekong. Mekong River Commission, Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Natons
and Danish Internatonal Development Assistance.
Talwar, P.K. and Jhingran, A.G. (1991): Inland fshes of India and adjacent countries, Vol.1. and
Vol.2. Oxford & IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Bombay, Calcuta.
89
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10.DescriptonoffsheriesinMyanmarlanguage
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e|.-e. ._:ea:. Bale-gallasy e-
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eeeq_: .e|e:eqoe|eoe:.~e:._: _oee:q:_: _e.e:.o e:. -_ eeoeo:o
qse_:
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oeqe_e. =.e:-e.:e. se=.eeee:_e.:e.q_: _e.._:
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e|.-e;e. Stripped-dwarf-cat-fsh e_
e:.~~seeeeeo oeqeq:~e: eq.eqeee_eee.:e.e:.oe eoqse_: e.=~e.e:. .e|e:
eqoe|eoe:.~e:.._: ~oe:._e.e:.o _e eeoeo:oqse_:
_eeee~o:e:. ~oe:.q__ ee|e:~_.eo_e:._: e.|e._e:._ e:~ee._ e~:
=.eo:eqe.oq_e:._: _.e.|e.eoee.q..eo_: e|.eeee|~eq__: ee..se :e.|eoe
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==.eo:ee|q_: _e.._:
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91
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e|.a:. . e|. Toad fsh e

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e:~ee.._~.e:._: eq=oose_: e|.o~e.=.q_: e~:=.eo:e_.q_: eoee~:=.eo:e
eqee.oe =.e: -e.:e. eq_e:.e:~oee.e_: oooe~:=.eo:ese e=.eo:ee:. q_e:._: oe=.
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e|.aq Large tooth founder e_

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eqe|: e~:=.eo:e_ e~e.eq~eq:e eoe_: e~:=.eo:ese e=.eo:e_ _e.se =~eeeeq
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eq:ee.: _eq:e~oee|oe eeq:eee.e~e:.q_: ~oeoe_. e:~~ee.oe
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93
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a. e|.;. Yellow stripped scad e

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e|._: Buterfy fsh eg
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_a. Goldspoted grenadier anchovy e-
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e|.. Deep body silver biddy e-
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99
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e|.-a Spoted green goby e-g
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e|..a|e..: Goggle eyed goby, Mud skipper e_-
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e|._a Gobby e_
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e|.-. Olive grunt e__
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103
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e|.._.a: . e|.._._a. Red coat grouper e_
e:.~~seeeeeo eqe:~e|._ee_: e~:~e=:ese s:e~:~o.e:.qe: ~e.e_.eqoeee.oe eoq
se_: eq~eo: eooe eose_: e:~e_.q.e| eqoe|eoe:. e|.eoe:.~e:._: _e.e:.
oe:. _ eeoeo:oqse_:
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e|.a-|. . e|.-e. Orange fn pony fsh e_g
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_: e|.ee~ee|~se e:~~=oose_: e.|e.ee.oe=.q_: e~:=.eo:eoe =.e: ee.:e.se
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105
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e|.a-|. Striped pony fsh e-
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.:e|.- Four barred tger fsh e
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e:~ooq~ee.o_: _e.e:.oe:. eeeoeo:o qse_:
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e:..e e|.e e|.e_.:~
e|....a.e|.ae Johns snapper, Mangrove red snapper eq
e:.~~seeeeeo e:~e_.oe q eoo qeq:ee:eq:~ se~_: ~e.e_.se eq.eqeee
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e:..e e|.e e|.e_.:~
107
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.qe|..e|.-| Big eye snapper e_
e:.~~seeeeeo e:~e_.ee|._ee_: e:~e_. qqe:eq:e:. e~:~e=:e s:e~:~o.qe:
~e.e_..oe~oe ~~e:._: eq~eo:eeooe eose_: _~.e:.e:eeeeeq_: eee~
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eoo e|qee:.e~ ee.e_~:e.e:.q_:
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qoe:. -__e eeoeo:
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e:..e e|.e e|.e_.:~

..e|.e_e. Gold spot mullet ee
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_.-|.e|.a Sulphur goatish e
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e e.:e.q_: oooe~:=.eo:eoe =.e:oee.:e.q_: _e.._:
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e|.-.e|.. Silver sillago e_
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e|.ea..e|..:a Spoted archer fsh ee-
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-..:e Comb pen shell; Fan shell eeg
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eoee.s.

125
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-..:e.a Knife clam, Razor clam e-
e:.~~seeeeeo qsee:~e_.qe: oeqeo:se ~e.e_.eq_eee:. oeqo~~qe: oeqee:.g
eoqse_: eq~ __eo:ooeeose_: eqe:~e_eee:oe ~qe.e: oe.o.eeeq_: .e:.
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eq:ee. _eq:ee:~.oe _eeq:e_ee_: eoee.oe eq:eqe_: ..oe.~ee.
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e|.ee.~qo: ~e=_.e. eq~.oe e~_eeo.ee:_.e.
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e:..e e
:.-..; Hard clam e_
e:.~~seeeeeo ~e.e_.eqoee:.geose_: eee~se e=.e_eee|e:.e:eq:e:.g eose_:
eqe:~qee:oe eoe~e_: eqe:~eee:. ~eee:.oeeee~q_: eqoeee:e|e:e: eq_e:.
se e:~e_ee_~.e:.~e:._: ee~_ee_: _e:.e:_.se_: :.ee:e.e:. eqoeee:e|_: ..e:.
--eeoeo:.oqse_:
_eeee~o: .e:_: se_.e.__: ee|ee.ee.e._: e_.eo:~_~.e:.~o_e_e. e:.o_:
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eoee.s. :.oe~eee -ee-_e~e
e:..e :.e :.e_.:~

Deiva Oswin Stanley, 2011, Fishery Resources of Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest, Myanmar

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Fishery Resources of The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

FAO-UN, Myanmar Publicaton 2011/04

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