The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleotide carrying a genetic blueprint.

The DNA molecule undergoes a series of processes through the genetic materials are duplicated. DNA showed that is composed of four different kinds of molecules called nucleotide. Each nucleotide consists of one of the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine and the sugar, deoxyribose and a phosphate group. James D. Watson, an American biologist and Francis H.C. Crick, a British biophysicist, discovered the structured of DNA. They concluded that DNA molecule was double helix in structure resembling a spiral ladder or staircase. They determined that the sides of the ladder were composed of alternating phosphate groups and sugar molecules. The rungs on the staircase contained the pairs of nitrogen-carrying bases. These two bases that made up each ring were joined to one another by weak hydrogen bond. DNA replication is the making of identical copy of DNA that is passed on from one generation of organisms to another. DNA replication makes the passing of traits possible. Thus, the proliferation of species of similar characteristics continues alongside variations. Variations are made possible through mutation. Mutations are permanent changes in the genetic material. They are classified according to where the process takes place. Gene mutation is a chemical change in the DNA structure. The change alters the nucleotide sequence, that changes the information and the protein produced to express the trait. Mutagens are drugs that may be chemical agents that interact with DNA structure and cause mutation. Chromosome Mutation is a change in the whole chromosome structure or a part of it. Deletion involves the loss of a piece of chromosome. Cri-du-chat or cat-cry syndrome disorders associated with a lost chromosome part (deletion) in humans. Inversion no genes are added or lost, but a change in the sequence of genes occurs. Duplication happens when an extra identical piece of chromosome is added to the original strand which may be advantage at times. Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis.

Aneuploidies are the abnormalities involving the presence of an extra chromosome or the absence of a chromosome are much more common situations in humans. Syndrome is when a disease causes multiple symptoms. Monosomy is when this sex cell (22 chromosome) combines with a normal sex cell (23 chromosomes), the resulting zygote has only 45 chromosomes instead of 46. Turners syndrome chromosome (45, XO). another sex chromosome abnormality, have only X

Trisomy is a condition in which the total number of chromosomes is 47 instead of 46. This is due to the combination of a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) and a gamete with an extra chromosome (24 chromosomes). Klinefelters syndrome have 47autosomes, the sex chromosomes are XXY. Metafemale or Triple X Syndrome have three to four X chromosomes (47, XXX or 48, XXXX). Metamales or Double Y Syndrome (Jacobs Syndrome) individuals with XY chromosomes (47, XYY). Downs syndrome is an abnormal condition which occurs because they are trisomic for chromosome 21. Edwards syndrome is another abnormality, involves an extra chromosome 18 and severely mentally retarded. Pataus syndrome is an individual with the extra chromosome 13 suffers from Pataus syndrome. Protein synthesis is a process by which proteins are made from amino acids. The process is essential since proteins make up the structural components of an organism and enzymes necessary for chemical reactions in the body.