Introduction

Background and purpose From day by day, actually dental health problem in Indonesia is always the same. although the technology growing fast, but if the main cause of that problem not done yet and treat with the right treatment, it cant be solved properly. The important thing to become a dentist not just a genius brain or improved hand skills, but growing good communication between doctor and patients also the key to be a successfull dentist. Why it is important? Because many cases prove that miscommunication can lead the doctor to give unappropriate treatment to the patient. For example at Conservation clinic Faculty of Dentistry, University of Airlangga get 34% of the 30 subjects who filled treatment failure. Of this amount 50% due to secondary caries, the rest is due to the filling broken1. From that fact we can conclude that miscommunication between doctor and patient should not happen, because can result a huge effect. A dentist should develop communication with their patient continously. From the first time they met, until the patients problem resolved. But it does not mean after that our relationship with the patient ended. It should continously develop, Because to develop a good communication and result good relationship need some steps and time, we can not just end our relationship with the patient like that. The goal of this study is make we who are the first semester student at Faculty of Dentistry University of Airlangga more understand about communication, especially interpersonal communication and not just understand but can do it practically. From this study we hope in the future we can grow a synergic communication among us as a dentist and the patient.

The General Objectives of This Paper After finish reading this problem based learning scientific paper which is named Interpersonal communication skill and the basic of anamnesa , the readers, especially Airlangga University dental student, could apply this communication skills and the basic technique of anamnesa from searching relevant refrences with basic dentistry studies, and also could make a good interpersonal communication.

The Specific Objectives of This Paper After finish reading this based learning scientific paper which is named Interpersonal communication skill and the basic of anamnesa , the readers: 1. Understand whats the meaning of self concept, every element of making self

concept, and the function of self concept on interpersonal communication. 2. Understand whats the meaning of psychology communication and interpersonal

communication. 3. Understand the function of communication, the elements of communication and

their each function on communication and also understand any obstacles of communication. 4. The readers could apply the technique of a good interpersonal communication and

making a good anamnesa from the communication, how to interview someone and how to make a good interpersonal communication.

CONCEPT THEORY
Interpersonal communication skills and basic techniques important interview dominated by students of the Faculty of Dentistry, as stock in communicating with the patient's activities. At the dentist's educational activities, the role of science communication more emphasis on mastery and interpersonal communication skills among individuals, especially in conducting interviews with respondents or clients and understand the problems (problem solving) in overcoming communication barriers.

According to Allport, Martin Bubers and Carl Rogers, 3 principles in understanding the interpersonal relationship between doctor and patient, namely: 1. The better interpersonal relationships that is occur, the more open the patient to express his feelings 2. The deeper he observed someone's feelings, so he can find out more in probelma patients. 3. The more effective he listened to all the complaints and statements of the patient, the higher the trust given to her patients.

The most important thing that we must understand before we interact with others as a basic for communication, is not only how we respond to others, but how we are able to respond about ourselves called "self-concept".

William D. Brooks (1970), defines self-concept as: Those physical, social and psychological perceptions of oursselves that we have derived from ecperiences and our interaction with others. Thus, the concept of self is the view and our feelings about ourselves. Perceptions of self may be psychological, social and physical.

Anita Taylor (1977), defines self-concept as: All you think and feel about you, the entire complex of beliefs and attitudes you hold about yourself.

George Hebert Mead said that every human being to develop the concept itself through interaction with others. So in fact we can recognize dir us from others, and a mirror reflects who we really are. While Charles H. Coolet called the concept itself as "The looking Glassself", is significantly determined by what someone is thinking about other people's thoughts about it. (Mulyana.D, 2008)

Factors that affect the formation of self-concept: 1. Family Family called Significant Others, which form our self-concept. 2. Other Gabriel Michael said that "The fact is that we can understand ourselves by starting from the other, or the others and only by starting from them". We know ourselves first to know other people and how other people judge me, it will form a concept to me (Anita Taylor, 1977). 3. Reference group There is a group that emotionally binds us and affect our self-concept formation, is called the reference group (reference group). By understanding this, people will direct their behavior in accordance with the characteristics of the group 1988). (Rasmuson, Mark, et al,

The concept itself is something that is crucial in the process of communication, especially in interpersonal communication, because normally people will behave in accordance with the concept itself. "You do not think what you are, you are what you think" (Brooks & Emmert, 1976)

The concept of opening up Understanding the concept of opening up, a requirement for communication because we will be more open to new experiences and tend to avoid the defensive nature. The relationship between self-concept and self-described concept opening in pictures "Johari Window":

Aspects ourselves known to others Aspects of ourselves that no one else knows

As the definition of communication and communication functions that previously described, the principles of communication can be described in several ways characteristic communication through understanding communication, especially about the

communication component.

At the communicator to send messages or otherwise receive, the psychology of communication observe the admissions process messages, such as the disclosure of ideas in the form of a symbol or a symbol, and how a message can cause responses in other individuals (Berlo.DK, 1960)

D.Shanon W.Weaver a mathematician and an electrician stated that communication system involves: 1. Source (Source) All communication originated from a source that made the news, or ideas conveyed to others. Communication resources can be an individual, group of people, information centers, books, advertisements, newspapers, posters and so on. 2. News (Message)

Is a symbol, a symbol code, language, images, gestures, expressions, limb movements made by the source of communication 3. Channel (Channel) Communication channels are the means how the message was delivered or, more commonly referred to as the media, are used by people involved in the communication as a means to convey the message. 4. Recipient (Receiver) They may be individuals or groups of people who receive the message and then respond .(Berlo, D.K, 1960)

Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication is often defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, usually describing participants who are dependent upon one another. It can involve one on one conversations or individuals interacting with many people within a society. It helps us understand how and why people behave and communicate in different ways to construct and negotiate a social reality. While interpersonal communication can be defined as its own area of study, it also occurs within other contexts like groups and organizations. Interpersonal communication is the process that we use to communicate our ideas, thoughts, and feelings to another person. Our interpersonal communication skills are learned behaviors that can be improved through knowledge, practice, feedback, and reflection. Interpersonal communication includes message sending and message reception between two or more individuals. This can include all aspects of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication, and more. A primary concept of interpersonal communication looks at communicative acts when there are few individuals involved unlike areas of communication such as group interaction, where there may be a large number of individuals involved in a communicative act. Individuals also communicate on different interpersonal levels depending on who they are engaging in communication with. For example, if an individual is communicating with a family member, that communication will more than likely differ from the type of communication used when engaged in a communicative act with a friend or significant other.

Overall, interpersonal communication can be conducted using both direct and indirect mediums of communication such as face-to-face interaction, as well as computermediated-communication. Successful interpersonal communication assumes that both the message senders and the message receivers will interpret and understand the messages being sent on a level of understood meanings and implications.

Symbolic interaction Symbolic interaction comes from the sociocultural perspective in that it relies on the creation of shared meaning through interactions with others. This theory focuses on the ways in which people form meaning and structure in society through interactions. People are motivated to act based on the meanings they assign to people, things, and events. Symbolic interaction argues the world is made up of social objects that are named and have socially determined meanings. When people interact over time they come to shared meaning for certain terms and actions and thus come to understand events in particular ways. There are three main concepts in this theory: society, self and mind.

Society Social acts (which create meaning) involve an initial gesture from one individual, a response to that gesture from another and a result.

Self Self-image comes from interaction with others based on others perceptions. A person makes sense of the world and defines their "self" through social interactions. One s self is a significant object and like all social objects it is defined through social interactions with others.

Mind Your ability to use significant symbols to respond to yourself makes thinking possible. You define objects in terms of how you might react to them. Objects become what they are through our symbolic minding process. Constructs for this theory include creation of meaning, social norms, human interactions, and signs and symbols. An underlying

assumption for this theory is that meaning and social reality are shaped from interactions with others and that some kind of shared meaning is reached.

The three relational dialectics In order to understand relational dialectics theory, one must also be aware of the assumption that there are three different types of relational dialectics. These consist of connectedness and separateness, certainty and uncertainty, and openness and closeness. Connectedness and separateness Most individuals naturally desire to have a close bond in the interpersonal relationships we are a part of. However, it is also assumed that no relationship can be enduring without the individuals involved within it also having their time alone to themselves. Individuals who are only defined by a specific relationship they are a part of can result in the loss of individual identity.

Certainty and uncertainty Individuals desire a sense of assurance and predictability in the interpersonal relationships they are a part of. However, they also desire having a variety in their interactions that come from having spontaneity and mystery within their relationships as well. Much research has shown that relationships which become bland and monotonous are not desirable.

Openness and closeness In close interpersonal relationships, individuals may often feel a pressure to reveal personal information. This assumption can be supported if one looks at the postulations within social penetration theory, which is another theory used often within the study of communication. This tension may also spawn a natural desire to keep an amount of personal privacy from other individuals. The struggle in this sense, illustrates the essence of relational dialectics.

Coordinated management of meaning Coordinated management of meaning is a theory assuming that two individuals engaging in an interaction are each constructing their own interpretation and perception

behind what a conversation means. A core assumption within this theory includes the belief that all individuals interact based on rules that are expected to be followed while engaging in communication. "Individuals within any social situation first want to understand what is going on and apply rules to figure things out".

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION Interpersonal communication is the informal exchange of information between two or more people two-person, face-to-face interaction (dyadic communication). Continuum from dyadic to interpersonal. Developmental approach suggests that something special must occur to turn ordinary, impersonal, dyadic interaction into interpersonal communication. When 1. The rules governing the relationship 2. The amount of data communicators have about one another and 3. The communicators level of knowledge change dyadic communication becomes interpersonal.

Communication Rules tell us how to communicate with one another: 1. Cultural level rules most general, apply to all members; use with strangers 2. Sociological level rules tied to group membership 3. Psychological level rules used with people we know well made up by interactants

A relationship is an association between at least two people and may be described in terms of intimacy, kindship, roles, time, activities and participation. Characteristics of relationships 1. Context two aspects: a. Setting physical environment b. Social-psychological environment climate i. Confirmation and disconfirmation ii. Supportiveness and defensiveness 2. 3. 4. Time Information sharing Trust

5. 6.

Affection Control

CONFLICT Is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who PERCEIVE incompatible goals, scarce resources and interference from others in achieving their goals. Can be destructive and constructive. Causes Faulty attributions Faulty communication Human tendency to perceive own views as objective, and others as biased self serving bias Personal traits Intrapersonal conflict

Expressing conflict Withdrawing walk away or change the subject Accommodating give in Forcing push it all the way; competition; win-lose mentality Compromise each party gives up part of what he/she wants Collaboration problem-solving coming up with new, creative solution

DISCUSSION Interpersonal communication is the informal exchange of information between two or more people two-person, face-to-face interaction (dyadic communication). Continuum from dyadic to interpersonal. Developmental approach suggests that something special must occur to turn ordinary, impersonal, dyadic interaction into interpersonal communication. When 1. The rules governing the relationship 2. The amount of data communicators have about one another and 3. The communicators level of knowledge change interpersonal. dyadic communication becomes

Interpersonal communication is a special kind of dyadic communication, characterized by: o Development of personally negotiated rules o Increased information exchange o Progressively deeper levels of knowledge.

Communication Rules tell us how to communicate with one another: 1. Cultural level rules most general, apply to all members; use with strangers 2. Sociological level rules tied to group membership 3. Psychological level rules used with people we know well made up by interactants

A relationship is an association between at least two people and may be described in terms of intimacy, kinship, roles, time, activities and participation. Characteristics of relationships 1. Context two aspects: a. Setting physical environment b. Social-psychological environment climate i. Confirmation and disconfirmation ii. Supportiveness and defensiveness 2. Time 3. Information sharing a. Social Penetration Theory - Onion

1. breadth - variety 2. depth - intimacy 4. Trust 5. Affection 6. Control

Motivation to form relationships 1. Provide comfort and support feeling of security 2. Help develop a sense of self 3. Allow to maintain stable views of ourselves over time validate our perception of ourselves and our social worlds.

Uncertainty reduction theory People have an urge or need to reduce uncertainty about individuals that they find attractive and this motivates them to communicate. Predicted outcome value theory people connect with others because they believe that rewards or positive outcomes will result. Schutzs theory of interpersonal needs We communicate because of 3 basic needs: 1. Affection need to feel likable or lovable a. Personal adequately fulfilled need, liked by many; b. Underpersonal avoid emotional commitment or involvement, fear of others not liking them c. Overpersonal go to extremes to ensure acceptance by others; often disclose very intimate information; are jealous and possessive of their friends; 2. Inclusion need to feel significant and worthwhile a. Social confident, assertive, satisfied b. Undersocial shy, loners, afraid of communicating c. Oversocial attempt to dominate each conversation, often speak out of turn, find it hard to keep quiet 3. Control need for responsibility and leadership people have need to control others and their surroundings

a. Abdicrats - submissive b. Autocrats - domineering c. Democrats comfortable in both roles of leader and follower, open-minded, tolerant

Social Exchange Theory People consciously and deliberately weigh the costs and rewards associated with a relationship and seek relationships that reward them and avoid those that are costly. Reward is anything that is PERCEIVED as beneficial, and cost is anything that is PERCEIVED as not beneficial refer to outcomes such as time, energy, anxiety, love, etc. Reward-cost ratio - profitable, not profitable Value or weight of reward or cost Predicted reward, predicted cost Perception of what is reward or what is cost can change over time.