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Formulating Theory
hypothesis
Construct/
Blueprint
indicators
Valid
Reliable
Theoretically
Empirically
Discrete score
Basic assumption/Rationale
Hypothesis
Instrument
Test/non-test
Valid
Reliable
Theory
Tryout
Blueprint
Correlation (X and Y)
Discrete score
Continuum score
External
Internal
Different time
Reliable
Test-retest
Correct (1)
Wrong (0)
Valid
r=
Reliable
Continuum score
05
0 10
Xi Xt
st
rkk =
Valid
r=
rkk =
pi
qi
k pq
1
2
k 1
st
x x
( x )( x )
k s
1
i
Reliable
Split-half
k 1
st
2
i
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
7
3
0.7
0.3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
p
q
2. st =
3. X t =
6
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
4
6
0.4
0.6
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
8
0.2
0.8
Xt
xt
xt2
3
2
2
5
5
4
1
7
6
2
37
-0.7
-1.7
-1.7
1.3
1.3
0.3
-2.7
3.3
2.3
-1.7
0.49
2.89
2.89
1.69
1.69
0.09
7.69
10.89
5.29
2.89
36.1
Xt
3.7
pi
qi
2
t
4. X 1 =
5. r =
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
6
0.4
0.6
X i Xt
st
1. r =
Number of item
3
4
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
7
5
8
3
5
2
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.3
0.5
0.2
36.1
= 1 .9
10
37
= 3 .7
10
3 + 2 + 2 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 6 30 37 4 1 2 30
=
or
=
= 4.29
7
7
7
7
X i Xt
st
173
=X
173
37
136.9
36.1
x = X
2
25
25
s=
16
1
49
36
4
( X )
n
37 2
=173= 173 136.9 = 36.1
10
( X )
= 173
( X )
x
n
37 2
= 173 136.9 = 36.1
10
No.
Resp.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
3
2
5
43
2
5
5
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
4
44
3
5
4
5
3
5
5
5
4
5
5
46
4
4
4
3
3
5
4
4
4
3
4
38
Numbers of items
5
6
4
5
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
3
37
34
Xt
7
4
3
3
3
3
4
2
3
3
4
32
8
4
3
2
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
24
9
3
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
19
10
3
3
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
20
1) Correlation
X1
Y
X2
2) Comparison
No. Resp.
1.
2.
etc.
Deductive Approach
Main effects
Simple effects
High Motivation
Low Motivation
Total
Inductive Approach
Inductive Approach
< >
> <
Deductive
Approach
42
36
33
30
41
34
31
27
29
34
337