IJMMS 2003:17, 10931100

PII. S0161171203007488
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DUAL INTEGRAL EQUATIONSREVISITED
SUDESHNA BANERJEA and C. C. KAR
Received 30 April 2001
Dual integral equations with trigonometric kernel are reinvestigated here for a
solution. The behaviour of one of the integrals at the end points of the interval
complementary to the one in which it is dened plays the key role in determin-
ing the solution of the dual integral equations. The solution of the dual integral
equations is then applied to nd an exact solution of the water wave scattering
problems.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication: 45F10.
1. Introduction. Boundary value problems with mixed boundary conditions
arising in dierent branches of mathematical physics can be reduced to dual
integral equations. A mixed boundary condition is the one in which one con-
dition is prescribed at one part of the boundary while some other condition is
prescribed at the remaining part of the boundary. The solution of the dual in-
tegral equations essentially depends on the behaviour of one of the integrals at
the end points of the interval complementary to the one in which it is dened
[1, 4]. This behaviour is dictated by the physics of the problem.
In the present paper, we consider the following dual integral equations:
_

0
A
j
(k)L(k, y)dk =R
j
exp(Ky), y G
j
,
_

0
kA
j
(k)L(k, y)dk =iK
_
1R
j
_
exp(Ky), y B
j
,
(1.1)
where
L(k, y) =kcoskyKsinky,
G
j
=(0, )B
j
,
(1.2)
A(k) is an unknown function, and R is an unknown constant. This integral
equation arises in the well-known problem of scattering water waves by a ver-
tical barrier under the assumption of linearised theory [5, 6, 7, 8]. The vertical
barrier may be (i) partially immersed in deep water, (ii) completely submerged
and extending innitely downwards in deep water, (iii) a vertical wall with a
gap, or (iv) a submerged plate. The solution of (1.1) has been obtained here by
noting the behaviour of the second equation of (1.1) at the end points of the
interval G
j
, which can be determined from physical consideration. Equation
1094 S. BANERJEA AND C. C. KAR
(1.1) was then reduced to a singular integral equation whose kernel involves
Cauchy and logarithmic type singularity. The solution of this singular integral
equation is known (cf. [3, 4, 6, 8]). The solution of (1.1) was then obtained
by utilizing the solution of aforesaid singular integral equation. Knowing the
solution of (1.1), the solution of the corresponding scattering problems was
obtained in a closed form. In Section 2, we consider the genesis of dual inte-
gral equation (1.1), and in Section 3, we nd the solution of (1.1) and hence the
solution of the corresponding scattering problems.
2. Genesis of the dual integral equations. The two-dimensional problemof
the scattering of surface waves by a vertical barrier present in deep water under
the assumption of linearised theory consists in solving mixed two-dimensional
boundary value problem given as follows:
j
satises

j
=0 in <x <, y 0, (2.1)
the free surface condition
K
j
+
jy
=0 on y =0, K =

2
g
, a constant, (2.2)
the condition on the barrier,

j
x
=0 on x =0 y B
j
, j =1, 2, 3, 4. (2.3)
Here, B
j
represents the vertical barrier. (i) For j = 1, the barrier is partially
immersed to a depth a
1
below the mean free surface y =0 so that B
1
=(0, a
1
).
(ii) For j =2, the vertical barrier is completely submerged and extends innitely
downwards, so B
2
= (a
2
, ). (iii) For j = 3, the vertical barrier is in the form
of a wall with a gap, so B
3
= (0, a
3
) +(a
4
, ). (iv) For j = 4, the barrier is in
the form of a plate submerged in deep water, so B
4
= (a
5
, a
6
). The bottom
condition is given by

j
0 as y . (2.4)
At the sharp edges of the barrier, we must have
r
1/2

j
bounded as r 0, (2.5)
where r denotes the distance from sharp edges a
j
of the barrier, j =1, . . . , 6

j

_
_
_
R
j
exp
_
KyiKx
_
+exp(Ky+iKx) as x ,
T
j
exp(Ky+iKx) as x ,
(2.6)
DUAL INTEGRAL EQUATIONSREVISITED 1095
where T
j
, R
j
are unknown complex constant. The function
j
, j =1, 2, 3, 4, rep-
resents the velocity potential for two-dimensional irrotational motion corre-
sponding to various scattering problems. The function exp(Ky+iKx) (drop-
ping the time dependent factor exp(it) where is the circular frequency
K =
2
/g, g being acceleration due to gravity) represents the wave propagat-
ing from the negative x-direction incident upon the barrier B
j
. The complex
constants R
j
and T
j
are the reection and transmission coecients, respec-
tively.
By Havelock expansion of water wave potential, a suitable representation of

j
satisfying (2.1), (2.2), (2.4), and (2.6) is

j
=
_

_
R
j
exp(KyiKx)+exp(Ky+iKx)
+
_

0
B
j
(k)L(k, y)exp(kx)dk, x <0,
T
j
exp(Ky+iKx)+
_

0
A
j
(k)L(k, y)exp(kx)dk, x >0,
(2.7)
where (cf. [8])
T
j
+R
j
=1, A
j
(k) =B
j
(k). (2.8)
By condition (2.3), using (2.7) we have
_

0
kA
j
(k)L(k, y)dk =iK
_
1R
j
_
exp(ky), y B
j
. (2.9)
Also,
j
is continuous across the gap G
j
below/above/between the barrier so
that

j
(+0, y) =
j
(0, y), y G
j
. (2.10)
Using (2.7), we have
_

0
A
j
(k)L(k, y)dk =R
j
exp(ky), y G
j
. (2.11)
Here, G
1
=(a
1
, ), G
2
=(0, a
2
), G
3
=(a
3
, a
4
), and G
4
=(0, a
5
)+(a
6
, ). Equa-
tions (2.9) and (2.11) give the required integral equations. In the following
section, we determine the solution of (1.1).
3. The solution of (1.1). Let
iK
_
1R
j
_
exp(Ky)
_

0
kA
j
(k)L(k, y)dk =
_
_
_
0, y B
j
,
h
j
(y), y G
j
,
(3.1)
1096 S. BANERJEA AND C. C. KAR
where h
j
(y) is the unknown function. In view of (2.9), (2.3), and (2.4),
h
1
(y)
_

_
O
_

ya
1

1/2
_
as y a
1
,
0 as y ,
(3.2)
h
2
(y)
_

_
O
_

ya
2

1/2
_
as y a
2
,
bounded as y 0,
(3.3)
h
3
(y)
_
O
_

ya
i

1/2
_
as y a
i
, i =3, 4, (3.4)
h
4
(y)
_

_
O
_

ya
i

1/2
_
as y a
i
, i =5, 6,
0 as y ,
bounded as y 0.
(3.5)
By Havelocks expansion theorem [8], we have from (3.1)
i
_
1R
j
_
=2
_
G
j
h
j
(t)exp(Kt)dt, (3.6)
kA
j
(k) =
2

1
K
2
+k
2
_
G
j
h
j
(t)L(k, t)dt. (3.7)
Substituting A
j
(k) from (3.7) into (2.11), we have
2

_
G
j
h
j
(t)
_

0
L(k, t)L(k, y)
k
_
K
2
+k
2
_
dkdt =R
j
exp(Ky), y G
j
. (3.8)
Simplifying (3.8) and applying (d/dy+K), we have
_
G
j
h
j
(t)
_
Kln

yt
y+t

+
1
y+t
+
1
yt
_
dt =0, y G
j
. (3.9)
This is a singular integral equation in h
j
(t), whose kernel involves a combi-
nation of Cauchy type and logarithmic singularity. An appropriate solution of
(3.9) can be obtained by considering the behaviour of h
j
(t) at the end points
of G
j
, which is given in (3.2), (3.3), (3.4), and (3.5) for various congurations of
the barrier. Hence (3.6) and (3.7) show that the behaviour of h
j
(t) at the end
points of G
j
plays the key role in determining the solution of (1.1).
Now, considering (3.2), (3.3), (3.4), and (3.5), we nd h
j
(t) for j = 1, 2, 3, 4
and hence A
j
(k) and R
j
for j =1, 2, 3, 4.
DUAL INTEGRAL EQUATIONSREVISITED 1097
(1) Knowing (3.2), h
1
(t) is given by (cf. [8])
h
1
(t) =C
1
d
dy
_
exp(ky)
_
y
a
t exp(Kt)
_
t
2
a
2
_
1/2
dt
_
, y G
1
, (3.10)
where C
1
is a constant. Substituting h
1
(t) in (3.6) and (3.7), we have
A
1
(k) =
a
1
C
1
K
2
+k
2
J
1
(ka), R
1
=1+ia
1
C
1
K
1
(Ka). (3.11)
To nd C
1
, A
1
(k) and R
1
are substituted in the rst equation of (1.1) to get
C
1
=
1
a
1

1
,
1
=I
1
_
Ka
1
_
iK
1
_
Ka
1
_
. (3.12)
So that
A
1
(k) =
J
1
_
ka
1
_

1
_
K
2
+k
2
_
, R =
I
1
_
ka
1
_

1
. (3.13)
(2) For j =2,
h
2
(y) =C
2
d
dy
_
exp(ky)
_
y
b
exp(Kv)
_
b
2
v
2
_
1/2
dv
_
(cf. [6]), (3.14)
where C
2
is a constant. Substituting in (3.6) and (3.7)
A
2
(k) =
C
2
K
2
+k
2
J
0
_
ka
2
_
, R
2
=1+iC
2
I
0
_
Ka
2
_
. (3.15)
The constant C
2
is determined by substituting A
2
(k), R
2
in rst equation of
(1.1). On simplication, this gives
C
2
=
1
K
0
_
Ka
2
_
+iI
0
_
Ka
2
_
. (3.16)
(3) For j =3 (cf. [3]),
h
3
(y) =
d
dy
exp(Ky)
_
y
a
4
C
3
exp(Ku)(u)du, (3.17)
where
(u) =
u
R(u)
_

F
1
_
a
3
, a
4
, u
_
_
, (3.18)
1098 S. BANERJEA AND C. C. KAR
C
3
is a constant,
F
1
_
a
3
, a
4
, u
_
=
_
a
3
0
R(v)
v
2
u
2
dv,
R(u) =

a
2
3
u
2

1/2

a
2
4
u
2

1/2
,
=
K
1
exp(Ka)+(2/)
2
_
K, F
1
_

2
(K)
,

i
(K) =
i
(K, 1),
i
_
K, F
1
_
=
_
t
i
uF
1
_
a
3
, a
4
, u
_
R(u)
du,
t
i
=
_

_
_
a
3
, a
3
_
, i =1,
_
a
3
, a
4
_
, i =2,
_
a
4
,
_
, i =3,
(3.19)
and hence (3.6) and (3.7) give
A
3
(k) =
2

C
3
k
_
K
2
+k
2
_
_
sinka+k
_
a
4
a
3
(u)coskudu
_
,
R
3
=C
3
I,
I =
_

1
(K)
3
(K)
_

1
_
K, F
1
_

3
_
K, F
1
__
.
(3.20)
To nd C
3
, substitute A
3
(k) and R
3
in the rst equation of (1.1) to get
C
3
=
i
J +iI
, (3.21)
where
J =K
1
exp(ka)+
2
(K)
2
_
K, F
1
_
. (3.22)
(4) For j =4 (cf. [2]),
h
4
(y) =
_

_
d
dy
_
exp(Ky)
_
y
a
5
exp(Ku)P(u)du
_
, y <a
5
,
d
dy
_
exp(Ky)
_
y
a
6
exp(Ku)P(u)du
_
, y <a
6
,
(3.23)
where
P(u) =
C
4
R
0
(u)
_
d
2
0
u
2
_
, (3.24)
C
4
and d
2
0
are constants,
R
0
(u) =

u
2
a
2
5

1/2

u
2
a
2
6

1/2
, (3.25)
DUAL INTEGRAL EQUATIONSREVISITED 1099
and (3.6) and (3.7) give
A
4
(k) =
J(k)
K
2
+k
2
C
4
, J(k) =
_
b
a
_
d
2
0
u
2
_
R
0
(u)
sinkudu, (3.26)
R
4
=1iC
4
_

0
_
. (3.27)
To determine C
4
and d
2
0
, we substitute A
4
(k) in the rst equation of (1.1) to
get the relations
R
4
=C
4

0
, (3.28)
R
4
=C
4
_

_
a
6
a
5
_
d
2
0
x
2
_
R
0
(x)
exp(Kx)dx
_
, (3.29)
which yield
_
a
6
a
5
_
d
2
0
x
2
_
R
0
(x)
exp(Kx)dx =0. (3.30)
This determines d
2
0
. Equating (3.26) and (3.28), we have
C
4
=
i

4
,
4
=
0

0
i
0
, (3.31)
where

0
=
_
a
5
a
5
_
d
2
0
x
2
_
R
0
(x)
exp(Kx)dx,

0
=
_

a
6
_
d
2
0
x
2
_
R
0
(x)
exp(Kx)dx,

0
=
_
a
6
a
5
_
d
2
0
x
2
_
R
0
(x)
exp(Kx)dx.
(3.32)
Thus, knowing A
j
(k) and R
j
, the corresponding
j
(x, y) for j = 1, 2, 3, 4 are
known from (2.7).
Acknowledgment. This work was supported by the National Board of
Higher Mathematics (NBHM) through research project No. 48/3/99-R&DII/611,
given to S. Banerjea.
References
[1] S. Banerjea and C. C. Kar, A note on some dual integral equations, ZAMM Z. Angew.
Math. Mech. 80 (2000), no. 3, 205210.
[2] S. Banerjea and B. N. Mandal, Solution of a singular integral equation in a double
interval arising in the theory of water waves, Appl. Math. Lett. 6 (1993), no. 3,
8184.
[3] , On a singular integral equation with logarithmic and Cauchy kernel, Int.
J. Math. Educ. Sci. Technol. 43 (1995), 267313.
1100 S. BANERJEA AND C. C. KAR
[4] A. Chakrabarti and N. Mandal, Solutions of some dual integral equations, ZAMM Z.
Angew. Math. Mech. 78 (1998), no. 2, 141144.
[5] D. V. Evans, Diraction of water waves by a submerged vertical plate, J. Fluid Mech.
40 (1970), 433451.
[6] B. N Mandal and P. K. Kundu, Scattering of water waves by a vertical barrier and
associated mathematical methods, Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad. Part A 53
(1987), 514530.
[7] D. Porter, The transmission of waves through a gap in a vertical barrier, Proc.
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[8] F. Ursell, The eect of a xed vertical barrier on surface waves in deep water, Proc.
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Sudeshna Banerjea: Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, 92
APC Road, Calcutta-700009, India
E-mail address: jumsb@hotmail.com
C. C. Kar: Mathurapur High School, Mathurapur, 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
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