CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the earlier stage of science and technology education in Nigeria, students were graduating from their

respective institution without any technical knowledge or working experience. It was in this view that students undergoing science and technology related courses were mandated for students in different institution in the view of widening their horizons so as to enable them have technical knowledge or working experience before graduating from their various institutions.

The student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 to enable students of tertiary institution have basic technical knowledge of industrial works base on their respective institutions.

The scheme was designed to expose students to industrial environment and enable them develop occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to national economic and technological development after graduation.

The major benefit to students who participate conscientiously in (SIWES) are the skills and competencies they acquire. The relevant production skills remain a part of the recipients of industrial training as life-long assets which cannot taken away from them. This is because the knowledge and skills acquired through training are internalized and become relevant when required to perform jobs or functions 1.2 OBJECTIVES The industrial Training Funds policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which establish SIWES outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to: I. Provide an avenue for students in higher institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and experiences during their courses of study

II.

Prepare students for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet after graduation.

III.

Expose students for industrial work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may not be available in their institutions. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students contact for later job placements.

IV.

V.

Provide students with the opportunities to apply their education knowledge in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice. Enlist and strengthen employers involvement in the entire educational process through SIWES.

VI.

This report covers the full details of all the activities I was involved in, during the period of my Industrial Attachment at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, with a group of my lecturer named computing intelligent system and information research group (CISRG) headed by Dr. O.A. Odejobi with Mr. Akinade as my supervisor. Other members of the group include (Dr. (Mrs) S.A. Bello, Mrs. Olufokunbi, Engineer Eludiora, Mrs. Ninan and Mr A.A. Ayoola).

1.3 Background of the Company/Department The Department of Computer Science and Engineering (formerly known as Department of Computer Science) was established in 1970 having about ten students in the department, with a focus to meet the nations needs for skilled manpower in the rapidly expanding field of Information and Communications Technology. After a study of the requirements of the industry, commerce, government and research organizations, two undergraduate programmes were established. They are: Computer Science with Economics Computer Science with Mathematics

The first set of students graduated from these programmes in June 1976. A postgraduate diploma course in Computer science was introduced in 1974 with the first graduate in 1976.

A third undergraduate programme (Computer Engineering) was added in 1983.Computer Science has now replaced the Computer Science with Mathematics option. Today the department has several laboratories for both research and application development. Some of the laboratories include: the GRID laboratory, Computer Networks (COMNET) Laboratory, Health Information System (HIS) Unit, Software Engineering Laboratory, microprocessor Laboratory, hardware Engineering Laboratory, postgraduate (PG) Laboratory

CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE 2.1 Introduction My Industrial Attachment was undertaken at the department of computer science and engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, under the supervision of Mr. Akinade, room 124, Computer building. This report covers some major areas (fields) which I worked on during the six months SIWES programme. The first area deals with Basic electronics, while the second area deals with the learning of Embedded System and Python programming for software development. This section describes the details of my work throughout the period of the industrial attachment on monthly basis. 2.2 Work done for September 2012

2.2.1 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components:

2.3

Work done for October 2012 The whole of this month was dedicated to take a practical class with the300 level

students, during this period many practical were carry out from the laboratory for each lecture taken, some of which is been discuss in this report. 2.3.1 Designing and Implementation of 555-timers The 555 is a single-chip version of a commonly used circuit called a multivibrator, which is useful in a wide variety of electronic circuits. The 555 timer chips probably the most popular integrated circuit ever made. You can use the 555 chips for basic timing functions, such as turning a light on for a certain length of time, or you can use it to create a warning light that flashes on and off. You can use it to produce musical notes of a particular frequency, or you can use it to control positioning of a servo device.

Here is the arrangement of the eight pins in a standard 555 IC. The 555 comes in an 8-pin DIP package.

Fig Here are the functions of each of the eight pins:

Ground: Pin 1 is connected to ground. VCC: Pin 8 is connected to the positive supply voltage. This voltage must be at least 4.5 V and no greater than 15 V. It's common to run 555 circuits using four AA or AAA batteries, providing 6 V, or a single 9 V battery.

Output: Pin 3 is the output pin. The output is either low, which is very close to 0 V, or high, which is close to the supply voltage thats placed on pin 8. The exact shape of the output that is, how long it's high and how long it's low, depends on the connections to the remaining five pins.

Trigger: Pin 2 is the trigger, which works like a starters pistol to start the 555 timer running. The trigger is an active low trigger, which means that the timer starts when voltage on pin 2 drops to below one-third of the supply voltage. When the 555 is triggered via pin 2, the output on pin 3 goes high.

Discharge: Pin 7 is called the discharge. This pin is used to discharge an external capacitor that works in conjunction with a resistor to control the timing interval. In most

circuits, pin 7 is connected to the supply voltage through a resistor and to ground through a capacitor.

Threshold: Pin 6 is called the threshold. The purpose of this pin is to monitor the voltage across the capacitor that's discharged by pin 7. When this voltage reaches two thirds of the supply voltage (Vcc), the timing cycle ends, and the output on pin 3 goes low.

Control: Pin 5 is the control pin. In most 555 circuits, this pin is simply connected to ground, usually through a small 0.01 F capacitor. (The purpose of the capacitor is to level out any fluctuations in the supply voltage that might affect the operation of the timer.)

Reset: Pin 4 is the reset pin, which can be used to restart the 555s timing operation. Like the trigger input, reset is an active low input. Thus, pin 4 must be connected to the supply voltage for the 555 timer to operate. If pin 4 is momentarily grounded, the 555 timers operation is interrupted and won't start again until it's triggered again via pin 2.

An astable circuit produces a 'square wave', this is a digital waveform with sharp transitions between low (0V) and high (+Vs). Note that the durations of the low and high states may be different. The circuit is called an astable because it is not stable in any state: the output is continually changing between 'low' and 'high'.

The time period (T) of the square wave is the time for one complete cycle, but it is usually better to consider frequency (f) which is the number of cycles per second. 1.4 T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 and f = (R1 + 2R2) C1 T = time period in seconds (s) f = frequency in hertz (Hz) R1 = resistance in ohms ( ) R2 = resistance in ohms ( ) C1 = capacitance in farads (F)

The time period can be split into two parts: T = Tm + Ts Mark time (output high): Tm = 0.7 (R1 + R2) C1 Space time (output low): Ts = 0.7 R2 C1 An example project using 555-timer is shown below

Fig The 555 timer IC is a device that can create various kinds of time delays in a circuit. It uses a threshold pin that is typically connected to an RC circuit. Depending on how it is connected, it can operate in one shot mode (monostable), astable mode (retriggerable), or schmitt trigger mode, in which the example is shown above, using this device I can use it build a traffic light, The formular is so important in such a way that the type of capacitor use will result in the output in seconds. Actually we design many project using this device that was even soldered which was submitted to my supervisor (Mr. Akinade) together with 5V power supply

2.4

Work done for November

2.4.1 Design and Implementation of Counters using JK Flip-flop In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such as the flip-flop, and a wide variety of classifications exist:

Asynchronous (ripple) counter changing state bits are used as clocks to subsequent state flip-flops Synchronous counter all state bits change under control of a single clock Etc.

The JK flip-flop takes two data inputs and updates its state Q, on a clock tick, according to the table: