Measurement and Control

Liquid Viscosity Correlations for Flowmeter Calculations

Roger Gilmont, Gilmont and Associates

Use these graphs and equations to calculate liquid viscosity at any temperature.

he ow characteristics of a owmeter are usually expressed as the ow of standard uids, such as air and water at the standard conditions of temperature (T0 = 21.1C; 70F) and pressure (1 atm). The owmeter manufacturer normally supplies these data together with methods of converting them to the ow of any other uid over a suitable range of conditions where the density and viscosity are known. This information for many uids is given in tabular or graphical form. The correlations presented in this article express the viscosity of liquids in analytical form as a function of temperature. The Othmer plot displays the log of a function (in this case, that which describes viscosity of a liquid), against the log of the vapor pressure of water at the same temperature, which results in a straight line for practically all compounds. This can be expressed in graphical form as a nomograph. In order to obtain an analytical expression, it is necessary to express the vapor pressure of water as an analytical equation. This article uses the Antoine equation for this purpose. The viscosity of gases is independent of pressure until the pressure exceeds 10 atm. Above this value, the viscosity of the gas is correlated by another Othmer plot, namely the log of the viscosity vs. log Pk/, where Pk = P + a/V2; Pk = kinetic pressure of gas, P = gas pressure, a = van der Waals constant, V = molar volume and = density of the gas. This article provides a method of correlating the viscosity of liquids using the same type of Othmer plot used for gases. Since for owmeter calculations the viscosity of liquids can be taken as independent of pressure, there is no need to correlate liquid viscosity vs. pressure. The liquid viscosity correlation is based on the same linear equation as that for the viscosity of gases: log = M log pw + N (1)

For gases and liquids, the viscosity scale is logarithmic, while the temperature scale is nonlinear and is based upon its relationship to the log of the vapor pressure of the reference substance. This is shown graphically in Figure 1. The x and y coordinates for various liquids that are needed to use Figure 1 are listed in Tables 1a and 1b. To obtain the viscosity, , of a particular liquid in centipoise, at a liquid temperature of T , first plot the point ( x, y ) for the liquid on the grid. Then, draw a straight line from that point through the temperature on the left-hand y -axis. Extend the line to the right, so that it intersects with the right-hand y -axis, which gives the viscosity. Note that for all flowmeter calculations, the viscosity of the liquid may be taken as independent of pressure.

Analytical solution To obtain an analytical solution to Eq. 1, the value of pw, which is a function of temperature, must be transformed into an analytical function. The Antoine equation for vapor pressure was selected because it has a desirable accuracy with a minimum number of parameters. The Antoine equation is stated as:
log pw = D/(T + F) + E (2)

For water, the parameters D, E and F have the following values: D = 1,722, E = 8.052 and F = 233 (3). The vapor pressure of the water, pw, is measured in torr at a temperature (T) measured in C. Combining Eqs. 1 and 2, then making some simplifying substitutions, one obtains the nal working equation: log = G/(T + F) + H (3)

where is the liquid viscosity, pw is vapor pressure of water, M is slope and N is the y-intercept if a graph of log vs. log pw were to be plotted. From this correlation, the nomograph in Figure 1 was constructed (1, 2). 36

where G = MD and H = ME + N. Eq. 3 can also be used to obtain 0 at T0 = 21.1C (standard temperature): log 0 = G/(T0+ F) + H (4)

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200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240

100 80 60 50 40 30

The same substitution of F and T0 into Eq. 6 yields: Z = 1/(T + F) 0.003935 (9)

20

Using Eq. 7, one obtains a plot of log vs. Z for a given compound (such 110 as those listed in Tables 1a and 1b). 220 30 10 100 This plot is a straight line with a slope 8 200 28 of G and a y-intercept of log 0. Eq. 7 90 can be used to determine at any de6 26 180 80 sired temperature, for any compound. 5 24 Subsequently, the analytically derived 160 4 70 value of at a given temperature can be 22 3 140 60 compared with the value of obtained 20 by using Figure 1. 50 120 2 Lets look at a sample calculation for 18 acetaldehyde. From Table 1a, x = 15.2 40 100 16 and y = 4.8. When this point is plotted 14 30 on Figure 1, we see that at standard tem1 80 perature (T0 = 21.1C), 0 = 0.223. At T 12 0.8 20 = 100C, Figure 1 reveals that = 60 10 0.6 0.128. Z is calculated from Eq. 9: Z = 10 0.5 [(1/(100 + 233) 0.003935] = 8 40 0.4 0.000932. G is calculated by rearrang0 6 ing Eq. 7: G = [log(/0)]/Z = [log 0.3 20 4 (0.128/0.223)]/(0.000932) = 258.7. -10 This is the value of G that appears in 0.2 2 0 Table 2 for acetaldehyde. -20 0 This value of G, which is constant, 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 can be used to calculate via Eq. 7 at a -20 -30 x 0.1 given temperature. This value of will Source: (2). be compared to that obtained from Figure 1 to determine the nomographs accuracy. Let us nd at 50C. Figure 1. Nomograph of viscosity vs. temperature for liquids listed in Tables 1a and 1b. To use, At 50C, Z is calculated from Eq. 9 plot the uids (x, y) coordinates, and on the left-hand y-axis, plot the temperature. Draw a straight line to be 0.0004014. From Eq. 7, log = through these points to the right-hand y-axis to obtain the viscosity. log 0 + GZ = 0.6517 + (258.7)(0.0004014) = 0.7555, and = 0.176. From Figure 1, at 50C = 0.18. The average difference between the calculated values of Combining Eq. 3 and 4, one obtains: and those obtained from the nomograph is about 1%. The 1 maximum difference ranges from 3 to 5%, with the higher 1 log = log 0 + G (5) error found at the higher values of . Not all of the com T + F T0 + F pounds listed in Tables 1a and 1b are included in Tables 2a (6) and 2b those compounds that are not liquids at normal Let Z = 1/ (T + F) 1/(T0 + F) conditions are omitted. and combine with Eq. 5 to yield: Viscosity of glycerol log = log 0 + GZ (7) Glycerols viscosity is extremely sensitive to the amount Substituting the values: F = 233 and T0 = 21.1 into Eq. 5 of water present in it. This makes it difficult to measure the yields: viscosity of glycerol directly. In this article, glycerol pre1 1 log = log 0 + G 8) ( sents a challenge because its viscosity cannot be deter T + 233 254.1 mined by using the nomograph when the temperature is below 60C. (Figure 1 limits the measurable viscosity of
Temperature, C Temperature, F

Viscosity, cP

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Measurement and Control

Table 1a. x and y values for liquid viscosity nomograph (Figure 1). Liquid Acetaldehyde Acetic acid, 100% Acetic acid, 70% Acetic anhydride Acetone, 100% Acetone, 35% Acetonitrile Acrylic acid Allyl alcohol Allyl bromide Allyl Iodide Ammonia, 100% Ammonia, 26% Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Anisole Arsenic trichloride Benzene Brine, CaCl2, 25% Brine, NaCl, 25% Bromine Bromotoluene Butyl acetate

X
15.2 12.1 9.5 12.7 14.5 7.9 14.4 12.3 10.2 14.4 14.0 12.6 10.6 11.8 7.5 8.1 12.3 13.9 12.5 6.6 10.2 14.2 20.0 12.3 13.1 11.5 8.6 13.1 13.1 13.3 12.1 11.6 16.1 12.7 12.3 14.4 11.2 13.0 13.3 13.3

Y
4.8 14.2 17.0 12.8 7.2 15.0 7.4 13.9 14.3 9.6 11.7 2.0 13.9 12.5 18.4 18.7 13.5 14.5 10.9 15.9 16.6 13.2 15.9 11.0 11.3 12.6 17.2 10.9 9.1 12.4 15.3 0.3 7.5 13.1 12.4 10.2 18.1 13.3 12.5 12.5

Liquid

X
2.5 9.8 2.9 12.7 13.2 14.6 13.5 11.0 5.0 12.3 12.0 13.2 10.3 13.7 12.7 10.5 9.8 6.5 13.2 14.5 11.2 14.8 14.5 14.2 14.7 13.2 14.0 13.8 11.9 12.7 6.0 9.0 13.6 13.7 10.7 14.4

Y
20.8 12.9 24.3 15.8 12.2 8.9 9.2 16.4 24.7 15.8 18.3 8.6 17.7 9.1 10.4 13.8 14.3 16.6 11.5 8.1 14.0 6.0 5.3 8.4 10.3 9.9 7.0 8.9 15.7 12.2 23.6 15.0 9.5 10.4 15.8 9.0

m-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Dibromoethane

Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ketone Diethyl oxalate Diethylene glycol Dimethyl oxalate Diphenyl Dipropyl ether Dipropyl oxalate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethyl alcohol, 100% Ethyl alcohol, 95% Ethyl alcohol, 40% Ethyl benzene Ethyl bromide 2-Ethyl butyl acrylate Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Ethyl formate Ethyl iodide Ethyl propionate Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl sulfide Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride Ethylene glycol 2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate Ethylidene chloride Fluorobenzene Formic acid Freon-11 Freon-12 Freon-21 Freon-22 Freon-113

Nomenclature
D = E = F = G = G0 = H = M = N = P = constant in Antoine equation constant in Antoine equation constant in Antoine equation MD (Eq. 7) value of G at T0 constant dened as ME + N using Antoine constants D, E and F (Eq. 3) slope of log vs. log pw plot intercept of log vs. log pw plot pressure at which a gass viscosity becomes dependent upon pressure (greater than 10 atm) kinematic pressure of gas used in an Othmer plot to determine the gass viscosity at pressures greater than 10 atm vapor pressure of water, torr temperature, C standard temperature = 21.1C Z 104 [1/(T + F) + 1/(T0 + F)]

Pk =

pw T To X Z

= = = = =

i-Butyl acetate n-Butyl acrylate Butyl alcohol i-Butyl bromide i-Butyl chloride i-Butyl iodide Butyric acid Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chlorosulfonic acid o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene
Source: (2).

Greek Symbols = [(c )/c] 100; percent error between correlated (or calculated) value of obtained from Figure 1 or from literature = viscosity, cP o = viscosity at T0 (21.1C) c = calculated viscosity for glycerol example

glycerol to 100 cP, which occurs at approximately 60C). In order to obtain the viscosity of glycerol at temperatures below 60C, Figure 1 must be extrapolated, and the new correlation, Eq. 7, must be used. Table 3 lists values of Z over the temperature range T = 0C to T = 100C calculated using Eq. 9. It also gives the viscosities for glycerol from 0C to 30C, which were obtained from Ref. 4, and the logarithms of these values. A plot of the log vs. Z based on this table is shown in Figure 2. The slope of this line is calculated as G = (y2y1)/(x2x1) between T = 0C and T = 30C, where: y2 = 4.195 (at T = 0C) and y1 = 2.870 (at T = 30C); x2 = Z (at 0C) = 0.0003563 and x1 = Z (at 30C) = 0.0001332. Thus, G = [(4.1952.870)/(0.0005)] = 2,650. The intercept of this graph, Z0 at T0 = 21.1C, is log 0 = 3.135. Now, Eq. 7 can be used to calculate viscosity of glycerol at any temperature. 38

Lets calculate at 25C and compare it with the value of found in the literature. The log c = 3.135 + 2,650(0.0000595) = 2.9773, so log c = 16.8 5.6 949. The error, , is calculated as = 15.7 7.5 17.2 4.7 100[(c)/c] = 100[(949954)/949] = 12.5 11.4 0.5%. A similar calculation at T = 50C yields log c = 3.135 + 2,650(0.0004019) = 2.070, so c = 117.5. A comparison of the data points from the literature with the correlated ones appears in Table 3. For the range of 030C, the average deviation (using the sum of the absolute values of ) is 2.2%. If the data points at 15C and

Further Reading
This article is Part 4 of a series of articles that appeared in Measurement & Control (M&C), which is now defunct. Part 1 (M&C, Dec. 1998, p. 92) discussed nding the density of real gases for use in owmeter calculations. Part 2 (M&C, June 1999, p. 83) presented methods of correlating the density of liquids using an Othmer plot of the log of the density of the compound versus the log of the density of a reference substance. Part 3 (M&C, Oct. 1999, p. 78) showed gow to use the Othmer plot for correlating the viscosity of the gases vs. the log of the vapor pressure of a reference substance at the same temperature. This article covers correlations for the viscosity of liquids using the same type of Othmer plot used for gases.

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Table 1b. x and y values for liquid viscosity nomograph (Figure 1).

30C, which vary somewhat from the straight line, are omitted, the error is only 0.9%. The coordinates in Table 1b for glycerol should be corrected to x = 0 and y = 27.7 in order to obtain good agreement at temperatures above 50C. The correlated values can be expected to have an average error of 0.9% for the range of 50100C.

Liquid Glycerol, 100% Glycerol, 50% Heptene Hexane Hydrochloric acid, 31.5% Iodobenzene Isobutyl alcohol Isobutyric acid Isopropyl alcohol Kerosene Linseed oil, raw Mercury Methanol, 100% Methanol, 90% Methanol, 40% Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate Methyl i-butyrate Methyl n-butyrate Methyl chloride Methyl ethyl ketone Methylene chloride Methyl formate Methyl iodide Methyl propionate Methyl propyl ketone Methyl sulfide Naphthalene Nitric acid, 95% Nitric acid, 60% Nitrobenzene Nitrogen dioxide Nitrotoluene Octane Octyl alcohol Pentachloroethane Pentane
Source: (2).

x
2.0 6.9 14.1 14.7 13.0 12.8 7.1 12.2 8.2 10.2 7.5 18.4 12.4 12.3 7.8 14.2 13.0 12.3 13.2 15.0 13.9 14.1 14.2 14.3 13.5 14.3 15.3 7.9 12.8 10.8 10.6 12.9 11.0 13.7 6.6 10.9 14.9

y
30.0 19.6 8.4 7.0 16.6 15.9 18.0 14.4 16.0 16.9 27.2 16.4 10.5 11.8 15.5 8.2 9.5 9.7 10.3 3.8 8.6 8.7 7.5 9.3 9.0 9.5 6.4 18.1 13.8 17.0 16.2 8.6 17.0 10.0 21.1 17.3 5.2

Liquid Phenol Phosphorous tribromide Phosphorous trichloride Propionic acid Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propyl bromide i- Propyl bromide Propyl chloride i-Propyl chloride Propyl formate Propylene glycol Propyl iodide i-Propyl iodide Sodium Sodium hydroxide, 50% Stannic chloride Succinonitrile Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid, 110% Sulfuric acid, 100% Sulfuric acid, 98% Sulfuric acid, 60% Sulfuryl chloride Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Thiophene Titanium tetrachloride Toluene Trichloroethylene Triethylene glycol Turpentine Vinyl acetate Vinyl toluene Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

x
6.9 13.8 16.2 12.8 13.1 9.1 14.5 14.1 14.4 13.9 13.1 3.1 14.1 13.7 16.4 3.2 13.5 10.1 15.2 7.2 8.0 7.0 10.2 15.2 11.9 14.2 13.2 14.4 13.7 14.8 4.7 11.5 14.0 13.4 10.2 13.5 13.9 13.9

y
20.8 16.7 10.9 13.8 10.3 16.5 9.6 9.2 7.5 7.1 9.7 23.7 11.6 11.2 13.9 25.8 12.8 20.8 7.1 27.4 25.1 24.8 21.3 12.4 15.7 12.7 11.0 12.3 10.4 10.5 24.8 14.9 8.8 12.0 13.0 12.1 10.6 10.9

Viscosity of water The viscosity of water does not follow the correlation because the plot of log vs. Z is not a straight line. Table 4 lists the viscosity of water at 20100C, from data in Ref. 4, and a plot of log vs. Z and G vs. Z is shown in Figure 3. The curvature of the plot indicates that G is not a constant. The values of G in Table 4 were obtained implicitly for each value of by rearranging Eq. 7 and solving for G. To render Eq. 7 an accurate correlation for water, G will be treated as a quadratic function of Z:
G'= G0 + AX + BX2 (10)

where X = Z 104. To nd G0 at 21.1C, one must interpolate between G at T = 20C and T = 40C; G0 = 670.3. Eq. 10 can be transformed into a linear equation as follows: (G' G0)/X = A + BX Dene = (G' G0)/X = A + BX (11)

log c = log 0 + G'(Z)

(13)

If T = 20C, then log c = 0.0093 + (0.0000171) The values of can be calculated for water at the tem[670.3 + 12.8(0.171) + 0.299(0.0292)] = 0.0022, and c peratures in Table 4. These values are plotted against X (or = 1.0051. Z 104) in Figure 3. Since this plot is linear, we can nd the values of the slope, B, Table 3. Glycerol viscosity vs. temperature. and the y-intercept, A, by reading them diT C Z log c rectly from the graph: 0 0.0003563 12,100 4.083 12,000 0.9 At X = 0, A = = 12.80, and B = (12.8 6 0.0002486 6,260 3.797 6,220 0.6 9.81)/[(0 (10)] = 0.299. 15 0.0000968 2,330 3.367 2,463 +5.4 We now have a quadratic expression 20 0.0000171 1,490 3.173 1,515 +1.7 for G that can be used in Eq. 10 to nd c: 104) (12)
25 30 50 100 0.0000595 0.0001332 0.0004019 0.0009325 954 629 2.980 2.799 No Data No Data 949 605 117.5 4.63 0.5 4.0

G' = 670.3 + 12.8X + 0.299X2 = 670.3 + 12.8(Z + 0.299(Z2 108)

Source: (4).

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Table 2a. Constants for compounds from Figure 1 for use with Eq. 7. Compound Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylic acid Allyl alcohol Ally bromide Allyl iodide n-Amyl acetate n-Amyl alcohol Aniline Anisole Arsenic trichloride Benzene Bromine n-Butyl acetate 0 0.223 1.28 0.91 0.332 0.350 1.18 1.37 52 0.75 0.9 4.38 4.35 1.10 1.30 0.65 1.00 0.67 0.72 0.90 2.9 0.65 0.47 0.87 1.60 0.37 1.00 0.89 0.58 3.00 1.07 log 0 0.6517 0.1072 0.0410 0.4789 0.4559 0.0719 0.1367 0.2840 0.1249 0.0458 0.6415 0.6385 0.0414 0.1139 0.1871 0 0.1739 0.1427 0.0458 0.4623 0.1871 0.3279 0.0605 0.2041 0.4318 0 0.0506 0.2366 0.4771 0.0294

G
258.7 476.8 419.3 306.4 320.4 449.2 635.8 310.6 342.1 496.6 911.1 858.0 448.7 352.6 436.1 323.0 450.2 404.8 511.9 800.8 409.4 398.1 377.5 472.8 211.5 427.0 448.4 307.2 555.9 403.6

Compound

0 0.88 0.88 21.0 1.0 70.0 0.485 2.11 39.0 0.423 2.80 0.475 0.60 1.19 0.725 0.400 1.25 0.237 0.425 0.600 0.53 0.320 0.450 1.71 0.85 21.8 1.68 0.50 0.60 1.81

log 0 0.0555 0.0555 1.3222 0 1.8451 0.3143 0.3243 1.5911 0.3737 0.4472 0.3233 0.2218 0.0755 0.1397 0.3979 0.0969 0.6253 0.3716 0.2218 0.2757 0.4949 0.3468 0.2330 0.0706 1.3385 0.2253 0.3010 0.2218 0.2577

G
381.6 381.6 1807 646.0 1719 343.6 567.0 1303 400.7 623.3 360.8 427.0 596.2 388.4 300.3 542.7 294.3 328.5 293.0 344.6 337.7 352.8 480.3 429.7 1130 754.2 364.0 350.2 581.2

m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene m-Cresol Cyclohexane

Cyclohexanol Diethyl ketone Diethyl oxalate Diethylene glycol Dipropyl ether Dipropyl oxalate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethyl alcohol Ethyl benzene Ethyl bromide 2-Ethyl butyl acrylate Ethyl ether Ethyl formate Ethyl iodide Ethyl propionate Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl sulfide Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride Ethylene glycol 2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate Ethylidene chloride Fluorobenzene Formic acid

i-Butyl acetate n-Butyl acrylate n-Butyl alcohol i-Butyl bromide i-Butyl chloride i-Butyl iodide Butyric acid Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chlorosulfonic acid o-Chlorotoluene
Source: (3).

Table 2b. Constants for compounds from Figure 1 for use with Eq. 7. Compound Glycerol Heptene Hexane Iodobenzene Isobutyl alcohol Isobutyric acid Isopropyl alcohol Methanol Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate Methyl i-butyrate Methyl n-butyrate Methyl ethyl ketone Methylene chloride Methyl formate Methyl iodide Methyl propionate Methyl propyl ketone Methyl sulfide Nitric acid, 95% Nitrobenzene Nitrotoluene Octane n-Octyl alcohol Pentachloroethane Pentane Phenol Phosphorous tribromide Phosphorous trichloride 0 1365 0.42 0.331 1.11 4.05 1.30 2.25 0.59 0.408 0.50 0.50 0.59 0.43 0.435 0.352 0.500 0.458 0.501 301 1.13 2.05 3.35 0.55 10.0 2.53 0.238 8.5 1.90 0.66 log 0 3.135 0.3768 0.4801 0.2330 0.6075 0.1139 0.3522 0.2291 0.3893 0.3010 0.3010 0.2291 0.3665 0.3615 0.4535 0.3010 0.3391 0.3001 0.5214 0.0531 0.3118 0.3711 0.2596 1.0000 0.4031 0.6234 0.9294 0.2788 0.1805

G
2650 331.9 330.2 416.2 984.2 454.6 854.0 449.3 327.6 404.3 446.0 381.9 354.4 328.4 326.7 304.7 370.1 304.0 255.4 418.8 596.5 557.8 354.6 1028.5 566.6 281.8 997.2 348.2. 199.6

Compound Propionic acid Propyl acetate n-Propyl alcohol Propyl bromide

0 1.12 0.57 2.32 0.51 0.482 0.357 0.321 0.52 50.1 0.62 0.70 0.91 5.6 22.0 0.87 1.70 1.72 0.66 0.85 0.60 0.61 42.5 0.450 0.80 0.9788 0.83 0.61 0.65

log 0 0.0492 0.2441 0.3655 0.2924 0.3170 0.4473 0.4935 0.2840 1.6998 0.2076 0.1549 0.0410 0.7482 1.3424 0.0605 0.2304 0.2355 0.1805 0.0706 0.2218 0.2146 1.6284 0.3468 0.0960 0.009 0.0809 0.2147 0.1871

G
404.6 393.5 734.2 300.6 328.8 306.4 339.3 325.5 1658.4 329.5 349.3 353.6 627.6 853.8 266.6 483.7 481.5 390.0 311.1 362.4 285.5 1340.1 336.6 364.5 G(X)* 369.1 343.8 329.1

i-Propyl bromide Propyl chloride i-Propyl chloride Propyl formate

Propylene glycol Propyl iodide i-Propyl iodide Stannic chloride Succinonitrile Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl chloride Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Thiophene Titanium tetrachloride Toluene Trichloroethylene Triethylene glycol Vinyl acetate Vinyl toluene Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

Source (3). *G = G 0 + AX + BX 2, where X = Z(104) and G 0 = 670.3, A = 12.80, B = 0.299 (for T = 20100C).

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4
13 0.2 12 0.1 11 650

10 log -0.1 G 9 -0.2 Log 600

log

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

TC 100 80 60 40 20

2.5 30 25 20

TC 15

10

0
-10 -5 0

-2

-1

X = Z 104

Z 104

Figure 2. Graph of log vs. Z (from Eq. 7) for glycerol. Values of are
from Ref. 4.

Figure 3. Graph of log , G and vs. X (or Z 104) for water. Values of are from Ref. 4. Values of G are calculated using Eq. 7. Values of are
calculated using Eq. 11.

The percent error between this value and that obtained from literature is calculated as = (1.0051 1.0050)/1.0051 100 = +0.01%. The average error between the data points and the correlated values in the range 20100C is only 0.026%. Since the data in this region are only accurate to 0.03%, the correlated values may be considered as valid as the tabulated ones.

Working example This example illustrates the calculation of the viscosity of hexane at 25C. From Table 2b, log 0 = 0.4801 and G = 330.2. From Eq. 9, Z = [1/(25 + 233) 0.003935] = 5.903 105. Using Eq. 7, log = 0.4801 + (330.2)(5.903 105) = 0.4996, and = 0.316, compared CEP with 0.32 from Figure 1.

Literature Cited
1. Othmer, D. F., and R. Gilmont, Correlating Physical and Thermodynamic Properties, Petroleum Rener, pp. 111118 (Nov. 1951). 2. Aronson, M. H., and R. C. Nelson, Viscosity Measurement and Control, Instruments Publishing Co., Pittsburgh (1964). 3. Gilmont, R., Correlations for the Density and Viscosity of Fluids for Flowmeter Calculations: Part 3, Viscosity of Gases, Measurement and Control, pp. 7883 (Oct. 1999). 4. Weats, R. C., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 53rd ed., Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland, OH (1972).
ROGER GILMONT is the retired president of Roger Gilmont Associates (38-41 240th St., Douglaston, NY 11363; Phone/Fax: (718) 224-8711), exclusive consultants to Gilmont Instruments, a div of Barnant Co. Gilmont is a Fellow of the Polytechnic Univ. (Brooklyn, NY), where he was an adjunct professor in chemical engineering for 45 years, teaching thermodynamics and electrochemical technology at the graduate and undergraduate levels. He authored a textbook on thermodynamic principles for chemical engineers, and has written more than 50 articles on thermodynamics, fluid flow and laboratory instruments. He has also received over 30 patents in these areas. Gilmont is a member of the American Chemical Society and AIChE.

Table 4. Water viscosity vs. temperature.

T C
20 21.1 40 60 80 100

Z
0.0000171 0 0.0002725 0.0005225 0.0007406 0.0009325

1.0050 0.9788 0.6560 0.4688 0.3565 0.2838

log 0.0022 0.0093 0.1831 0.3290 0.4479 0.5470

G
672.5 670.3 637.8 611.9 592.2 576.6

X
0.171 0 2.725 5.225 7.406 9.325

X2
0.0292 0 7.426 27.301 54.85 86.96

12.87 12.80 11.93 11.18 10.55 10.05

c 1.0051 0.9788 0.6560 0.4689 0.3566 0.2836

+0.01 0.00 +0.02 +0.03 0.07

Source: (4).

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