INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:.

DATE:

Nutrition in Plants:
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

Photosynthesis. Factors affecting photosynthesis rate. Experiments to prove the factors affecting photosynthesis rate. Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs. Adaptation of a leaf for photosynthesis. Fate of glucose in a leaf. Importance of destarching a plant. Testing a leaf for starch. Mineral Nutrition in Plants. Limiting factors and control for experiments.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Introduction to the topic:

Organisms obtain food in various ways to survive and carry out physiological processes like respiration, growth, and osmo-regulation. Organisms that have chlorophyll (green pigment) such as plants and protests (i.e. Euglena) make food by combining inorganic substances namely water and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates in a process called photosynthesis. This process involves the use of energy (solar energy) from the sun. Some use energy from the oxidation of certain substances to make food in a process called chemosynthesis. Organisms that make their own food are referred to as autotrophs. Some organisms obtain complex food substances made by other organisms and break them down to simple substances while others make their own food from simple inorganic substances. Some organisms obtain food by breaking down dead organic substances. These are called saprophytes and the type of feeding is called saprophytism. For example, fungi feed on a dead decaying wood. Therefore, fungi are saprophytes. Some organisms obtain food by associating with other organisms in particular kinds of relationships. Organisms that obtain food by associating with others of not their own kind, is a relationship called parasitism. In this relationship, the organism that benefits is called a parasite while the other that does not benefit (may be harmed) is called a host e.g a tick on a cow. In other relationships, both organisms benefit from the relationship. This is called mutualism e.g the gut bacteria. In some relationships, one organism may benefit or not. This is called commensalism and the organisms involved are called commensals. All relationships where two organisms live together are called symbiosis. Organisms which obtain food by breaking down complex food substances to simple absorbable molecules are called heterotrophs.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Photosynthesis:
The process by which plants make their own food (glucose) by combining carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, giving oxygen as a bi product. Chemical equation of photosynthesis: Word equation for photosynthesis:
Water + carbon dioxide

Glucose + Oxygen

Balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is Anabolic (glucose is built) Respiration is Catabolic (glucose is broken down)

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

It can be affected by many things, including: 1) Sunlight - its Intensity & wavelength. 2) Temperature 3) CO2 and O2 availability 4) Any factor that influences the production of chlorophyll, enzymes, or energy carriers (ATP and NADPH). The rates of photosynthesis will always correspond to that factor which is in least supply. Their rates will only increase when its supply is increased.

Factors affecting photosynthesis rate:

Sunlight
Generally the more light there is, the more photosynthesis occurs. This is true up to a point, where the plant has reached maximum photosynthesis levels, and so any increase in light intensity will not affect the plant further.

Temperature
Generally higher temperatures are better than cold temperatures for photosynthesis. However if it is humid, and the air is saturated with water vapor, photosynthesis is limited. This is because the water vapor being expelled cannot leave and go into the air, as there isn't a concentration difference for it to diffuse across. So the water vapor sits in the leaf, stopping photosynthesis.

Basically the more CO2 in the air, the better the rate of photosynthesis. Of course CO2 is taken in during the daytime, and if its content was less than normal, photosynthesis couldn't happen normally. Fertilizers increase the number of soil fungi and bacteria, thus increasing the levels of CO2 from their respiration and decomposition processes. So fertilizers are good news for plants.

CO2

Water

Plants need water for photosynthesis. If they lack it, they wilt. When they have a deficiency of water, their stomata close, so CO2 cannot diffuse into the leaves. So CO2 is also the limiting factor, although it is as a result of lack of water.
Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Experiments to prove the factors affecting photosynthesis rate:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Aim: To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis. Apparatus and Materials: well watered destarched potted plant, dark paper, scissors / knife / scalpel, pins/clips

Method / procedure:
The set up is as shown below: - Fix the paper on one of the leaves as shown in the diagram below. Diagram to show the set up.

- The experimental set up is exposed to sunlight for 2-6 hours. - The paper is removed and the leaf is tested for starch.
Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Results. Diagram showing results. (the parts that were covered are stained brown, and the rest of the leaf turns blue or black)

Conclusion. Starch is produced only in areas that received light, showing that light is necessary for photosynthesis.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

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INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs:

Heterotrophic means obtaining readymade organic food from the environment and Autotrophic means manufacturing food from inorganic compounds usually carbon dioxide, water using a source of energy Autotrophic nutrition is a process where plants make food by combining large complex organic molecules such as starch, lipids and protein with simple inorganic molecules like water, carbon dioxide and minerals. Example: plants Heterotrophic nutrition is where organism feed on organic substances that have been made by other organisms. Examples are animals and fungi. STOMATA (Space between two Guard Cells)

Guard cells are the only epidermal cells which can make sugar. In sunlight the concentration of potassium ions (k+) increases in the guard cells. This, together with the sugars formed, lowers the water potential in the guard cells. As a result, water from other cells enters the guard cells by osmosis so they swell and become turgid. Because the guard cells have a thicker cellulose wall on one side of the cell, i.e. the side around the stomatal pore, the swollen guard cells become more curved and pull the stoma open. At night, the sugar is used up and water leaves the guard cells, so they become flaccid and the stomatal pore closes. In this way, they reduce the amount of water vapour escaping from the leaf.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

11

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Adaptations of a leaf for photosynthesis:

Cuticle: - Is non-cellular, water proof and transparent. It allows light to pass through. Upper epidermis: - Is a single layer of cells on the upper surface of a leaf. It allows light to pass to the cells below. Palisade mesophyll - has cells vertically arranged such that many can fit into a small space. The cells have large number of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts: - contain chlorophyll for absorbing sunlight. Spongy mesophyll: - Have large air spaces for fast diffusion of gases to and from the photosynthesizing cells. The cells have few chloroplasts. Veins (Vascular bundles): - They act as drain pipes distributing raw materials to the leaves and conducting away manufactured food to other parts of a plant. Stoma: - A pore that allows gaseous exchange to take place. Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen leaves the leaf through stomata. Thin lamina: - Provides a short distance over which diffusion of gases take place. Broad lamina: - Provides a large surface area for absorbing sunlight energy.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

12

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Fate of glucose in green plants:

Stored as starch: Glucose is converted into starch and is transported away to be stored in roots, stem and leaves. Stored in seeds: Fats and oils commonly known as lipids found in seeds are made from glucose. Used to make fruit: Glucose may be used to make other sugars, such as sucrose for storing in fruits. Used to make proteins: Nitrates from the soil combine with glucose to make amino acids which are then put together to make proteins. Required for transport: Glucose is used to make energy, which is required to transport substances around the plant, especially for ACTIVE UPTAKE of minerals in the roots. Used to make cell walls: Glucose is used to make other organic substances, such as cellulose for making cell walls, particularly in fast growing plants. Used for respiration: Plants make glucose in the leaves. Some of that is used straight away for respiration to get energy, which is then used to convert rest of the glucose together with minerals from the soil into many other useful substances. Importance of destarching a plant: A plant is placed in dark for 24 hours. This prevents photosynthesis and uses up all the stored starch for respiration. Hence, no starch will be present at the beginning of the experiment. If photosynthesis occurs, starch would be present at the end of the experiment.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

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INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

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INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

15

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Mineral nutrition in plants:

Table : Macro and micronutrients and their uses. Macro nutrients Uses Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulphur Calcium Potassium Amino acid and protein synthesis Deficiency

Magnesium

Iron

Micro nutrients
Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Boron

- Chlorosis with purple colourings Protein formation - Reddish purple leaves and stunted growth. Formation of certain amino acids - Stunted growth - yellow patches on leaves Formation of cell wall (middle - Poor development of lamella) leaves at shoot apex - Chlorosis, and Concerned with synthesis of yellowing of leaves at carbohydrates and protein the margins, tips. metabolism in young leaves. - Retarded growth. Chlorophyll formation. Facilitates - Chlorosis of older enzyme activity. leaves. - Stunted growth. - Chlorosis with pale Required for the formation of leaves chlorophyll but not part of the molecule. They are necessary for the - Stunted growth of manufacture of enzymes. leaves.

Mineral salts are necessary for normal plant growth. Several elements are known for normal plant growth and development. Some of these elements are Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Other elements are Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

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INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

17

INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Alternative to Fertilizers, for increasing crop yield: 1. Crop Rotation - Growing leguminous plants, i.e. Nitrogen Fixing bacteria residing in the root nodules of the roots. Eg. 2. Using Green houses i.e. Glass Houses with appropriate conditions for plants growth with enough sunlight, CO2, H2O and Temperature.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

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INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Limiting factors for photosynthesis:

1) After increasing light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis increases. 2) The rate of photosynthesis reaches its highest peak. 3) After that, the rate of reaction becomes constant.

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

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INTERNATIONAL TURKISH HOPE SCHOOL-CHITTAGONG BRANCH BIOLOGY HANDOUT CLASS TOPIC: PLANT NUTRITION NAME:. DATE:

Teacher in Charge: ARIF ULLAH

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