Ir.

TRI TJAHJONO, MT/INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

INTRODUCTION

1. HEAT ENGINE (MESIN KALOR)

A heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of fuel into thermal
energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work. Heat engine are divided into two
broad classes (2 kelompok besar):
(a) External combustion engines, and
(b) Internal combustion engines.
• External combustion engines :
The product of combustion of air and fuel transfer heat to second fluid which is the working
fluid of the cycle.
Example:
Steam Turbine

STEAM TURBINE

Steam Engine:

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Gas Turbine:

• Internal combustion engines :

2. CLASSIFICATION:
• Classification of heat engines
Reciprocating or Maximun size
Classification Name of Engines Principal Use Remaks
rotary in hp
Road vihicles, small
Gasoline or petrol
Reciprocating 5 000 industrial, small marine,
engine (SI)
aircrafts
Gas engine (SI) Reciprocating 5 000 Industrial, electric power
Road vihicles, industrial,
Internal
Diesel engne (CI) Reciprocating 50 000 locomotives, electric power, Under
combustion
marine. development
engines
Wankel engine Rotary 5 00 Road vehicles
Open cycle gas
Rotary 20 000 Electric power, aircraft
turbine
Jet engine Rotary 10 000 Aircraft
Rocket No Mechanism very big Missiles, space travel

Steam engine Reciprocating 5 000 Locomotive, ships

External
Steam tubine Rotary 500 MW Electric Power, large marine Under
combustion
Stirling or hot air Experimental, power in development
engines Reciprocating 1 000
engine space, vehicle
Closed cycle gas
Rotary Electric power, marine
turbine 100 000
SI = spark ignition CI = compression ignition

• IC engine classification
The IC engine can be classified on the basis of cycle operation in cylinder, type of ignition,
etc.
On the basis of cycle operation:
1. Otto cycle engines (spark-ignition or SI engines), and Diesel cycle engines
(compression ignition or CI engines).
2. Four-strokes engines and two-stroke engines (both SI and CI engines)
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Further classification of spark-ignition engines:

(a) On the basis of fuel used: Gas engines and petrol engines.
(b) On the basis of method of supply of fuel:
1. Carbureted types:
Fuel supplied through carburetor.
2. Injection type:
(ii) Fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold.
(iii) Fuel injected into the cylinders before ignition.
(c) On the basis of method of ignition: Battery ignition and magneto-ignition.
Further classification of compression-ignition engines:
(i) Normally type, using liquid fuel, i.e. light diesel oil (LDO), high speed diesel oil
(HSD), heavy oil
(ii) Dual-fuel type, using liquid fuel for ignition, with supplementary gaseous fuel,
either injected or carbureted.

3. PART OF ENGINE: Cylinder head

Suction valve Exhaust valve
Intake of suction manifold Exhaust manifold

Clearance volume, Vc
Top dead center, TDC

Piston
Stroke volume, VS Cylinder volume, V
Gudgeon or wrist pin

Cylinder
Bottom dead center, BDC
Connecting rod

Crank case
Crank pin

Crank
Crank shaft

Check ANIMASI

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 Cylinder volume (V).

The sum of piston swept volume and clearance volume.
V = VS + VC

 Compression ratio (CR or r).

The numerical value of the cylinder volume is divided by the numerical value of the
combustion space volume.
V
Compressionratio r =
VC
Comparison of four-stroke and two-stroke cycle engines
Four-stroke cycle Two-stroke cycle
The cycle is completed in four strokes of the
the cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston or
piston or in revolutions the crank shaft. Thus
1 in one revolution of the crankshaft. Thus one power
one power stroke in every two revolutions of
stroke is optained in each revolution of the crankshaft.
the crank shaft.
Because of the above, turning movement is
More uniform turning movement and hence lighter
2 not so uniform and hence hevier flywheel is
flywheel is needed.
needed.
Again, because of one power stroke for two Because of one power stroke for one revolution, power
revolutions, power produced for the same produce for same size of engine is more (theoretically
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size of engine is small, or for the same power twice, actually about 1:3 times), or for the same power
the engine is heavy and bulky. the engine is light and compact.
Because of onepower stroke in revoutions, Because of one power stroke in one revolution greater
4 lesses cooling and lubrication requirements. cooling and lubrication requirement. Greater rate of
Lesser rate of wear and tear. wear and tear.
Two-stroke engines have no valves but only ports
The four-stroke engine contains valves and
5 (some two-stroke engines are fitted with conventional
valve mechanism.
exhaust valve or reed valve.
Because of the heavy weight and and
Because of light weight and simplicity due to the
6 complication of valve mechanism. Higher in
absence of valve mechanism, cheaper in initial cost.
initial cost.
Volumetric efficiency more due to more time Volumetric efficiency less due to lesser time for
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induction. induction.
The thermal efficiency lower, part load efficiency lesser
Thermal efficiency higher, part load efficiency
8 than four-stroke cycle engine.In two stroke petrol
better than two stroke cycle engine.
engines some fuelis exhausted during scavenging.

Used where (a) low cost, and (b) copactness and

Use where efficiency is important, in cars,
9 buses, trucks,tractors, industrial engines,
aeroplanes, power generation, etc.
lightweight important. Two-stroke (air -cooled) petrol
engine used in very small size only: own movers,
scooters, motor cycles, etc. (Lubricating oil mixed with
petrol).
Two-stroke engines have no valves but only ports
(some two-stroke engines are fitted with conventional
exhaust valve or reed valve.

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Comparison of SI and CI engines

Description SI Engine
1 Basic cycle Based or Otto cycle.
Petrol (gasoline). Hight self-
2 Fuel ingintion temperature
desirable
Fuel and air introduced as a
gaseous mixture in the
suction stroke. Carburator
3 Introduction of fuel nessesary to provide the
mixture. Throtle controls the
quantity of mixture
introduced.
Required an ignition system caused by high compression of
4 Ignition with spark plug in the
combustion chamber.
6 to 10.5. Upper limit of CR limited by the rapidly increasing
Compression ratio
5 fixed by anti-knock quality of weight of the engine structure
rage
fuel.
Higher maximum revolution
6 Speed per minute due to lighter
weight.
7 Efficiency Maximum efficiency lower
8 Weight Lightrer
CI Engine
Based on Diesiel cycle.
Diesel oil. Low self-ignition
temperature desirable
Fuel is injected directly into
combustion chamber at high
pressure at of compression
stroke. Carburator is eliminated
but a fuel pump and injector
necessary. Quality of fuel
regulated in pump.
Ignition due to high temperatur,
air, when fuel is injected.
Ignition system and spark plug
is eleminated.
14 to 22. Upper limit of CR is
as the compression ratio is
further increased.
Maximum r.p.m lower
Higher maximum efficiency.
Heavier due to higher pressures

SI Engine Classification by Valve Location

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Basic Type of Arrangements