Deflection Calculations A synopsis of processes

General Concepts 1. Immediate deflections i are calculated using elastic solutions. Such solutions involve
2. 3. the modulus of elasticity E and the moment of inertia I. The modulus of elasticity is that of concrete and is equal to E c ( psi ) = 57000 f c ( psi ) .

4.

The calculation of the moment of inertia is more complex. It is, in general, an effective moment of inertia Ie and is calculated as a weighted average value of the uncracked moment of inertia Ig and the cracked moment of inertia Icr. For a beam section that has constant moment sign (all positive or all negative) Ie is calculated using the following steps: a. Calculate the crack moment: M cr =

fr Ig yt

. This is a calculation on the uncracked

cross-section, where f r ( psi ) = 7.5 f c ( psi ) is the modulus of rapture, and yt is the distance between the neutral axis and the most tensile fiber of the uncracked cross-section. Calculate the absolute maximum value of the bending moment. If Mmax < Mcr then the section has not cracked and Ie = Ig If Mmax > Mcr then the section has cracked and we calculate Ie as follows: i.

b. c. d.

M cr a= M max

5.

ii. Ie = a Ig + (1-a) Icr. For a beam that has both positive and negative moments such as a span of a continuous beam we perform the calculations 4a-4d for each region with constant moment sign and then calculate a new effective moment of inertia by a weighted average process as follows: a. Case of a beam continuous at one end only: i. Calculate the equivalent moment of inertia for the area of the continuous support (negative moment) Ie1. ii. Calculate the equivalent moment of inertial for the part of the beam that is away from the continuous support (positive moment) Iem iii. Calculate the equivalent moment of inertia of the whole beam by using one of the two following methods: (1) Ie = 0.25 Ie1 + 0.75 Iem (old method) (2) Ie = 0.15 Ie1 + 0.85 Iem (newer method) b. Case of a beam continuous at both ends: Prepared by Professor Panos D. Kiousis Last Update:March 8, 2007

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i. ii. iii.

method)

Calculate the equivalent moment of inertia for each of the continuous supports (negative moment) Ie1 and Ie2 Calculate the equivalent moment of inertial for the part of the beam that is away from the continuous supports (positive moment) Iem Calculate the equivalent moment of inertia of the whole beam by using one of the two following methods: (1) Ie = 0.25 (Ie1 + Ie2) + 0.50 Iem (old (2) Ie = 0.15 (Ie1 + Ie2) + 0.70 Iem

(newer method) 6. Time dependent deflections (attributed to creeping of concrete under compression) are created only by sustained loads (i.e. loads that are persistent for long periods of time) and are calculated from immediate deflections with a multiplying factor: i.e. T = i, where =

and is a function of 1 + 50

time given by the graph of Figure 1.

ACI-318 requirements

To make the code a bit more readable let us define non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections as sensitive elements Three types of restrictions on deflections are imposed by the ACI code: For structures not supporting or attached to sensitive elements : The immediate 1. deflections due to live load L cannot exceed L/180 for roof structural elements or L/360 for floor structural elements. Deflection L is calculated as the difference of the deflection due to the total load D+L and that of the dead load D: L = D + L D . 2. 3.

For structures supporting or attached to sensitive elements: All deformations that occur
after the attachment of the sensitive elements cannot exceed L/480. For structures supporting or attached to non-sensitive elements : All deformations that occur after the attachment of the non-sensitive elements cannot exceed L/240.

The definition of All deformations that occur after the attachment of the sensitive or nonsensitive elements is not an obvious one. In general, these are long term (LT) time deflections that occur due to the sustained loads and immediate deflections that occur due to any live load that is applied after the sensitive elements are in place. Common sustained loads are the dead loads and possibly parts of the live load. The sustained loads are DL + SL = DL + @LL, where is Page 2 Prepared by Professor Panos D. Kiousis Last Update:March 8, 2007

between 0 and 1 and SL stands for Sustained Live. We can now calculate all deflections after the attachment of the sensitive or non-sensitive elements as follows: LT = t1 D + t2SL + Additional Live or LT = t1 D + t2SL + L where t1 is the time that the dead load is applied, which is commonly the entire life of the structure and t2 is the time that the sustained live load is applied, which may or may not be the entire life of the structure. Note that the entire life of the structure does not have to be more than 5 years in which case t = 4, because some structures are temporary and may have a

life cycle of one or two years.

The difference between the two expressions that are presented here for LT is on the application of the live load. The first expression assumes that part of the live load is sustained and was already applied during the attachment of the sensitive or non-sensitive elements. This part of the live load creates additional deformations only in the time sense. The second expression assumes that no part of the live load (sustained or otherwise) was applied during the attachment of the sensitive or non-sensitive elements. Thus, all of it can cause immediate deformations after the element is applied. In general, as design engineers we need to know

when the loads are applied.

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Example 1 The beam shown here is a floor beam that carries a dead load (self weight included) of wD = 1.27 k/f and a live load wL = 2.44 k/f. 30% of the live load is sustained. The beam carries a non-structural wall that is not likely to be damaged by fairly large deformations. All live load (sustained and otherwise) is applied after the wall is attached. The life cycle of the structure is 30 years. The sustained live load will be applied for entire life cycle of the structure. We wish to examine whether the beam violates any of the ACI requirements for deflections. Solution 1. Identify the ACI restrictions: Restriction 1 is applicable: L #L/360 = 18.5x12/360 = 0.62 in. Restriction 2 is not applicable because it requires sensitive non-structural elements. Restriction 3 is applicable: LT = 4 D + 4 SL + L < L/240 = 18.5x12/240 = 0.925 in. 2. Identify the components of each deformation: L = D+L - D. LT = 4 D + 4 SL + L = 4 D + 4 (D+SL - D) + D+L - D = 4 D+SL + D+L - D. 3. Based on (2) it becomes clear that we must calculate D, D+SL, and D+L. 4. Calculate the corresponding loads: wD = 1.27 k/f wD+SL = 1.27 + 0.3 x 2.44 = 2 k/f wD+L = 1.27 + 2.44 = 3.71 k/f 5. Calculate material properties and modular ratio n

E c = 57 4000 = 3605 ksi E s = 29000 ksi 29000 n= = 8 (rounded to the closest integer). 3605 f r = 7.5 4000 = 474 psi
12 233 = 12167 in 4 6. I g = 12
7. Icr calculations

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12 c

I cr

c = 2512 . (20.5 c) from which c =7.4 in. Thus 2 12 7.4 3 . (20.5 7.4) 2 = 5932 in 4 = + 2512 3

8. Mcr = frIg / yt = 474 x 12167/11.5 = 501492 in-lb = 41.8 ft-k 9. Calculate the maximum moments that correspond to the required deflections from steps 3 and 4. MD = 1.27 x 18.52/8 = 54.3 ft-k MD+SL = 2 x 18.52/8 = 85.7 ft-k MD+L = 3.71 x 18.52/8 = 159 ft-k 10. Calculation of D A. Note that MD > Mcr. Thus the beam has cracked. B. = (Mcr/MD)3 = (41.8/54.3)3 =0.46 C. Ie = 0.46 x 12167 + (1 - 0.46) x 5932 = 8800 in4 D.

5wL4 5 (127 . / 12) (18.5 12) 4 . in. D = = = 011 384 E c I e 384 3605 8800

11. Calculation of D+SL A. Again MD+SL > Mcr B. = (Mcr/MD+SL)3 = (41.8/85.7)3 =0.12 C. Ie = 0.12 x 12167 + (1 - 0.12) x 5932 = 6680 in4 D.

D + SL

5 (2 / 12) (18.5 12) 4 = = 0.22 in. 384 3605 6680

12. Calculation of D+L. A. Again MD+L > Mcr B. = (Mcr/MD+SL)3 = (41.8/159)3 = 0.02 C. Ie = 0.02 x 12167 + (1 - 0.02) x 5932 = 6057 in4 D.

D+ L

5 (3.71 / 12) (18.5 12) 4 = = 0.45in. 384 3605 6057

13. Calculation of L = D+L - D = 0.45 - 0.11 = 0.34 in. < 0.62 in. (restriction 1) OK 14. Calculation of LT = 2SL + L = 2 x 0.22 + 0.34 = 0.78in.< 0.925 in. (Restriction 3) OK.

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Example 2 The floor slab shown here is double reinforced with #5@7.5" in tension and #4@10" in compression. The slab carries a dead load of 200 lb/ft2 (self weight included) and a live load of 250 lb/ft2. No part of the live load is sustained. No nonstructural elements are attached to the slab. Examine if the ACI requirements for deflections are satisfied.

Solution

1. Identify the ACI restrictions: Restriction 1 is applicable: L#L/360 = 15x12/360 = 0.5 in. Restrictions 2 and 3 are not applicable as no non-structural elements are attached to our slab. 2. Identify the components of each deformation: L = D+L - D. 3. Based on (2), it becomes clear that we must calculate D+L and D. 4. Calculate the corresponding loads (for a 12 inch strip): wD = 0.2 k/f wD+L = 0.2 +0.25 = 0.45 k/f. 5. Calculate the material properties and modular ratio n.

E c = 57 5000 = 4030 ksi E s = 29000 ksi 29000 n= = 7 (Rounded to the closed integer). 4030 f r = 7.5 5000 = 530 psi 12 8 3 = 512 in 4 6. I g = 12
7. Icr calculations. Since both support and mid-beam cross-sections are the same (but inverted) there is only one Icr to evaluate.

Note from the figure here that the compressive reinforcement is ignored for the Page 6 Prepared by Professor Panos D. Kiousis Last Update:March 8, 2007

calculation of c. This is a common practice. Thus, we have 12 c which c = 1.72 in. We can now find I cr

c = 3.43 (6.9 c) from 2

12 172 . 3 . ) 2 = 112.4 in 4 . = + 3.43 (6.9 172 3

8. Mcr = frIg / yt =530 x 512 / 4 = 67840 in-lb = 5.63 ft-k. 9. Calculate the maximum moments that correspond to the required deflections from steps 3 and 4. Note here the M diagram for a uniform distributed load w. Since we have two regions of different moment sign, each region needs to be addressed separately.

Negative Moments

MD = .2 x 152/8 = 5.65 ft-k MD+L = .45 x 152/8 = 12.66 ft-k MD = .2 x 152/14.2 =3.17 ft-k MD+L = .45 x 152/14.2 = 7.13 ft-k 10. Calculation of D Contribution of negative moment regions A. Note the MD= Mcr. Thus the beam has not cracked in the negative moment zone. B. Ie1 = Ig = 512 in4 Contribution of positive moment regions A. Note that MD < Mcr. Thus the beam has NOT cracked. B. Iem = Ig = 512 in4 Ie = 512 in3 w D L4 (0.2 / 12) (15 12) 4 = 0.05in. D = = 184.6 E c I e 184.6 4030 512 11. Calculation of D+L Contribution of negative moment regions A. Note that MD+L > Mcr. Thus the beam has cracked in the negative moment zone. B. = (Mcr/MD+L)3 = (5.65/12.66)3 = 0.089 C. Ie1 = 0.089 x 512 + (1-0.089) x 112.4 =148 in4. Contribution of positive moment regions A. Note that MD+L > Mcr. Thus the beam has cracked in the positive moment zone. B. = (Mcr/MD+L)3 = (5.65/7.13)3 = 0.50. C. Iem = 0.50 x 512 + ( 1-0.50) x 112.4 = 312.2 in4 Ie = 0.15 x 148 + 0.85 x 312.2 = 287.6 in4

Positive Moments

D+ L

(0.45 / 12) (15 12) 4 . in. = = 018 184.6 4030 287.6

13. Calculation of L = D+L - D = 0.18 - 0.05 = 0.13 in. < 0.50 in. (restriction 1) OK

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Prepared by Professor Panos D. Kiousis Last Update:March 8, 2007