Hardware Used

Power supply section

Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC. IC. 1. Unregulated voltage in 2. Ground 3. Regulated voltage out

Pinout of the 7812 regulator

1. Unregulated voltage in 2. Ground 3. Regulated voltage out

The power supply designed for catering a fixed demand connected in this project. The basic requirement for designing a power supply is as follows,

1. The voltage levels required for operating the devices is +5volt. Here +5 Volts required for operating microcontroller. And as well as required for drivers and amplifiers and IR transmitters and receivers. 2. The current requirement of each device or load must be added to estimate the final capacity of the power supply. The power supply always specified with one or multiple voltage outputs along with a current capacity. As it is estimate the requirement of power is approximately as follows, Out Put Voltage = +5Volt, Capacity = 1000mA The power supply is basically consisting of three sections as follows,

1. 2. 3.

Step down section Rectifier Section Regulator section

Design principle:
There are two methods for designing power supply, the average value method and peak value method. In case of small power supply peak value method is quit economical, for a particular value of DC output the input AC requirement is appreciably less. In this method the DC output is approximately equal to Vm. A full wave bridge rectifier is designed using two diodes and the output of the rectifier is filtered with a low pass filter. The capacitor value is decided so that it will back up for the voltage and current during the discharging period of the DC output. In this case the output with reference to the center tap of the transformer is taken in to consideration, though the rectifier designed is a full wave bridge rectifier but the voltage across the load is a half wave rectified output. The Regulator section used here is configured with a series regulator LM78XX the XX represents the output voltage and 78 series indicates the positive voltage regulator 79 series indicates the negative regulator for power supply. The positive regulator works satisfactorily between the voltage XX+2 to 40 Volts DC. The output remains constant within this range of voltage. The output remains constant within this range of voltage.

Circuit connection: - In this we are using Transformer (12-0-12) v / 1mA, IC 7805,

diodes IN 4007, LED & resistors. Here 230V, 50 Hz ac signal is given as input to the primary of the transformer and the secondary of the transformer is given to the bridge rectification diode. The positive output of the bridge rectifier is given as i/p to the IC regulator (7805) through capacitor (1000uf/25v). as indicator. The o/p of the IC regulator is given to the LED through resistors to act

Circuit Explanations: - When ac signal is given to the primary of the transformer, due
to the magnetic effect of the coil magnetic flux is induced in the coil (primary) and transfer to the secondary coil of the transformer due to the transformer action. Transformer is an electromechanical static device which transformer electrical energy from one coil to another without changing its frequency. Here the diodes are connected to the two +12volt output of the transformer. The secondary coil of the transformer is given to the diode circuit for rectification purposes. During the +ve cycle of the ac signal the diodes D1 conduct due to the forward bias of the diodes and diodes D2 does not conduct due to the reversed bias of the diodes. Similarly during the ve cycle of the ac signal the diodes D2 conduct due to the forward bias of the diodes and the diodes D1 does not conduct due to reversed bias of the diodes. The output of the bridge rectifier is not a power dc along with rippled ac is also present. To overcome this effect, a low pass filter is connected to the o/p of the diodes (D1 & D2). Which removes the unwanted ac signal and thus a pure dc is obtained. Here we need a fixed voltage, thats for we are using IC regulators (7805).Voltage regulation is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of changes in load current. This ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulators and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output current in excess of 1A. The o/p the full wave rectifier is given as input to the IC regulator through low pass filter with respect to GND and thus a fixed o/p is obtained. The o/p of the IC regulator (7805) is given to the LED for indication purpose through resistor. Due to the forward bias of the LED, the LED glows ON state, and the o/p are obtained from the pin no3.

1 IC7805 3
330R

+5VDC

RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 5V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification. Relays are usuallly SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts

are readily available. For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page on switches. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil. The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT. The relay's switch connections are usually labelled COM, NC and NO:

COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch. NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off. NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on. Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on. Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off.

Circuit symbol for a relay

RF TRANSMITTER
Introduction
Radio Frequency Technology
Radio Frequency (RF) in the range of 3 Hz and 30 GHz. RF communications are typically support 1200 to 9600 baud. Recently developed modulation schemes and spread spectrum technologies are achieving up to 19,200 baud.

RF technology evolution challenges:

Higher frequency utilization Higher bit rates and thus larger BWs RF is affected by absorption, multi path interference, EMI etc. RF is affected by material like steel, wall, window glass etc.

Radio based on frequency convertible platforms. Flexible and scalable modular architecture. Increased integration to fit new standards and frequencies in the same cabinet Co-sitting capabilities with other standards requires high performance transmitters and receivers.

RF Network Configuration:
System Identification Should be unique Channel / Frequency Should have minimal interference with other systems Data Rates.

TLP434A Ultra Small Transmitter Diagram

Frequency 315, 418 and 433.92 Mhz

Modulation : ASK

Operation Voltage
Pin Specifications

: 2 - 12 VDC

Pin 1: GND Pin 2: Data In Pin 3: Vcc Pin 4: Antenna (RF output)

RF Transmitter Specifications

Application Circuit
Typical Key-chain Transmitter using HT12E-18DIP, a Binary 12 bit Encoder from Holtek Semiconductor Inc.

RF RECEIVER

Introduction

Radio Frequency Technology:

Radio Frequency (RF) in the range of 3 Hz and 30 GHz. RF communications are typically support 1200 to 9600 baud. Recently developed modulation schemes and spread spectrum technologies are achieving up to 19,200 baud.

RF technology evolution challenges: Higher frequency utilization Higher bit rates and thus larger BWs RF is affected by absorption, multi path interference, EMI etc. RF is affected by material like steel, wall, window glass etc.

Radio based on frequency convertible platforms. Flexible and scalable modular architecture. Increased integration to fit new standards and frequencies in the same cabinet. Co-sitting capabilities with other standards requires high performance transmitters and receivers.

RF Network Configuration:
System Identification Should be unique Channel / Frequency Should have minimal interference with other systems Data Rates

RLP434A SAW Based Receiver Diagram

Frequency 315, 418 and 433.92 MHz

Modulation : ASK

Supply Voltage : 3.3 - 6.0 VDC Output : Digital & Linear

Pin Specifications Pin 1: Gnd Pin 2: Digital Data Output Pin 3: Linear Output /Test Pin 4: Vcc Pin 5: Vcc

Pin 6: Gnd Pin 7: Gnd Pin 8: Antenna

RF Receiver Specifications

Application Circuit Typical RF Receiver using HT12D-18DIP, a Binary 12 bit Decoder with 8 bit uC HT48RXX from Holtek Semiconductor Inc.