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International Journal of Green Energy

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Wind Characteristics and Energy Potential in Belen-Hatay, Turkey

Besir Sahin & Mehmet Bilgili
a a a

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey Version of record first published: 07 Apr 2009.

To cite this article: Besir Sahin & Mehmet Bilgili (2009): Wind Characteristics and Energy Potential in Belen-Hatay, Turkey, International Journal of Green Energy, 6:2, 157-172 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15435070902784947

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International Journal of Green Energy, 6: 157172, 2009 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1543-5075 print / 1543-5083 online DOI: 10.1080/15435070902784947

WIND CHARACTERISTICS AND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN BELEN-HATAY, TURKEY Besir Sahin and Mehmet Bilgili
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey

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In this study, wind characteristics in the Belen-Hatay province situated in southern Turkey were investigated by using the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) for future wind power generation projects. Hourly wind speeds and directions between the years 2004 and 2005 were collected by the General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey Administration (EIEI). Before the construction of the wind turbine generator in Belen-Hatay province, several fundamental properties of the site such as wind behavior, availability, continuity, and probability were carried out in order to provide the necessary information to the potential investors about cost and economical aspects of the planning wind energy project. The dominant wind directions, probability distributions, Weibull parameters, mean wind speeds, and power potentials were determined according to the wind directions, years, seasons, months, and hours of day, separately. Finally, at a 10 m height above ground level, mean wind speed and power potential of the site were found to be 7.0 m/s and 378 W/m2, respectively. Keywords: Wind speed; Wind power potential; Weibull parameters; Wind characteristics

INTRODUCTION The demand for energy in the world grows rapidly and is expected to continue to grow in the near future as a result of social, economic, and industrial developments and high population levels. Parallel to this development, renewable energy sources have received increasing attention from the world due to limited reserves of fossil fuels and their negative impacts on the environment. In this regard, the utilization of renewable energy resources, such as solar, geothermal, and wind energy, appears to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions (Hepbasli and Ozgener 2004). Turkey does not have large fossil fuel reserves. Almost all types of oil and natural gas are imported from neighboring countries. Excluding lignite, reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas in country are limited and far from being able to meet the projected domestic demand. Coal is a major fuel source for Turkey. Domestically produced coal accounted for about 24% of the countrys total energy consumption, used primarily for power generation, steel manufacturing, and cement production. Turkey is a large producer of lignite; proven reserves of lignite are in order of 8,075 million tons, of which 7,339 million tons is economically feasible to use (Kaya 2006).
Address correspondence to Besir Sahin, Professor of Energy Division, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey. E-mail: bsahin@cu.edu.tr 157

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Turkey has substantial reserves of renewable energy resources. Renewable energy production represented about 14.4% of total primary energy supply. The main renewable energy resources are hydro, biomass, wind, biogas, geothermal, and solar (Kaya 2006). As reported by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) and the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TETC) in 2006, the installed capacity of electric power plants in 2005 in Turkey was 38,843.5 MW, with annual electricity production of 161,983.3 GWh, as seen in Table 1. In this year, 122,174.0 GWh of energy was produced in operating thermal power plants. On the other hand, annual electricity productions of hydropower plants and wind power plants were 39,658.1 GWh and 56.6 GWh, respectively. During next 20 years, the electric power plants installed capacity is expected to reach 109,227 MW and annual electricity production by 623,835 GWh. Statistical evaluations on hydropower performed by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) in 2006 is presented in Table 2. At present Turkey has 135 hydroelectric power plants in operation with total installed capacity of 12,631 MW, generating an average of 45,325 GWh/year, which is 36% of the economically viable hydroelectric potential. Forty-one hydroelectric power plants are currently under construction with 3,187 MW of installed capacity to generate an average 10,645 GWh energy annually, representing 8% of the economically viable potential. Furthermore, 502 more hydroelectric power plants will be constructed in the future to be able to utilize maximum use of the remaining 71,411 GWh/year of economically viable hydropower energy potential. Consequently, a total of 678 hydroelectric power plants with the installed capacity of 36,260 MW will be in use in coming years. One of the main renewable energy resources all over the world is wind, which has played a long and important role in the history of human civilization. Wind power has been harnessed by mankind for thousands of years. Since earliest recorded history, wind power has been used to move ships, grind grain, and pump water (Hepbasli and Ozgener 2004). The last decade was characterized by rough development of wind power engineering all over the world. Leading positions are taken by Germany, Spain, and the United States. The
Table 1 The installed capacity and annual electricity production of electric power plants in the year 2005 in Turkey (TSI 2006; TETC 2006). Power plants MW Thermal Hydro Geothermal Wind Total 25902.3 12906.1 15 20.1 38843.5 Installed capacity % 66.68 33.23 0.04 0.05 100 Annual production GWh 122174.0 39658.1 94.6 56.6 161983.3 % 75.42 24.48 0.06 0.04 100

Table 2 Potential of hydro power plants in Turkey (GDSHW 2006). Status of economically viable potential In operation Under construction To be constructed Total potential Number of hydro-electric plants 135 41 502 678 Total installed capacity (MW) 12631 3187 20442 36260 Average annual generation (GWh/year) 45325 10645 71411 127381 Rate (%)

36 8 56 100

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rates of growth of this branch of power engineering exceed 39% annually. No other branch of power engineering developed with such higher rates (Kenisarin et al. 2006). _ Previous meteorological stations located in Iskenderun and Antakya is now surrounded by obstacles and buildings. The heights of the measuring devices are 10 m above ground level. For example, Bilgili and others (2004) and Sahin and others (2005) have predicted the level of wind speed and energy using WAsP. Presently evaluated results are approximately doubled comparing to the results of old stations. Around the present wind speed measuring stations, there are no obstacles at all. A velocity measuring device is connected directly to the data logger. The time interval between readings is 1 hour. There is no manual interference in recording data. Consequently, the present wind speed measuring station constructed for the purpose of defining the wind energy potential of Turkey by meteorological Belen-Hatay is very reliable. In this study, wind power characteristics in the Belen-Hatay province situated in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey were investigated using a computer package program called WAsP. Before the construction of the wind turbine generator in Belen-Hatay, several fundamental properties of the site, such as wind behavior, availability, continuity, and probability, were investigated in order to provide the necessary information to the potential investors about cost and economical aspects of the planning wind energy project. Wind speed probability distribution, wind direction frequency distribution, Weibull parameters, mean wind speed, and power potential variations were determined for the years 2004 and 2005. All of these wind characteristics were studied according to the wind directions, years, seasons, months, and hours of day, separately. DISTRIBUTION OF WIND POWER PLANTS IN TURKEY Turkey has a land surface area of 774,815 km2. It is surrounded by the Black Sea in the north, the Marmara and Aegean Seas in the west, and the Mediterranean Sea in the south, providing very long seashores. Especially, the regions of Aegean, Marmara and EastMediterranean have high wind energy potential. But not all the land area of Turkey is suitable for the installation of wind turbines, due to topographic structure (Hepbasli and Ozgener 2004). Although Turkey has sufficient wind energy potentials, the practical utilization of wind energy as known is limited by installed capacity of 131.35 MW as of May 2007 (EMRA 2007). On the other hand, the cumulative installed capacity of wind energy worldwide is 59,206 MW by the end of 2005, an increase of 24.45% compared to 2004. The countries with the highest total installed capacity are Germany (18,427 MW), Spain (10,028 MW), the United States (9,142 MW), India (4,434 MW), and Denmark (3,127 MW) (WPHPBA 2006). Progress in wind energy technology in recent years has drawn the attention of the private sector to these wind energy resources. The distribution of wind energy plants installed as of May 2007 is illustrated in Table 3 and Figure 1 (EMRA 2007). Although the first Turkish wind turbine was constructed in C es me at the Golden Dolphin Hotel by Vestas in 1985 (55 kW), the development of modern Turkish wind power engineering began in November 1998 when the first 3 Enercon E40 wind turbines of 500 kW began to operate _ at Alac at, Izmir. Then, the wind farm consisting of 12 Vestas V44/600 turbines was constructed at the same location in November 1998. The third wind farm with total installed capacity of 10.2 MW started to operate in June 2000 at Bozcaada Island (Hepbasli and Ozgener 2004; Kenisarin et al. 2006). A wind farm consisting of 20 General Electric GE/1.5 MW turbines was constructed at Bandrma, Balkesir, in September 2006 (WPHPBA, 2006). Total installed wind power capacity of Turkey is 131.35 MW as of May 2007. As seen in Table 3, according to the projection of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA), the

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Table 3 Distribution of Turkeys wind energy installations by regional as of May 2007 (EMRA 2007) (*: In operation, others: Under construction). Place Company Date of commissioning 1998 1998 2000 2003 I/2006 II/2006 I/2007 I/2007 I/2007 II/2007 II/2007 II/2007 I/2008 I/2008 I/2008 I/2008 II/2008 II/2008 II/2008 II/2008 II/2008 II/2008 I/2009 Installed capacity (MW) 1.5 7.2 10.2 1.2 30.0 0.85 39.2 10.8 30.4 15.2 30.4 30.0 24.0 42.5 19.5 60.0 30.0 66.6 35.1 22.5 90.0 15.0 130.0 Cumulative installed capacity (MW) 1.5 8.7 18.9 20.1 50.1 50.95 90.15 100.95 131.35 146.55 176.95 206.95 230.95 273.45 292.95 352.95 382.95 449.61 484.61 507.11 597.11 612.11 742.11

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Izmir-C esme* Izmir-C esme* C anakkaleBozcaada* _ Istanbul y* Hadmko BalkesirBandrma* _ Istanbul-Silivri* _ Izmir-C es me* Manisa-Akhisar* _ C anakkale-Intepe* C anakkaleGelibolu Manisa-Sayalar Hatay-Samandag _ IstanbulGaziosmanpas a _ Izmir-Alia g a Aydn-C ine _ Istanbul-C atalca C anakkale _ Izmir-Kemalpas a Hatay-Samandag Hatay-Samandag Balkesir-S aml BalkesirBandrma Osmaniye-Bahc e

Demirer A.S . c Gu birlig i A.S . Demirer-Enercon t A.S Sunju . Bares A.S . rk A.S Ertu . Mare A.S . Deniz A.S . Anemon A.S . Dog al A.S . Dog al A.S . Deniz A.S . Lodos A.S . _ Innores A.S . Sabas A.S . rk A.S Ertu . As Makinsan Temiz A.S . Ak-El A.S . Ezse Ltd. S ti. Ezse Ltd. S ti. Baki A.S . c Bangu A.S . Rotor A.S .

*stanbul-Silivri/0.85 MW stanbul-Gaziosmanpaa/24 MW stanbul-atalca/60 MW *stanbul-Hadmky/1.2 MW *anakkale-Bozcaada/10.2 MW anakkale-Gelibolu/15.2 MW *anakkale-ntepe/30.4 MW *Balkesir-Bandrma/30 MW Balkesir-Bandrma/15 MW Balkesir-aml/90 MW
0 50 100 150 200 250

anakkale/30 MW

Km

*zmir-eme/1.5 MW *zmir-eme/7.2 MW *zmir-eme/39.2 MW zmir-Aliaa/42.5 MW zmir-Kemalpaa/66.66 MW

TURKEY

Osmaniye-Bahe/130 MW *Manisa-Akhisar/10.8 MW Manisa-Akhisar/30.4 MW Aydn-ine/19.5 MW Hatay-Samanda/22.5 MW Hatay-Samanda/30 MW Hatay-Trbe/35.1 MW

Figure 1 Wind power plants in Turkey (EMRA 2007) (*: In operation, others: Under construction).

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installed capacity of wind energy in Turkey will reach 742.11 MW by the year 2009 (EMRA 2007). It is also clear from the table that there are three wind power plants under construction with total installed capacity of 87.6 MW in Hatay province. One of the most suitable areas of Turkey for wind power generation is some locations of the eastern Mediterranean region. Along the Mediterranean coast, valleys and mountains are not perpendicularly formed, and the Taurus Mountains are situated away from the seacoast in many regions. Therefore, these regions are exposed to southerly winds that are not as strong as the northerly winds that occur over the Black Sea. In the vicinity of _ Iskenderun Bay especially, there are suitable locations for wind power generation (Durak and S en 2002). In addition to deciding the most suitable site for a wind turbine and defining the necessary parameters about turbines, such as size, blade shape, total capacity, and direction, it also requires a feasibility report on the fundamental properties of the site, such as wind behavior, availability, continuity, and probability in the proposed region. In order to use those properties, statistical and dynamic characteristics of wind of the site should be obtained using wind observations and statistical wind data (Karsli and Gec it 2003).

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MATERIALS AND METHODS Location of the Site The data used in this study were collected from Belen-Hatay station, located in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. This station has been set up by the General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey Administration (EIEI). The map of the region and the location of the station are presented in Figure 2. Adana and Hatay are two of the industrialized provinces in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, with a population of around 3.2 million. With the neighboring provinces the population goes up to
28 32 36 40
Black Sea

44

40
Sea
100 200 0

40

TURKEY

Km

36

Aegean

Mediterranean Sea

28

32
Mersin

36

40
tain

44

36

Adana

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Amik Lowland Hatay (Antakya)

Belen

Figure 2 The map of the region and the location of the station.

Am an

skenderun Bay

os M

oun

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approximately 6 million according to the population census done in 2004. Estimated population of Adana and Antakya combined is presently 4.2 million and with neighboring provinces the population goes up to 7.8 million. Electricity production from wind power should be locally preferred over thermal power plants (Sahin et al. 2005). lek mountain pass and Belen mountain pass, Two important mountain passes, Gu provide a highway route between Europe and the Middle East. More specifically, Belen mountain pass is situated along the wide spread valley between east of Mediterranean region and Amik lowland, on the Amanos mountain in the city of Belen. In this region, there is a wide range of land that is suitable for wind turbine farming. Belen has fairly high wind speeds that vary proportional to the altitude. A Mediterranean climate is dominant in this region, usually hot and dry in summer and lukewarm and rainy in winter. But climate properties vary depending on the height above sea level. On the slope of a mountain looking at the sea, an increase of terrestrial effects on climate is observed. However, the weather in this region does not show intense terrestrial climate due to the Mediterranean Sea effect.

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Wind Data The long-term wind data, containing hourly wind speeds and directions, cover the period from 2004 to 2005. The mean monthly, annual, and diurnal wind speeds were calculated from these hourly wind speed data. The anemometer of the station is 10 m above ground level. Geographical coordinates and measurement period of this station are given in Table 4. The wind observation station is situated at the coordinates of 36 1200N latitude and 38 2801E longitude. The height of the station is 474 m above sea level. Around the measurement area, there were no obstacles that would cause an impact on the wind speeds and directions. WAsP Program In this study, Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) was used to investigate wind characteristics in Belen-Hatay city. WAsP program and associated software has been developed by Riso National Laboratory, Denmark. WAsP is a PC program for the vertical and horizontal extrapolation of wind climate statistics. It contains several models to describe the wind flow over different terrains and close to sheltering obstacles. WAsP consists of five main calculation blocks: analysis of raw data, generation of wind atlas data, wind climate estimation, estimation of wind power potential, and calculation of wind farm production (Mortensen et al. 2001). Four basic data are considered necessary for the WAsP packet program that is used in the determination of wind power potential. These are hourly wind speed and direction, sheltering obstacles, surface roughness changes, and orographic data (terrain height). Obstacles have an impact on the wind speed and alter the wind direction, particularly for lower level of height. If there are obstacles around the measurement station, wind speeds must be reconsidered again by taking the effect of these parameters into account (Bilgili
Table 4 Geographical coordinate and measurement period of Belen station. Station Belen Latitude 36 12 00 N Longitude 38 28 01 E Altitude (m) 474 Period 20042005 Anemometer height (m) 10

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et al. 2004). In deciding about the effectiveness of the wind speed measurement around a site, the topographic and climatic conditions must be taken into consideration. Any method of wind speed predictions should consider the topographic and climatologic features. The wind speed measured at a site is determined mainly by two factors: the overall weather systems (which usually have an extent of several hundred kilometers) and the nearby topography within few kilometers of the station. The collective effect of the terrain surface and obstacles, leading to an overall retarding of the wind near the ground, is referred to as the roughness of the terrain. Orographic elements, such as hills, cliffs, ridges, and escarpments, exert an additional influence on the wind. Roughness and orography are among the main factors that affect the wind speed (Durak and S en 2002).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF WIND CHARACTERISTICS Wind Speed Probability Distribution

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Generally, previously measured wind data are used for the estimation of wind power potential of any area. First of all, at any location, hourly wind speeds and wind directions are first observed and monitored. These results are used for frequency and probability modeling. Wind speed data in time-series format is usually arranged in the frequency distribution format since it is more convenient for statistical analysis. Therefore, the available time-series data were translated into frequency distribution format. The wind speed probability distributions and the functions representing them mathematically are the main tools used in the wind-related literature. Their use includes a wide range of applications, from the techniques used to identify the parameters of the distribution functions to the use of such functions for analyzing the wind speed data and wind energy economics (Celik 2003). The frequency distribution and probability density of the wind speeds help toward answering questions of how long a wind power plant is out of action in the case of lack of wind, which is the range of the most frequent wind speeds, and how often the wind power plant achieves its rated output (Pashardes and Christofides 1995). Probability density for each wind class according to the relation is stated as pvi fi N P
i 1

fi

Here, fi is frequency of occurrence of each speed class and N is number of hours in the period of time considered. The cumulative probability density is determined as P v i
N X i 1

pvi

Yearly cumulative distributions derived from the long-term wind speed data of Belen-Hatay are presented in Figure 3. It is also clear from the figure that the two curves show the same variation according to each other. This figure indicates that the hourly wind speeds in Belen-Hatay are higher than 5 m/s in about 70% of occasions. Seasonal cumulative distributions for the years 2004 and 2005 are presented in Figure 4. It is interesting to note that the wind speeds of summer months in Belen-Hatay are higher than the others.

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Cumulative density (%)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Wind speed (m/s) 16 18 20 22 2004 2005

Figure 3 Yearly cumulative probability distributions of wind speeds.

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110
Cumulative density (%)

90 70 50 30 10 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Wind speed (m/s) 16

Spring (2004) Spring (2005) Summer (2004) Summer (2005) Autumn (2004) Autumn (2005) Winter (2004) Winter (2005)

18

20

22

Figure 4 Seasonal cumulative probability distributions of wind speeds for the year 2004 and 2005.

Dominant Wind Direction There are two important aspects in the selection of the type of orientation of the wind turbines and their location. These are the wind speed distribution in each direction and the most frequent wind directions (Torres et al. 1999). Besides the level and structure of wind speeds, the direction of the wind is of decisive significance for the evaluation of the possibilities of utilizing wind power. The direction statistics play an important role in optimal positioning of a wind turbine farm in a given area (Pashardes and Christofides 1995). Wind directions and speeds are also affected by topography (Matsui et al. 2002). Yearly dominant wind directions of Belen-Hatay station are presented in Figure 5. It is also clearly seen from the figure that the two curves show the same variation. The data of the wind direction show that the maximum frequency occurs at the west-north (WN) direction. In this region, northwestern winds are effective and the winds from WN direction continuously blow during 42.5% of the time for the year 2004 with a speed of 9.23 m/s. The effect of wind that is observed at the lowest degree is in the direction of south (S), south-west (SW), and west-south (WS), with a speed of 2.21 m/s, 2.06 m/s, and 2.69 m/s, respectively. Monthly dominant wind directions of Belen-Hatay station for the year 2004 are presented in Figure 6. It is also clear from the figure that during spring, summer, and autumn months, wind speeds at the west-north (WN) direction are effective. On the other hand, during winter months, wind speeds at the south-east (SE) direction are effective.

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40 Frequency (%) 30 2004 20 10 0 2005

NE EN

ES SE S SW WS W WN NW Wind direction

Figure 5 Yearly dominant wind directions.

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110 90 Frequency (%) 70 50 30 10 10 N NE EN E ES SE S SW Wind direction WS W WN NW January March May July September November February April June August October December

Figure 6 Monthly dominant wind directions for the year 2004.

Variation of Weibull Parameters It is known that there are several efforts to construct an adequate statistical model for describing the wind speed frequency distribution, which may be used for predicting the energy output. The Weibull distribution has been accepted to give a good fit to wind data for wind energy applications (Incecik and Erdog mus 1995). The Weibull distribution is a two-parameter distribution. This distribution is expressed as       k v k 1 v k exp pw v c c c where pw(v) is the probability of observing wind speed v, k is the Weibull shape parameter (dimensionless), and c is the Weibull scale parameter, which has a reference value in the units of wind speed (Akpinar and Akpinar 2004). For the years 2004 and 2005, the Weibull parameters according to the wind directions in Belen-Hatay station are given in Table 5. The Weibull shape parameters (k) are within the range 1.353.81 for the whole year. The Weibull scale parameters (c) also vary between

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Table 5 The Weibull parameters according to the wind directions. Wind direction c (m/s) 0 (N) 30 (NE) 60 (EN) 90 (E) 120 (ES) 150 (SE) 180 (S) 210 (SW) 240 (WS) 270 (W) 300 (WN) 330 (NW) 2.7 1.6 6.3 8.9 5.7 4.9 2.5 2.3 3.0 6.7 10.2 7.8 2004 k 1.29 1.75 1.43 3.17 1.81 1.8 1.54 1.84 2.58 1.81 3.92 2.85 c (m/s) 2.8 3.5 4.7 7.6 5.3 5.2 2.1 2.0 3.3 10.7 10.4 7.0 2005 k 1.52 1.54 1.47 2.73 1.69 2.2 1.54 2.03 1.39 4.32 3.72 2.32 c (m/s) 2.8 3.1 5.1 8.3 5.5 5.1 2.3 2.2 3.2 9.6 10.3 7.4 Whole k 1.44 1.4 1.35 2.85 1.74 1.95 1.54 1.86 1.74 2.97 3.81 2.61

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2.2 m/s and 10.3 m/s. It can be seen that the maximum c parameter appears in the direction of WN with 10.3 m/s. On the other hand, the minimum c parameter is in the direction of SW with 2.2 m/s. The highest k parameter for the whole year is in the direction of WN with 3.81, while the lowest appears in the direction of EN with 1.35. The monthly Weibull parameters of Belen-Hatay station are given in Table 6. It is seen from the table that the monthly Weibull shape parameters (k) for the whole year range from a low of 1.82 in December to a high of 5.84 in July. While the highest monthly Weibull scale parameter (c) value is determined as 11.9 m/s in August, the lowest monthly c value is found as 5.3 m/s in December. Variation of Wind Speeds The production of wind energy is essentially dependent on the magnitude and regularity of wind speeds (Pashardes and Christofides 1995). Wind speed is the most important parameter in the design and study of wind energy conversion systems
Table 6 The monthly Weibull parameters. Month c (m/s) January February March April May June July August September October November December 6.4 7.1 7.1 7.2 8.9 10.3 10.8 11.5 8.6 6.0 6.1 6.1 2004 k 1.65 2.00 2.70 2.04 3.64 5.09 4.90 4.59 3.78 2.36 1.96 1.65 c (m/s) 6.9 6.4 6.0 7.4 8.8 10.4 12.0 12.2 8.8 5.8 5.6 4.5 2005 k 2.02 1.98 2.4 2.27 2.97 3.81 6.78 5.36 5.36 2.24 2.26 1.98 c (m/s) 6.7 6.8 6.6 7.3 8.9 10.4 11.4 11.9 8.7 5.9 5.9 5.3 Whole k 1.84 1.99 2.55 2.16 3.31 4.45 5.84 4.98 4.57 2.3 2.11 1.82

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(Akpinar and Akpinar 2005). A detailed knowledge of the wind speed distribution and the most frequent wind directions are substantially important when choosing wind turbines and locations (Torres et al. 1999). For this purpose, yearly mean wind speeds according to the wind directions, monthly mean wind speeds, and daily variation of wind speeds of Belen-Hatay station were determined by using the WAsP program. The variation of yearly mean wind speeds according to the wind directions of Belen-Hatay station is presented in Figure 7. It is also clear from the figure that the two curves show the same variation according to each other. The highest yearly mean wind speed for the year 2004 is in the direction of WN with 9.23 m/s, while the lowest appears in the direction of SW with 2.06 m/s. In this region, wind speeds observed in the direction of WN are effective and strong. The monthly variation of mean wind speeds of Belen-Hatay station for the year 2004 and 2005 is presented in Figure 8. The highest monthly mean wind speeds for the year 2005 occur mainly in July and August with 11.1 m/s and 11.3 m/s respectively, and the lowest wind speeds occur in November and December with 4.7 m/s and 3.9 m/s respectively. It is apparent from the figure that monthly mean wind speed data of 2004 and 2005 agree well with each other. The variation of diurnal wind speeds of Belen-Hatay station for the year
10 Wind speed (m/s) 8 6 4 2 0 N NE EN E ES SE S SW WS W Wind direction WN NW

2004 2005

Figure 7 The variation of yearly mean wind speeds according to the wind directions.

12 Wind speed (m/s) 10 8 6 4 2 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
Figure 8 The monthly variation of mean wind speeds for the year 2004 and 2005.

2004 2005

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8 Wind speed (m/s) 7,5 7 6,5 6 5,5 5 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Hour of day 16 18 20 22 24 2004 2005 Whole

Figure 9 The variation of diurnal wind speeds for the year 2004 and 2005.

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12 10 8 6 4 2 Winter Summer 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Hour of day 16 18 Spring Autumn 20 22 24

Figure 10 The variation of diurnal mean wind speeds for the seasons in the year 2005.

2004 and 2005 is presented in Figure 9. It is also clear from the figure that the three curves show the same variation. Diurnal wind speed for the whole year varies between 6.05 m/s and 7.76 m/s. The diurnal wind speed has its minimum value during the morning hours and its maximum value during the afternoon hours. In other words, in this region, the wind speed is higher during the day and lower during the night. This is due to the high level of solar intensity during the day. Figure 10 shows the variation of diurnal mean wind speeds for the seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn in the year 2005. The graph reveals that diurnal wind speeds during the summer are higher than diurnal wind speeds during the winter, spring, and autumn.

Variation of Wind Power Potential The variation of yearly mean wind power potential according to the wind directions of Belen-Hatay station is presented in Figure 11. It is also clear from the figure that the two curves show the same variation according to each other. The highest yearly mean wind power potential for the year 2004 is in the direction of WN

Wind speed (m/s)

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700
Wind power potential (W/m2)

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 N NE EN E ES SE S SW WS W WN NW Wind direction 2004 2005

Figure 11 The variation of yearly mean wind power potential according to the wind directions.

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with 599 W/m2, while the lowest appears in the direction of SW with 11 W/m2. In this region, wind power potential determined in the direction of WN is effective and fairly strong. The monthly variation of mean wind power potential of Belen-Hatay station for the year 2004 and 2005 is presented in Figure 12. The highest monthly mean wind power potential for the year 2005 occurs mainly in July and August with 911 W/m2 and 993 W/m2 respectively, and the lowest in November and December with 122 W/m2 and 75 W/m2 respectively. It is apparent that monthly mean wind power potential data of 2004 and 2005 agree well with each other. The variation of diurnal wind power potential of Belen-Hatay station for the year 2004 and 2005 is presented in Figure 13. It is also clear that the three curves show the same variation with a good agreement. Diurnal wind power potential for the whole year varies between 291.5 W/m2 and 448 W/m2. The diurnal wind power potential has its minimum value during the morning hours and its maximum value during the afternoon hours. In other words, in this region, the wind power potential is higher during the day and lower during the night.

1000
Wind power potential (W/m2)

800 600 400 200 0 2004 2005

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 12 The monthly variation of mean wind power potential for the year 2004 and 2005.

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Wind power potential (W/m2)

500 400 300 200 100 0 2004 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Hour of day 2005 16 Whole 18 20 22 24

Figure 13 The variation of diurnal wind power potential for the year 2004 and 2005.

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OVERALL DISCUSSIONS Turkeys energy demand is growing rapidly and expected to continue to grow in the near future. The annual increase in energy consumption is 68%, except for recession years. The installed capacity of electric power plants in the year 2005 was 38,843.5 MW with annual electricity production 161,983.3 GWh. Presently, 66.68% of this energy is produced in operating thermal power plants. The combustion of coal, lignite, petroleum, wood, agricultural and animal waste, causes environmental pollution and will be a serious problem in the future. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey (Ocak et al. 2004). The Belen-Hatay region has a reasonably good wind power potential. In this region, the hourly wind speeds are higher than 5 m/s in about 70% of occasions at 10 m height above ground level. The monthly mean wind speeds are higher than 5 m/s during nine months of the year; on the other hand the monthly mean wind power potentials are higher than 200 W/m2 during eight months of the year. While a wind generator is being installed in this region, the yearly wind characteristics should be provided basic information about the wind strength and consequently about the supply of wind power. The variations of the yearly mean wind characteristics measured in 2004 and 2005 are given in Table 7. It can be seen from this table that in 2004, the mean wind speed is 7.1 m/s and the mean wind power potential is 374 W/m2. On the other hand in 2005, the mean wind speed is 7.0 m/s and the mean wind power potential is 382 W/m2. According to the critical values of mean wind speed, having wind speed of 7.1 m/s is good for the utilization of the wind energy potential.
Table 7 The yearly mean wind characteristics measured in the year of 2004 and 2005. Wind characteristics Weibull parameter (c) (m/s) Weibull parameter (k) Wind speed (m/s) Standard deviation of wind speeds (m/s) Wind power potential (W/m2) 2004 8.30 2.63 7.10 3.50 374 2005 8.20 2.31 7.00 3.66 382 Whole 8.30 2.46 7.00 3.58 378

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CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that present regions are suitable for the plantation of wind energy turbines. Several locations can quite reasonably be considered favorable for the production of wind energy. It is known that there is no wind turbine placed in the region of Belen-Hatay yet for electricity production. The present results suggest that it can be profitable to establish a wind farm in this region. At 10 m height above the ground level, mean wind speed and power potential of the site are 7.0 m/s and 378 W/m2, respectively. The hourly wind speeds are higher than 5 m/s in about 70% of occasions. The monthly mean wind speeds are higher than 5 m/s during nine months of the year; on the other hand the monthly mean wind power potentials are higher than 200 W/m2 during eight months of the year. In this provision, there is very large land area available for constructing wind energy farms. However, their suitability and availability for these applications are acceptable in terms of other aspects such as being in close proximity to the electrical grid lines, land ownership, road network infrastructure, and so forth.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the office of Scientific Research Projects of Cukurova University for funding this project under contract no. MMF2006D18.

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