HEAT TRANSFER DESIGN LAB

ASSIGNMENT 4

Submitted by Susanta Sethi

Roll no.:- 110CH0109

Guided by, Dr. B. Munshi

REFRIGERATION CYCLE AIM:-

DESIGN

To simulate the refrigeration cycle having isentropic efficiency of 0.9 of the compressor, using aspen plus.

OBJECTIVE:123To design and simulate the refrigeration cycle system. To calculate the lost work and the thermodynamic efficiency for the refrigeration cycle. Find the effect of change in mass flow rate on:abcdLost work. Thermodynamic efficiency. Q value of evapourator. Q value of condenser.

THEORY:REFRIGERATION: Refrigeration is the cooling effect of the process of extracting heat from a lower temperature heat source, a substance or cooling medium, and transferring it to a higher temperature heat sink, probably atmospheric air and surface water, to maintain the temperature of the heat source below that of the surroundings.

 A refrigeration system is a combination of components, equipment, and piping, connected in a sequential order to produce the refrigeration effect. Refrigeration systems that provide cooling for air conditioning are classified mainly into the following categories: Vapor compression systems: In these systems, a compressor(s) compresses the refrigerant to a higher pressure and temperature from an evaporated vapor at low pressure and temperature. The compressed refrigerant is condensed into liquid form by releasing the latent heat of condensation to the condenser water. Liquid refrigerant is then throttled to a low-pressure, low-temperature vapor, producing the refrigeration effect during evaporation. Vapor compression is often called mechanical refrigeration, that is, refrigeration by mechanical compression. Absorption systems: In an absorption system, the refrigeration effect is produced by means of thermal energy input. After liquid refrigerant produces refrigeration during evaporation at very low pressure, the vapor is absorbed by an aqueous absorbent. The solution is heated by a direct fired gas furnace or waste heat, and the refrigerant is again vaporized and then condensed into liquid form. The liquid refrigerant is throttled to a very low pressure and is ready to produce the refrigeration effect again. Gas expansion systems: In an air or other gas expansion system, air or gas is compressed to a high pressure by compressors. It is then cooled by surface water or atmospheric air and expanded to

a low pressure. Because the temperature of air or gas decreases during expansion, a refrigeration effect is produced.

REFRIGERANTS, COOLING MEDIUMS AND ABSORBENTS: A refrigerant is a primary working fluid used to produce refrigeration in a refrigeration system. All refrigerants extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation and reject heat at high temperature and pressure during condensation. A cooling medium is a working fluid cooled by the refrigerant during evaporation to transport refrigeration from a central plant to remote cooling equipment and terminals. In a large, centralized air conditioning system, it is more economical to pump the

cooling medium to the remote locations where cooling is required. Chilled water and brine are cooling media. They are often called secondary refrigerants to distinguish them from the primary refrigerants. A liquid absorbent is a working fluid used to absorb the vaporized refrigerant (water) after evaporation in an absorption refrigeration system. The solution that contains the absorbed vapor is then heated. There refrigerant vaporizes, and the solution is restored to its original concentration to absorb water vapor again.

REFRIGERATION CYCLES : When a refrigerant undergoes a series of processes like evaporation, compression, condensation, throttling and expansion, absorbing heat from a low-temperature source and rejecting it to a higher temperature sink, it is said to have undergone a refrigeration cycle. If its final state is equal to its initial state, it is a closed cycle; if the final state does not equal the initial state, it is an open cycle. Vapor compression refrigeration cycles can be classified as single stage, multistage, compound, and

cascade
S1 C1

cycles

S2

EVAP1 COND1

V1

S4

S3

DATA GIVEN:Propane flow rate = 5400 kg/hr.(working fluid) Specification: For Stream 3 inlet: a. Vapor fraction: 1 b. Pressure : 185 psi c. Total flow :5400 lb/hr For Cond1 heater: a. Pressure:185 psi

b. Vapor fraction:0 For Evap1 heater: a. Vapor fraction:1 b. Pressure: 38.37 psi For C1 compressor: a. Pressure: 187 psi b. Efficiency: 0.9 For V1 valve:
a.

Pressure out:40 psi

RESULTS :1.Q (evaporator) = 176.26 kW 2. Lost work= Work(input) +[ 1- { T(cond) / T(evap) } *Q(evap) ] LW = 70 kW + [1- 537/470]* 176.26 kW = 70 25.126 kW = 44.874 kW Thermodynamic efficiency () = main goal / (main goal - LW) = (-25.126) / {(-25.126) 44.874 } = 0.3589 3. EFFEECT:Effect of mass flow rate on different parameters is given below:-

Mass flow rate (lb/hr)

Lost work (kW)

Thermodynamic efficiency

Q (evaporator) (kW)

Q (condenser) (kW)

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000

65.35 63.02 60.69 58.367 56.04 53.71 51.39 49.06 46.73 44.407 42.081 39.75 37.43 35.1 32.77 30.45 28.122 25.795 23.47

0.066 0.099 0.133 0.166 0.199 0.232 0.266 0.299 0.332 0.3656 0.3988 0.432 0.465 0.498 0.532 0.565 0.598 0.6315 0.665

32.64 48.963 65.28 81.604 97.925 114.245 130.57 146.89 163.21 179.53 195.85 212.17 228.49 244.81 261.13 277.45 293.77 310.09 326.41

-44.407 -66.611 -88.815 -111.019 -133.22 -155.43 -177.63 -199.83 -222.04 -244.24 -266.44 -288.65 -310.85 -333.06 -355.26 -377.46 -399.67 -421.87 -444.07

PLOTS:1-Lost work vs mass flow rate:

70 60 Lost Work (kW) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 mass flow rate (lb/hr)

2- thermodynamic efficiency vs mass flow rate:

0.7 0.6 Thermodynamic efficiency 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 mass flow rate (lb/hr)

3- Q (evaporator) vs mass flow rate:

350 300 250 Q (evaporator) 200 150 100 50 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 mass flow rate (lb/hr)

4- Q (condenser)vs mass flow rate:

0 -50 -100 -150 Q (condenser) -200 -250 -300 -350 -400 -450 -500 mass flow rate (lb/hr) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

APPLICATION:Probably the most widely used current applications of refrigeration are for air conditioning of private homes and public buildings, and refrigerating foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage warehouses. The use of refrigerators in kitchens for storing fruits and vegetables has allowed adding fresh salads to the modern diet year round, and storing fish and meats safely for long periods. In commerce and manufacturing, there are many uses for refrigeration. Refrigeration is used to liquify gases oxygen, nitrogen, propane and methane, for example. In compressed air purification, it is used to condense water vapor from compressed air to reduce its moisture content. In oil refineries, chemical plants, and petrochemical plants, refrigeration is used to maintain certain processes at their needed low temperatures (for example, in alkylation of butenes and butane to produce a high octane gasoline component). Metal workers use refrigeration to temper steel and cutlery. In transporting temperature-sensitive foodstuffs and other materials by trucks, trains, airplanes and seagoing vessels, refrigeration is a necessity. **********

REPORTS:COMPRESSOR:BLOCK: C1 MODEL: COMPR

----------------------------INLET STREAM: OUTLET STREAM: S1 S2

PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE *** IN TOTAL BALANCE MOLE(LBMOL/HR) MASS(LB/HR ) ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 122.459 5400.00 122.459 5400.00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 OUT RELATIVE DIFF.

-0.568672E+07 -0.546992E+07 -0.381229E-01

*** INPUT DATA ***

ISENTROPIC CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR PRESSURE CHANGE PSI ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY 187.000 0.90000 1.00000

*** RESULTS ***

INDICATED HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP BRAKE HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP HP HP 0.0

85.2033 85.2033

NET WORK REQUIRED POWER LOSSES

85.2033

ISENTROPIC HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP CALCULATED OUTLET PRES PSI CALCULATED OUTLET TEMP F ISENTROPIC TEMPERATURE F EFFICIENCY (POLYTR/ISENTR) USED OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION HEAD DEVELOPED, FT-LBF/LB MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY USED INLET HEAT CAPACITY RATIO INLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE , CUFT/HR OUTLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE, CUFT/HR INLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR OUTLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 225.370 136.314 128.410

76.6830

0.90000 1.00000 28,117.1 1.00000 1.14081 14,708.6 2,754.97 0.93399 0.79274

AV. ISENT. VOL. EXPONENT AV. ISENT. TEMP EXPONENT AV. ACTUAL VOL. EXPONENT AV. ACTUAL TEMP EXPONENT

1.03983 1.16141 1.05698 1.17168

CONDENSER
BLOCK: COND1 MODEL: HEATER ------------------------------

INLET STREAM: OUTLET STREAM:

S2 S3

PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE *** IN TOTAL BALANCE MOLE(LBMOL/HR) MASS(LB/HR ) ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 122.459 5400.00 122.459 5400.00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 OUT RELATIVE DIFF.

-0.546992E+07 -0.628815E+07 0.130121

*** INPUT DATA *** TWO PHASE PV FLASH

SPECIFIED PRESSURE VAPOR FRACTION MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE

PSI

185.000 0.0 30 0.000100000

*** RESULTS *** OUTLET TEMPERATURE F OUTLET PRESSURE HEAT DUTY PSI BTU/HR 97.327 185.00 -0.87324E+06 0.00000E+00 0.35415E+08

OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION PRESSURE-DROP CORRELATION PARAMETER

V-L PHASE EQUILIBRIUM :

COMP PROPA-01

F(I) 1.0000

X(I)

Y(I) 1.0000

K(I) 1.0000 1.0000

EVAPOURATOR:BLOCK: EVAP1 MODEL: HEATER -----------------------------INLET STREAM: OUTLET STREAM: S4 S1

PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE *** IN TOTAL BALANCE MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 0.000000E+00 MASS(LB/HR ) ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 0.956448E-01 5400.00 5400.00 0.000000E+00 122.459 122.459 OUT RELATIVE DIFF.

-0.628815E+07 -0.568672E+07 -

*** INPUT DATA *** TWO PHASE PV FLASH SPECIFIED PRESSURE VAPOR FRACTION MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE PSI 38.3700 1.00000 30 0.000100000

*** RESULTS *** OUTLET TEMPERATURE F OUTLET PRESSURE HEAT DUTY PSI BTU/HR 0.13127 38.370 0.64233E+06 1.0000

OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION PRESSURE-DROP CORRELATION PARAMETER 0.20978E+06

V-L PHASE EQUILIBRIUM :

COMP PROPA-01

F(I) 1.0000

X(I)

Y(I) 1.0000

K(I) 1.0000 1.0000

*********