Introduction to UMTS

ISSUE 1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

object

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Understand the history of 3G mobile communications Understand the UMTS network architecture and 3GPP different releases Understand the UMTS network services Understand the basic principles of UTRAN

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References

TS 21.102 3rd Generation Mobile System Release 4 Specifications TS 21.103 3rd Generation Mobile System Release 5 Specifications Huaweis UMTS RAN protocols and signaling analysis document

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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS Part 2 UTRAN basic principles Part 3 ATM basic principles

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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Section 1 History of 3G Section 2 UMTS network structure Section 3 UMTS network services

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Development of Mobile communication

1st Generation 1980s (analog)

2nd Generation 1990s (digital)

3rd Generation current (digital)

GSM AMPS TACS NMT OTHERS PDC CDMA IS95 DAMPS

WCDMA FDD

Analog to Digital

Voice to Broadband

CDMA 2000 WCDMA TDD

AMPS = Advanced Mobile phone service TACS=Total Access Communications Systems NMT=Nordic Mobile Telephone

GSM=Global system for Mobile Communications D-AMPS=Digital-AMPS PDC=personal digital cellular

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History of 3G
At 1985 : ITU started the process of defining the standard for third generation systems, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) Some of the features that IMT-2000 3G network must include 1-Circuit and packet oriented services 2-Simultaneous multiple services 3-Symmetrical and Asymmetrical services 4-Migration path from 2G systems 5-Supporting Multimedia services
 Car speed environment: 144kbps  Walk speed environment: 384kbps  Indoor environment: 2048kbps

1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in 2GHz band (WARC92)

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History of 3G
Based on the IMT-200 performance objectives and frequency allocation the ITU-R formally requested a submission of RTT proposals with a closing date at the end of July 1998 . By the closing date , there were a total of 10 RTT proposals were submitted from Europe , United states , Japan , Korea and, China. All these proposal where accepted . Five RTT for IMT2000 WCDMA FDD CDMA2000 (1X-EV-DO and 3X modes) WCDMA-TDD UWC-136 (based on D-AMPS) DECT Only three 3G network implemented and currently deployed 1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO) 2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD) 3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD)

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3G standardization organizations
Standardization organizations such as 3GPP, 3GPP2 were established

WCDMA 3GPP
FDD/TDD mode

CDMA2000

3G system

3GPP2

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Frequency allocation for IMT2000

WARC in 1992 230MHz in 2GHZ Band was allocated to IMT2000 IMT-2000
1800 1900
1885 1980

IMT-2000
2000
2010 2025 MSS MSS (Reg.2)

2100
2110

2200MHz
2155 2170

ITU

IMT-2000
1895 1918

MSS MSS IMT-2000 (Reg.2)

Japan Europe/ Australia USA

1850

1980

2010 2025

2110

2170

PHS IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000

1880 1900 1920 1980 2010 2025

IMT-2000 MSS
2110 2170

DECT

UMTS

MSS UMTS
1990 2025

UMTS
2110

MSS

1910 1930

2150 2165

PCS

Unlicensed

MSS

Reserve

MSS

MSS: Mobile Satellite Service 10

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Frequency allocation for IMT2000

Additional (2nd of June, 2000) WRC2000 Conference has decided to allocate additional bands for IMT-2000, 800MHz, 1.8GHz, and 2.5GHz Band.
2010

800
806

1000
960

1500
1710

2000 2025
1885 1980

2500
2690

MHz

IMT-2000

GSM (Current)

2110 2170 880 960 1710 1990

PD C (Current)

810

958

1429

1513

: Additionally assigned for IMT-2000

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UMTS FDD and TDD

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

Mobile Terminal

Base station

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

TS TS Up Down

Mobile Terminal
TS: Time slot
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Base station
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Summary
IMT-2000 is the ITU standard for 3G mobile communications three 3G networks are implemented and currently deployed 1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO) 2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD) 3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD) 3GPP is responsible for producing UMTS network standard specifications 3GPP2 is responsible for producing CDMA2000 network standard specifications

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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Section 1 History of 3G Section 2 UMTS network structure Section 3 UMTS network services

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3GPP R99 network Architecture

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3GPP R99 network Architecture

Interoperability with GSM CS domain elements are able to handle 2G and 3G subscribers. Changes (upgrades) in MSC/VLR and HLR/AC/EIR. For example SGSN  2G responsible for mobility management (MM) for packet connections  3G MM divided between RNC and SGSN

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3GPP R4 network Architecture

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3GPP R4 network Architecture

The 3GPP R4 introduces separation of the connection, its control, and services for CS domain of CN. Media Gateway (MGW): an element for maintaining the connection and performing switching function when required. MSC server: an element controlling MGW and responsible for signaling Packet switched voice  The CS call is changed to the packet switched call in MGW.

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Difference between R99 and R4

CS domain evolution SCP HLR
MAP Over TDM

SCP

HLR
MAP Over TDM/IP

TUP/ISUP

ATM/IP/TDM

MSC

TDM

MSC

MSC Server
ATM/IP

MSC Server MGW

MGW

ATM/IP

RAN

RAN

RAN

RAN

RAN

RAN

R99
Notes: PS domain structure remain unchanged

R4

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3GPP R5 network architecture

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3GPP R5 network architecture

3GPP R5 introduces the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) The HSDPA scheme proposes to add an additional wideband downlink shared channel that is optimized for very high-speed data transfer In HSDPA the coding and modulation scheme used are changed according to air interface conditions Release 5 employs two modulation schemes, QPSK and 16QAM. Later releases may introduce other schemes, such as 64QAM 3GPP R5 introduces a IP Multimedia subsystem (IMS)

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Summary
3GPP R99 is the first 3GPP specification for UMTS based on GSM NSS as a CN R4 softswitch based CS Core network was introduced in 3GPP R4 HSDPA and IMS are introduced in 3GPP R5

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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Section 1 History of 3G Section 2 UMTS network structure Section 3 UMTS network services

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QoS of Different Services

Quality (BER)

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time delay

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UMTS services
Conversational Services  Speech service:
>Real time conversational service require the low time delay from end to end , and the uplink and the downlink service bandwidth is symmetrical . >Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).

12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps. The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the RAN according to the payload of air interface and the quality of voice service .


Video phone (WCDMA) >The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service >The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M (AMR-H.263) >The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323

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UMTS services
Streaming Services  (eg. Telemetry (monitoring) , Audio and Video streaming )
Interactive Services  (eg. Web browsing , and online games ) Background Services  (eg. Email , Fax , and SMS )

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Summary

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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS Part 2 UTRAN basic principles Part 3 ATM basic principles

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Multiple Access Techniques

CDMA
Power

Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000

TDMA
Power

Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM

FDMA
Power

Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Multiple Access Techniques

Advantage
FDMA
AMPS, TACS

Defect Defect
1. Frequency Reuse 2. privacy

1. Simple Implementation

TDMA
GSM, PDC

1.Privacy

1. Need synchronized of frame

CDMA
IS95, W-CDMA

1. Reduction the interference 2. Diversity Hand-over 3. Privacy

1. Sophisticated power control for mobile

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Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA/TDMA
6 7 3 4 5 6 2 7 3 4 5 6 2

CDMA
1 1 7 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 4 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 7 6 2

7 3 4

1 1

Frequency is different in each sector.

Frequency is same.

Need for frequency plan (Frequency Frequency Reuse) Reuse

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No need for frequency plan

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DS-CDMA
Wide Band Signal
(Multiple Signal)

Narrow Band Spreading Signal Code 1

A

Despreading Code 1

Narrow Band Signal

(Receiver A) C B A

User-A Code 2
B

User-A
(Receiver B)

Code 2
B

User-B Code 3
C

De-spreading Code

User-B
(Receiver C)

Code 3
C

User-C
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User-C
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Rake Receiver

C B

Rake
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Rake receiver
RAKE Receiver Finger Circuit RX Finger Circuit Finger Circuit Searcher
Electric Power Electric Power Calculation

Combiner
Combined Signal

Output Power

Multiple Signal 1 Multiple Signal 2 Multiple Signal 3

Delay Time Delay Time
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Delay Profile
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WCDMA handover types

Soft Handover

 

UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3 sectors) using the same frequency The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations. For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received signal. in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received from both base stations, but the received data is then routed to the RNC for combining The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates based on frame reliability indicator
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WCDMA handover types

Softer Handover

 

UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one base station using the same frequency The UE receives the downlink transmissions the two sectors. For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received signal. in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received in each sector, then routed to the same baseband Rake receiver and the maximal ratio combined there in the usual way.

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WCDMA handover types

Hard Handover

 

The UE stops transmission on one frequency before it moves to another frequency and starts transmitting again During Hard Handover the used radio frequency (RF) of the UE changes

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WCDMA handover types

Inter-system Handover  Handover between two different radio access technologies  Handover between UMTS FDD and GSM  Handover between UMTS FDD and UMTS TDD

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Spreading process in WCDMA

Coding & Interleaving

3,840 Kcps

7
Channelization Code Scrambling Code

1 Step: Channelization  Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate) nd 2 Step: Scrambling Code  Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)

st

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Spreading process in WCDMA

Downlink (NodeB to UE )



Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector). Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).

Scrambling Code A Scrambling Code B

Channelization Channelization Code 2 Channelization Code 3 Code 1 Channelization Code 1 Channelization Code 1 Channelization Code 2
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Channelization Code 2

Scrambling Code C
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Spreading process in WCDMA

Up Link (UE to NodeB ) Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal. Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

Channelization Code 2 Channelization Code 1

Scrambling Code A
Channelization Code 1

Scrambling Code B

Channelization Code 1

Scrambling Code C

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Spreading process in WCDMA

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor [OVSF] codes are the channelization codes used for signal spreading in the uplink and downlink

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Spreading process in WCDMA

The code used for scrambling of the uplink Channels may be of either long 24 24 or short type, There are 2 long and 2 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers. 18 For downlink physical channels, a total of 2 -1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used. In the downlink direction 512 of scrambling codes are used to identify the cells in the downlink so downlink planning is required

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W-CDMA (IMT-DS) Specification

Multiple access method Duplexing method Inter-cell synchronization Bandwidth Chip rate Carrier spacing Frame length Unit Data modulation Multi-rate concept Maximum data rate Channel coding
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DS-CDMA (DS: Direct Spread)

FDD/TDD (Frequency Division Duplex/Time Division Duplex)

Asynchronous 5 MHZ 3.84 Mcps Flexible with 100/200kHz carrier raster 10 ms Downlink: QPSK, Uplink: BPSK Variable spreading factor and/or multi-code 2 Mbps (indoor)/384 kbps (mobile) Convolutional coding (R=1/3 or 1/2, K=9) Turbo code for High data rate

BPSK: Binary phase shift keying

QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying

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UMTS FDD frequency allocations

Operating Band UL Frequencies UE transmit, Node B receive DL frequencies UE receive, Node B transmit

I II III IV V VI

1920 1980 MHz 1850 1910 MHz 1710-1785 MHz 1710-1755 MHz 824 849 MHz 830-840 MHz

2110 2170 MHz 1930 1990 MHz 1805-1880 MHz 2110-2155 MHz 869-894 MHz 875-885 MHz

Operating Band I II III IV V VI

TX-RX frequency separation 190 MHz 80 MHz. 95 MHz. 400 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz

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Summary
UMTS is based on DS-CDMA as a multiple access technique Rack receiver is used to combine signals and get benefits from Multipath fading . Also it is used to combine signals in soft and softer handover cases Two types of Power control are used in UMTS , open and closed loop power control Types of handover in UMTS  Soft handover  Softer handover  Hard handover  Inter-system handover Spreading process in WCDMA consists of two stages  Channelization  Scrambling

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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS Part 2 UTRAN basic principles Part 3 ATM basic principles

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Why do we need a new technology?

To provide a high-speed, low

delay type of

multiplexing and switching network to any

user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video

applications.

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Traditional Traditiona l Switch Models Characteristic

Circuit Switching Data is sent from the same route, so time delay is fixed High-speed switching Fixed rate  Packet Switching Support multi-rate switching Take full advantage of bandwidth/waste of bandwidth Time delay is not fixed

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What is ATM?

ATM for Telecommunications is Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (not Automatic Teller Machine!). In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in small, fixed-length packets called cells. A technology that integrates advantages of circuit switch and packet switch. ATM can support any type of user services, such as voice, data, or video service.

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ATM can provides both CBR and VBR transport

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ATM Overview

5-Bytes Header

48-Bytes Payload

53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell header+48Bytes payload.

ATM must set up virtual connection before communication.

Contract

ATM network will confer with terminal on parameter of QoS before the connection is set up.

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ATM Network Model

UNI NNI NNI

NNI

UNI NNI

NNI UNI

ATM Switch UNI = User to Network Interface NNI = Network to Network Interface

ATM End terminal

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ATM Cell

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ATM Cell
GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible bus system at the user interface and is not used at the moment. VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI. VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path section between switching centers or between the switching center and the subscriber. PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the information field. CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be preferentially deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck. HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to some extent, correct errors in the header data that may occur. The HEC is used to synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.

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VP and VC

think VPI as a bundle of virtual channels. (256 VPI on one link) the individual virtual channels have unique VCIs. The VCI values may be reused in each virtual path.

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ATM Connections

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ATM Virtual Connection

Port 1 A UNI cell VPI =1 VCI =1 2
1 2 3

VPI 1 26

VCI 1 44
1

UNI cell VPI =20 VCI =30 3

2

NNI cell VPI =26 VCI =44

3 1

NNI cell VPI =6 VCI =44 NNI cell VPI =2 VCI =44
3 2

Port 2 3

VPI 6 20

VCI 44 30

Port 1 2

VPI 26 2

VCI 44 44

ATM Virtual Connection

Port 1 2

VPI 2 6

VCI 44 44

In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called Virtual Connection.
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ATM Protocol Structure Model

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ATM traffic classes

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ATM traffic parameters

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ATM applications in UMTS network

UTRAN

Uu

Iub
NodeB

Iu
RNC

Iu-CS
MSC

UE

NodeB

Iur
NodeB

RNC
UE

SGSN

NodeB

Iu-PS

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ATM applications in UMTS network

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64

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