Energy, Work and Heat: (Tenaga, Kerja & Haba)

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat
Duty, Honor and Integrity
Chapter 2 Energy, Work and Heat

(Tenaga, Kerja & Haba)
Oleh Lt Kol Prof Madya Ir Khalid bin Abd Jalil TUDM Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malsysia. 012-2094234

Objectives Introduce the concept of energy and define its various forms. Discuss the nature of internal energy.
Define the concept of heat and the terminology associated with energy transfer by heat.
Discuss the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Define the concept of work, including electrical work and several forms of mechanical work. Introduce the first law of thermodynamics, energy balances, and mechanisms of energy transfer to or from a system. Determine that a fluid flowing across a control surface of a control volume carries energy across the control surface in addition to any energy transfer across the control surface that may be in the form of heat and/or work. Define energy conversion efficiencies. Discuss the implications of energy conversion on the environment.

Introduction to Energy
Define as capacity to do work and an important part of daily life. is an extensive properties which have an ability to change the state of system and it surrounding. 1st Law of Thermodynamics , energy conservation principle (Prinsip keabadian tenaga). Under the 1st law,, energy cannot be created or destroyed during the process; it can only changed from one form to another form (work is done). Forms of energy i.e. Electrical energy, potential , chemical & kinetic.
Example: place a refrigerator in a well insulated room with its open. What will happen to the room temperature?? Increasing or decreasing??
INTRODUCTION
If we take the entire roomincluding the air and the refrigerator (or fan)as the system, which is an adiabatic closed system since the room is well-sealed and well-insulated, the only energy interaction involved is the electrical energy crossing the system boundary and entering the room. As a result of the conversion of electric energy consumed by the device to heat, the room temperature will rise.
A fan running in a well-sealed and well-insulated room will raise the temperature of air in the room.
A refrigerator operating with its door open in a wellsealed and wellinsulated room
FORMS OF ENERGY
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total energy, E of a system. Thermodynamics deals only with the change of the total energy. Macroscopic forms of energy: Those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies. Microscopic forms of energy: Those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity. Internal energy, U: The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy. Kinetic energy, KE: The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some reference frame. Potential energy, PE: The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational field.
The macroscopic energy of an object changes with velocity and elevation.

Forms of Energy conts.

Total energy of a system
Kinetic energy (KE) related to motion and the influence of

some external effects such as gravity, magnetism, electricity and surface tension (kJ) (kJ/kg)
Unit mass basis

Forms of Energy cont.
Potential Energy (PE) a result of its elevation in a

gravitational field.
(kJ)
Unit mass basis
(kJ/kg)

Total energy system is expressed as
E=U+
e=u+
Note: most of closed system remain stationary during process and thus experience no change on their kinetic and potential energies.
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy per unit mass Potential energy Potential energy per unit mass
Mass flow rate
Energy flow rate
Total energy of a system Energy of a system per unit mass Total energy per unit mass
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy: The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine. Kinetic and potential energies: The familiar forms of mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass Rate of mechanical energy of a flowing fluid Mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible flow per unit mass
Rate of mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible flow
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Forms of Energy
cont.
Internal energy U (KJ) the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a

system. It is related to the molecular structure and the degree of molecular activity and may be viewed as the sum of kinetic and potential energies of the molecules; it is comprised of the following types of energies
Type Sensible energy (haba rasa) Latent energy (haba pendam) Chemical energy Nuclear energy
Composition of Internal Energy (U) the portion of the internal energy of a system associated with kinetic energies (molecular translation, rotation, and vibration; electron translation and spin; and nuclear spin) of the molecules. the internal energy associated with the phase of a system. the internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule. the very large amount of energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself. those types of energies not stored in the system (e.g. heat transfer, mass transfer, and work), but which are recognized at the system boundary as they cross it, which represent gains or losses by a system during a process. the sum of sensible and latent forms of internal energy.(cannot be converted to work directly and completely)
Energy interactions
Thermal energy
Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy

Sensible energy: The portion of the internal energy of a system associated with the kinetic energies of the molecules. Latent energy: The internal energy associated with the phase of a system. Chemical energy: The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule. Nuclear energy: The tremendous amount of energy associated with the strong The internal energy of a bonds within the nucleus of the system is the sum of all forms atom itself. of the microscopic energies.
The various forms of microscopic energies that make up sensible energy.
Thermal = Sensible + Latent 13 Internal = Sensible + Latent + Chemical + Nuclear

The internal energy U (KJ) is essentially defined by the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy is conserved: Where
U= Q + W + W
U is the change in internal energy of a system during a process. Q is heat added to a system (measured in joules in SI); that is, a positive value for Q represents heat flow into a system while a negative value denotes heat flow out of a system. W is the mechanical work done on a system (measured in joules in SI) W' is energy added by all other processes



Energy can cross the boundary of closed system in 2 distinct forms:
Heat & Work

Heat energy (Q) crosses the boundary due to the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings. Work energy (W) crosses the boundary under the action of a forces. Work can be thought of as the energy expended to lift a weight.
Sign Convention
Heat transfer to a system and work done by system are positive. Heat transfer from a system and Work done on a system are negative.

Heat Q [J, kJ] (Haba)

Heat defined as the form of energy that transferred between two system by virtue of a temperature difference. heat is energy transition (crosses the boundary) heat is not a properties. heat is about the state of process. (depend on process path between end of process)
Haba dibekalkan kpd sistem oleh sekitaran (Q>0)
Haba yang disingkirkan oleh sistem kpd sekitaran. (Q<0)

Heat transfer mechanisms: Conduction: The transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interaction between particles. Convection: The transfer of energy between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion. Radiation: The transfer of energy due to the emission of electromagnetic waves (or photons).

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

1. Conduction through Plane Walls - Conduction heat transfer is progressive exchange or energy between the molecules of substance
Note: thermal conductivity value can be refer in table 2-3 page 98

Mechanisms of Heat Transferconts.
2. Convection Heat Transfer - Convection heat transfer is a mode of energy transfer between a surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.

Mechanisms of Heat Transferconts.
3. Radiation Heat Transfer - Radiative heat transfer is energy in transition from the surface of one body to the surface of another due to electromagnetic radiation.

Adiabatic Process a process during which there is no heat transfer (Q = 0) well insulated Tsystem= Tsurrounding
Adiabatic System although there is no heat transfer during the process, energy content and temp. of the system can still changed by other mean such as work. Example: see figure 2-40 Page71
(negligible amount of heat can pass through the boundary)

Heat transfer perunit mass (kJ/kg) of a system is donated q
:
(kJ/kg)
Heat transfer perunit time
Amount of heat transferred during the processes (dependent on the process path)


ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK

Work: The energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance. A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the system boundaries are all associated with work interactions Formal sign convention: Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are positive; heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative. Alternative to sign convention is to use the subscripts in and out to indicate direction. This is the primary approach in this text. Work done per unit mass
Power is the work done per unit time (kW)
Specifying the directions of heat and work.
29
Heat vs. Work

Both are recognized at the boundaries of a system as they cross the boundaries. That is, both heat and work are boundary phenomena. Systems possess energy, but not heat or work. Both are associated with a process, not a state. Unlike properties, heat or work has no meaning at a state. Both are path functions (i.e., their magnitudes depend on the path followed during a process as well as the end states).
Properties are point functions have exact differentials (d ).

Path functions have inexact differentials ( )
30

Electrical Work (Kerja Elektrik) - in electric field, electrons in a wire move under the
effect of electromotive forces, doing work.
Electrical power W
-Unit : watt/ kW.
= VI = IR = V/R
Electrical work done
V = voltage
(kJ)
= current
t = time interval

Mechanical work (Joule / Nm) - Related to a force acting through a distance
Note:
(W<0) kerja dilakukan ke atas sistem (W>0) kerja dilakukan oleh sistem

Step 1: A car is to climb a hill in 12 s. The power needed is to be determined for three different cases. Step 2: Draw the diagram. Step 3 : Assumptions: Air drag, friction, and rolling resistance are negligible. Step 4 Analysis The total power required for each case is the sum of the rates of changes in potential and kinetic energies. That is,
Step 5 Properties g=9.81m/s Step 6 Calculation: (a) =0 since the velocity is constant. Also, the vertical rise is h = (100 m)(sin 30) = 50 m. Thus, & Wa=0

Step7 Discussion: The car required 90.1 kW of power to climb the 30 hill in 12s and need to reduced their power to -57.5 kW to achieve velocity 5 m/s.

Shaft Work
Shaft work
A force F acting through a moment arm r generates a torque T This force acts through a distance s
The power transmitted through the shaft is the shaft work done per unit time
37
When the length of the spring changes by a differential amount dx under the influence of a force F, the work done is
Spring Work
Substituting and integrating yield
For linear elastic springs, the displacement x is proportional to the force applied
x1 and x2: the initial and the final displacements
k: spring constant (kN/m) Elongation of a spring under the influence of a force.
The displacement of a linear spring doubles when the force is doubled.
38
Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars
Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film
39

Gravitational Work
Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body

1. The work transfer needed to raise a body is equal to the change in the potential energy of the body. 2. The work transfer needed to accelerate a body is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the body.
Nonmechanical Forms of Work

Electrical work: The generalized force is the voltage (the electrical potential) and the generalized displacement is the electrical charge. Magnetic work: The generalized force is the magnetic field strength and the generalized displacement is the total magnetic dipole moment.
Electrical polarization work: The generalized force is the electric field strength and the generalized displacement is the polarization of the medium.
41

Work


The 1st Law Thermodynamics

Before.. Learned about heat Q, work W, and total energy E, No attempt is made to relate them to each other during the process. Under the 1st law thermodynamics, its cover the relationships among the various form of energy and energy interactions.

The 1st Law Thermodynamics conts.

known as the conservation of energy principle, also called energy balance. Under the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, energy can be either created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change forms. Therefore every bit of energy should be accounted for during a process. Such as falling rock (combination of potential energy and kinetic energy) 1st law statement is the existence of the property total energy E. Example, potato baked, blowing water, well insulated room heated by heater.

The 1st Law Thermodynamics conts.

1st law statement is the existence of the property total energy E. Example, potato baked, blowing water, well insulated room heated by heater.
Qin=5kJ Potato E=5kJ

The increase in the energy of a potato in a oven is equal to the amount of heat transferred to it.
E=Q net= 12kJ
In the absence if any work interactions, the energy change of a system is equal to net the heat transfer.

52

Energy balance:
The net change in total energy of the system during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process. Total energy entering the system
Total energy leaving the system
Change in the total energy of the system
Esystem = Ein - Eout

Energy Change of a System : Esystem

(perubahan Tenaga Sistem)
Energy change of a system during a process involves the evaluation of the system at the beginning and at the end of the process. Energy at final state
Energy at initial state
Energy Change
Esystem = Efinal - Einitial

Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc energies Net energy transfer by heat, work & mass
Total energy of a system
For stationary system, the change in kinetic and potential energy is zero.

Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout

(Mekanisme Pemindahan Tenaga)
Energy can transfer in 3 forms, heat, work and mass flow. heat transfer heat transfer to a system (heat gain) will increases the energy and heat transfer from the system will decreases (heat loss) the energy.
Work transfer work transfer to the system (work done on the system) will increases the energy and work transfer from the system (work done by the system) will decreases the energy of the system. For example car engine, steam, turbine.
Mass flow an additional mechanisms of energy transfer. Mass flow in increases the energy and mass flow out decreases the energy of the system. Ein Eout = Qin - Qout + W in - Wout + Emass in Emass out
=
E system

Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout.conts.

Mass in
E system
Mass in
Esystem = Ein - Eout

Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc energies
Net energy transfer by heat, work & mass
E system = Ein Eout = Qin - Qout + W in - Wout + Emass in Emass out

See problem No 2-50 page 101



Energy conversion efficiencies
Efficiencies is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The useful output may be electric power, mechanical work, or heat. Energy conversion efficiency is not defined uniquely, but instead depends on the usefulness of the output. All or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste heat if, for example, work is the desired output from a thermodynamic cycle. Indicate how well the energy transfer process is accomplished.
Desired output Performance =
Required input

Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices

Transfer of mechanical energy through a rotating shaft, often refer to as shaft work, ie water pump, fan, turbine. Mechanical energy output Performance = Mechanical energy input Transfer of electrical energy is commonly converted to a rotating mechanical energy by electrical motor to drive fans, compressors, robot arms, car starters and so forth. Mechanical energy output Performance = Electrical power input




Energy and Environment

The conversion of energy from one form to another often affects the environment. For example fossil fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas have been used to powering the industrial development since 1700s. Pollutants emitted during the combustion of the fossil fuel will produced environment pollution such as smog, acid rain and global warming and climate change. The air pollution has been the cause of human health problem such as lung and heart diseases. To control the environment pollution, the Clean Air Act of 1970 (USA) have been introduced. Under the act, emission limits for hydrocarbons (HA), nitrogen oxides (NO3) and carbon monoxide (CO) have been reduced form 5 gpkm (grams per kilometer) in 1970 to 0.25 gpkm in 1980 and about 0.06 gpkm in 1999.

Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. The dark yellow or brown haze that builds up in a large stagnant air mass and hangs over populated area on calm hot summer day.
Smog in So Paulo
Smog in Schanghai, Dezember 1993
Beijing air on a day after rain (left) and a smoggy day (right)

Ozone
ground level layer in the stratosphere that protects the earth from suns harmful ultraviolet's rays. - Cause irritates eyes, headaches, fatigue, shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged (hardening the soft and spongy tissue in the lungs) -

Greenhouse Effect

Energy, Work and Heat: (Tenaga, Kerja & Haba)

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Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Duty, Honor and Integrity

Chapter 2 Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Forms of Energy conts.

Kinetic energy (KE) related to motion and the influence of

Unit mass basis

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Forms of Energy cont.

Potential Energy (PE) a result of its elevation in a

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Forms of Energy cont.

Total energy system is expressed as

Mass flow rate

Energy flow rate

Rate of mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible flow

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Internal energy U (KJ) the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a

Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy

Thermal = Sensible + Latent 13 Internal = Sensible + Latent + Chemical + Nuclear

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Forms of Energy cont.

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Energy can cross the boundary of closed system in 2 distinct forms:

Heat & Work

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Heat Q [J, kJ] (Haba)

Haba dibekalkan kpd sistem oleh sekitaran (Q>0)

Haba yang disingkirkan oleh sistem kpd sekitaran. (Q<0)

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Note: thermal conductivity value can be refer in table 2-3 page 98

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Mechanisms of Heat Transferconts.

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Mechanisms of Heat Transferconts.

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

(negligible amount of heat can pass through the boundary)

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Heat transfer perunit mass (kJ/kg) of a system is donated q

Heat transfer perunit time

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK

Power is the work done per unit time (kW)

Specifying the directions of heat and work.

Heat vs. Work

Properties are point functions have exact differentials (d ).

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Electrical work done

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Mechanical work (Joule / Nm) - Related to a force acting through a distance

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 2- Energy, Work and Heat

x1 and x2: the initial and the final displacements

k: spring constant (kN/m) Elongation of a spring under the influence of a force.

The displacement of a linear spring doubles when the force is doubled.