COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-ASD89

Technical Note
Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates elastic stresses in the steel section and the concrete slab when there is partial composite connection. Note that because composite action is only considered by the program for positive bending, the description in this Technical Note only applies to positive bending. When there is partial composite connection, the number of shear connectors provided controls the amount of horizontal shear that can be transferred between the steel beam and the concrete slab. For beams with partial composite connection, the program checks for deflections and stress assuming an elastic distribution of stress, where the strain in both the concrete and the steel is proportional to the distance from the elastic neutral axis (ENA) of the transformed section.

Effective Moment of Inertia for Partial Composite Connection

The effective moment of inertia of the composite section for positive bending in a partially composite beam is calculated using Equation 1:

I eff = I bare + PCC (I tr I bare )

Note: Equation 1 is the same as AISC-ASD89 Specification Equation I4-4. where, PCC Ibare

Eqn. 1

= Percent composite connection, unitless. The percentage varies between 25% and 100% inclusive. = Moment of inertia of the steel beam alone plus cover plate, if it exists, in4.

Effective Moment of Inertia for Partial Composite Connection

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

Ieff Itr

= Effective moment of inertia of a partially composite beam, in4. = Transformed section moment of inertia about ENA of the composite beam calculated as described in Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89, in4.

Effective Section Modulus Referred to the Extreme Tension Fiber

The effective section modulus, Seff, referred to the extreme tension fiber in a partially composite beam is calculated using Equation 2: Seff = Sbare + PCC (Str Sbare ) Note: Equation 2 is the same as AISC-ASD89 Specification Equation I2-1. where, PCC Sbare = Percent composite connection, unitless. The percentage varies between 25% and 100% inclusive. = Section modulus of the steel beam alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) referred to the extreme tension fiber, in3. = Effective section modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. = Section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. Referring to Figure 1, Str is calculated using Equation 3. Eqn. 2

Seff

Str

Note: The section moduli Str and Seff are referenced to the bottom of the cover plate, if it exists. Otherwise they are referenced to the bottom of the beam bottom flange.

Effective Section Modulus Referred to the Extreme Tension Fiber

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

Figure 1: Figure Demonstrating Variables for Calculating Str in Equation 3 I tr y + t cp

Str =
where, Itr

tcp

Elastic neutral axis (ENA) of composite beam for full (100%) composite connection. Itr is taken about this axis.

Eqn. 3

= Transformed section moment of inertia about the ENA of the composite beam, calculated as described in Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89, in4. = Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the composite beam calculated as described in Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89, in.

Location of the ENA for Partial Composite Connection

This section describes how the location of the ENA of the partially composite section is calculated.

Location of the ENA for Partial Composite Connection

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

Refer to Figure 2. In the figure, the distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the partially composite beam, yeff, is given by Equation 4:

y eff =
Note:

I eff t cp Seff

Eqn. 4

The distance yeff is measured from the bottom of the beam bottom flange even when there is a cover plate.

C L
beff left beff leftEc left Es beff-par left beff rightEc right Es beff-par right beff right

Figure 2: Composite Beam Section

Location of the ENA for Partial Composite Connection

tcp

ENA of steel beam alone plus cover plate if it exists.

ybare

yeff

ENA of partially composite beam.

ENA of fully composite beam. Itr is taken about this axis.

hr

tc

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Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

where, yeff Ieff Seff = The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the partially composite beam, in. = Effective moment of inertia of a partially composite beam calculated using Equation 1, in4. = Effective section modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate, if it exists) calculated using Equation 2, in3. = Thickness of the cover plate if it exists, in.

tcp

Steel Section Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

The steel section stresses (including those in the cover plate, if it exists) are calculated as described below. The steel stresses are checked at the top and bottom of the steel beam and at the bottom of the cover plate, if it exists. Note that in this program, it is possible for the steel beam section and the cover plate to have a different yield stress. If there is a cover plate, and if the yield stress of the cover plate is larger than that of the beam, the allowable stress at the bottom of the cover plate is larger than that at the bottom of the beam bottom flange. Thus, the stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange may control the design. Equations 5 through 7 show the equations used to determine the stresses for positive bending. If a cover plate exists, Equation 5 gives the stress at the bottom of the cover plate. Otherwise, it gives the stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange. fbot -st = M Seff Eqn. 5

If a cover plate exists, Equation 6 gives the stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange. If there is no cover plate, Equations 5 and 6 are the same.

Steel Section Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

fbot-bm =

My eff Ieff

Eqn. 6

Equation 7 gives the stress at the top of the steel beam section. ftop-st = M [Abs (d - yeff )] Ieff Eqn. 7

The term "Abs" in Equation 7 means to take the absolute value of the (d - yeff) term. The following notation that has not been previously introduced in this Technical Note is used in Equations 5 through 7. M d fbot-bm fbot-st ftop-st = The design moment, kip-in. = Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. = The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam, ksi. = The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), ksi. = The maximum stress at the top of the steel beam (may be tension or compression, depending on the location of the ENA), ksi.

For full (100%) composite connection Ieff and yeff in Equations 6 and 7 are modified as shown in Technical Note Bending Stress Checks Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Equations 1e and 1f.

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

The calculation of concrete slab stresses for partial composite connection in the program is based on a published paper covering the topic. See Lorenz and Stockwell (1984). The exact methodology used by this program to calculate the concrete slab stresses for partial composite connection is optimized for computer-based calculations and is unsuitable for hand calculations and for presentation in this Technical Note.

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

This section describes in detail a method that can be used to calculate the concrete slab stresses for partial composite connection by hand that will yield the same result as the program. The method presented here parallels much of what is done internally in the program. Note: Although the equation for the effective slab width of a partially composite beam is derived by considering bounding conditions of 0% and 100% composite connection, the program actually limits the minimum percent composite connection to 25%. Refer to Figure 2. On each side of the beam the effective width of the slab for the partially composite beam, beff-par left and beff-par right, varies from the value for full composite action, beff left(Ec left /Es) and beff right(Ec right /Es), to zero as the percent composite connection varies from 100% to 0%. Formulas for beff-par left and beff-par right are derived from the definition of the elastic neutral axis (ENA) together with the assumption that the ratio of the effective widths of the concrete slab on the left and right sides of the beam remains constant for any percentage of composite connection. Equation 8 is a formula representing this assumption. beff left beff right = beff par left beff par right Eqn. 8

From the definition of the ENA, if you multiply the area of individual elements of a composite section times their distance to the ENA (considering the sign of the distance term), and then sum up these products for all elements of the composite section, the result is zero. This statement is shown as a formula in Equation 9. X1 - beff-par left ( X2 + X4) - beff-par right ( X3 + X5) = 0 Note: See Figures 3, 4 and 5 for illustrations of the physical distances represented by the variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e. where: X1 = Abare (yeff - ybare) X2 = a3 left (d + hr left + tc left a3 left 2 - yeff) Eqn. 9a Eqn. 9b Eqn. 9

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

X3 = a3 right (d + hr right + tc right -

a3 right 2

- yeff)

Eqn. 9c

X4 =

a4 left wr left a d + hr left 4 left yeff Sr left 2 a4 right wr right a d + hr right 4 right yeff Sr right 2

Eqn. 9d

X5 =

Eqn. 9e

Table 1 lists the values that should be used for the variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e for all possible conditions. The possible conditions are different combinations of the location of the ENA for the partially composite beam and the deck direction. Note that a3 and a4 are evaluated separately for each side of the beam and can be different for the left and right sides of the beam.

Table 1:

Values that Should Be Used for the Variables A3 and A4 in Equations 9a through 9e. Physical Representations of A3 and A4 are Shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5
Deck Direction Parallel or Perpendicular Parallel or Perpendicular Parallel Perpendicular Parallel Perpendicular

ENA Location Above the concrete slab over metal deck (or the solid slab) In the concrete slab over metal deck (or the solid slab) Within the height of the metal deck Within the height of the metal deck Within the height of the steel beam Within the height of the steel beam Table Descriptive Notes: 1. 2. 3.

a31, 2 N.A.4 d + hr + tc - yeff tc tc tc tc

a41, 3 N.A.4 N.A.4 d + hr - yeff N.A.5 hr N.A.5

When the cell for an an value indicates "N.A." a value of 0 should be used in Equations 9a through 9e for that item. The notes below explain why the various "N.A." items are indicated. The a3 dimension represents a distance within the height of the concrete slab. The a4 dimension represents a distance within the height of the metal deck ribs.

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 4. 5.

Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

The an dimension is not applicable because it would represent concrete below the ENA, which is in tension and thus ignored in the calculations. The a4 dimension is not applicable because it represents concrete in the metal deck ribs. This concrete is ignored in the calculations when the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span.

Figures 3, 4 an 5 illustrate the physical distances represented by the variables a3, a4 and a5 for various locations of the ENA of the partially composite beam.

a3 ENA of partially composite beam located within concrete slab above the metal deck (or in a solid slab) yeff

Figure 3: Illustration of Variable a3 in Equations 9a through 9e When the ENA is in the Concrete Slab Above the Metal Deck or in a Solid Slab

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

tcp

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hr

tc

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

a3 a4 ENA of partially composite beam located within metal deck

hr

d y
eff

cp

Figure 4: Illustration of Variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e When the ENA is Within the Height of the Metal Deck

a3 a4 ENA of partially composite beam located within the height of the steel section

Figure 5: Illustration of Variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e When the ENA is Located Within the Height of the Steel Section

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

tcp

yeff

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hr

tc

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

Next we can substitute Equation 8 into Equation 9 and solve for beff-par left and beff-par right. The resulting equations are shown here as Equations 10a and 10b. beff par right = X1 beff left + (X3 + X5 ) (X2 + X 4 ) beff right Eqn. 10a

beff par left

beff left X1 beff right = beff left + (X3 + X5 ) (X2 + X 4 ) beff right

Eqn. 10b

Note: The width beff-par is the effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite connection. It is transformed to an equivalent width of steel. The following notation is used in Equations 8 through 10b: Abare Sr = Area of the steel beam (plus cover plate, if one exists), in2. = Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the concrete slab to the ENA or the thickness of the concrete above the metal deck (or the thickness of a solid slab), tc, in. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the metal deck to the ENA or the height of the metal deck, hr, in. This item applies when there is metal deck (not a solid slab) and the ENA is below the top of the metal deck. This item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.

a3

a4

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

beff

= The effective width of the concrete slab for full (100%) composite action, in. Note that this may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = The effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite action transformed to have the same E as the steel section, in. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, in. = Height of the metal deck ribs, in. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Thickness of concrete slab, in. If there is metal deck, this is the thickness of the concrete slab above the metal deck. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = Average width of metal deck rib, in. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the steel beam plus cover plate, if it exists, in. See Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89. No composite connection (concrete slab) is considered when calculating this item. = The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange to the ENA of the partially composite beam, in.

beff-par

d hr tc

wr ybare

yeff

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

The section moduli on each side of the beam referred to the top of the partially composite section, St-eff left and St-eff right, are given by Equations 11a and 11b: St eff left =

(d + hr left

Ieff + t c left yeff Ieff

) )

Eqn. 11a

St eff right = where, Ieff

(d + hr right + tc right

yeff

Eqn. 11b

= Effective moment of inertia of the partially composite beam calculated using Equation 1, in4.

Finally, the concrete compressive stress, fc, for a partially composite beam is calculated as the larger of Equations 12a and 12b: fc left = M St eff left M St eff right beff par left b eff left Eqn. 12a

fc right = where, M

beff par right beff right

Eqn. 12b

= The design moment, kip-in. For unshored beams M = MSDL + MLL + MOther. For shored beams M = MDL + MSDL + MLL + MOther. = The section modulus for the partial composite section referred to the top of the equivalent transformed section calculated using Equation 11a or 11b, as appropriate, in3. Note that this item may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. (For full [100%] composite connection see Technical Note Bending Stress Checks Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89, Equations 1a and 1c instead of Equations 11a and 11b.)

St-eff

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection

beff

= The effective width of the concrete slab, in. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. = The effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite action transformed to have the same E as the steel section, in. This item is calculated using Equation 10a for the slab on the right side of the beam and 10b for the slab on the left side of the beam. (For full [100%] composite connection see Technical Note Bending Stress Checks Composite Beam Design AISCASD89, Equations 1b and 1d instead of Equations 10a and 10b.) = The maximum concrete compressive stress, ksi.

beff-par

fc

Concrete Slab Stresses for Partial Composite Connection

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