ECE 413 Tutorial 4

May 31, 2012

Exercise
Consider a discrete-time LTI system with frequency response H (ej ) and corresponding impulse response h[n]. We are given the following two clues about the system: (i) The system is causal (ii) The DTFT of the sequence h[n + 1] is real. Using these two clues, show that the impulse response is of nite length.

Solution
(i) The system is causal means h[n] = 0 for n < 0. (ii) The DTFT of the sequence h[n + 1] is real implies that h[n + 1] is conjugate symmetric. The two facts have been shown in Fig. 1 from which one can conclude that h[n] is of nite length.

Figure 1:

Exercise
Determine the DTFT of x[n] = (1/2)|n| cos( (n 1)/8)

Solution

DTFT{(1/2) } =
n= 1

|n|

(1/2)|n| ejn

=
n=

(1/2)n ejn +
n=0

(1/2)n ejn

= = =

(1/2)n ejn +
n=1 1 j e 2 + 1 1 ej 2 3 4 5 cos( ) 4 n=0

(1/2)n ejn

1 1 1 ej 2

Also since x[n] = (1/2)|n| cos( (n 1)/8) 1 j(n1)/8 1 j(n1)/8 , e + e = (1/2)|n| 2 2 1 j(n1)/8 1 j(n1)/8 e + e 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 + ej/8 5 cos ( /8) 2 cos ( + /8) 4

DTFT (1/2)|n| 1 = ej/8 5 2 4

Exercise
Determine the inverse DTFT of X (ej ) = cos2 ( ) + sin2 (3 )

Solution
X (ej ) = cos2 ( ) + sin2 (3 ) = = ej + ej 2
2 2

ej 3 ej 3 2j

e2j + e2j + 2 ej 6 + ej 6 2 4 4 2j 2j 6j 6j e +e e +e =1+ 4 4 Hence

1 x[n] = [n] + ( [n + 2] + [n 2] [n + 6] [n 6]) 4 or, putting dierently, x[ n ] = . . . , 0, 1 1 1 1 1 , 0, 0, 0, , 0, , 0, , 0, 0, 0, , 0, . . . 4 4 4 4 3

Exercise
Find the DTFT of x[n] = sin(n/4) n
2

Solution
Let x1 [n] =
sin(n/4) , n

then X1 (ej ) = 1, | | /4 0, < | | /4 (1)

Hence DTFT of x[n] will be X (ej ) = 1 2

X1 (ej )X1 (ej () )d

=

(2)

By performing the convolution X (ej ) =

1 (/2 2

0,

| |), | | /2 /2 < | |

(3)

Exercise
Consider the system shown in the gure 2 with || < 1.

Figure 2:

1. Find the impulse response h[n] of the overall system. 2. Find the frequency response of the overall system. 3. Specify a dierence equation that relates the output y [n] to the input x[n]. 4. Is this system causal? Is it stable?

Solution
1. From the gure, y [n] = (x[n] + x[n] h1 [n]) h2 [n] = x[n] (h2 [n] + h1 [n] h2 [n]) Therefore, the impulse response of the system is h[n] = h2 [n] + h1 [n] h2 [n] = n u[n] + [n 1] (n u[n]) = n u[n] + (n1 u[n 1])

2. The frequency response of the overall system is the Fourier transform of the impulse response. H (ej ) = 3. We know H (ej ) =
Y (ej ) X (ej )

ej 1 + 1 ej 1 ej
1+ej . 1ej

Therefore

Y (ej )(1 ej ) = X (ej )(1 + ej ). Taking the inverse Fourier transform, y [n] y [n 1] = x[n] + x[n 1] which is the dierence equation that relates the output y [n] to the input x[n]. 5

4. From part (1), h[n] = 0 for n < 0. Hence the system is causal. Note: It is sometimes convenient to refer to a sequence that is zero for n < 0 as a causal sequence meaning that it could be the impulse response of a causal system. The condition for the stability of the system is that the impulse response is absolutely summable ( k= |h[k ]| < ). Note that this is also the condition for the existence of the Fourier Transform. In the present case

| u[n] +
n=

n1

u[n 1]|
n=

| u[n]| +
n=

|n1 u[n 1]| |n1 |

=
n=0

|n | + | |
n=1

1 < = (1 + | |) 1 Hence the given system is stable.