P

1 2 3
456
7

MATHEMATICS
SPM
Section A
Paper 2

R
6 = 2 (1 )2
12 = 2 (2 )2
22 = 2 (3 )2
36 = 2 (4 )2

+4
+4
+4
+4

D
7
Q

14

60

6 cm

14
21

10

( Selected Topics )

14

F
J

8 cm

x
1
=
y 6 60

3 15 36

4 2 6

Disediakan Oleh:
EN. LEE MEOW CHOON
( SMK Bukit Gambir, Ledang )

Topic
1

Set

..

Lines and planes in 3-dimensions

Mathematical Reasoning - Induction

Mathematical Reasoning - Argument

Volume of solids

Area and perimeter of sector

Matrices

2-6
7 - 10
11

12 - 14
15 - 18

19 - 21
22 - 25

1. [ Set ]
1.1 Basic set operation
P={ 1
2
3
Q={
3
P Q = { 1
2
3
P Q = {1234} {345} = {12345}

4
4
4

P={ 1
Q={

3
3

4
4

P Q = {
3
P Q = {1234} {345} = {34}

P={ 1
Q={
= P Q ={ 1
P
={ 1
P={
P = { 1234} = {5}

4
4
4
4

3
3
3
3

2
2

= {1 2
P={
2
Q={
2
R= {

}
}

}
}
}
}
}

5
5
5

B 1,5, 11
3
3
3

5
5

C 2,3 11
6

7
7

addition

only the
common ones

1.2 It is given that the universal set

= { x : 1 < x < 12 , x is an integer}
Set P = { 2 , 3 ,7 ,9 }
Set Q = { x : x is a prime number } and
Set R = { x : x is a multiple of 4 }.
The elements of the set ( P R ) Q are
A 5, 11

5
5

}
}
}

Not P, outside P

[ SPM2004/P1/Q32 ]

D 2,3,9
9
9

10

11
11

12 }
}
}
12 }

( P R ) Q ={ ( 2379) (48 12)} ( 2357 11)

( 2357 11)
= { 234789 12 }
= {1 56 10 11}
( 2357 11)
= { 5 11}
1.3 It is given that the universal set.
= { x : 19 < x < 31 , x is an integer } and
[ SPM2006/P1/Q29 ]
Set R = { x : x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is an even number }
Find set R .
A {20,22,24,26,28}
C {19,21,23,25,27,29 }

B { 21,23,25,27,29 }
D {21,23,25,27,29,30 }

= { 19 ,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 }
R = { 19, 20,
22,
24,
26,
28,
31 }
R={
21,
23,
25,
27,
29, 30
}

1.4. Strategy in solving

1.4.1(a) Shade on the Venn diagram provided the region for (i) P Q R
Steps

1.4(a)(i)
` P

1.Assign
each
region
with a
number

1
2
3
4
5

3.
` P
Shade
the
regions
Q

1
3

P Q R
={1245} {2356} {4567}
= { 123456 }
{4567}
=
{456}
P

2
R

1
2
3
4
5

1.4(a)(iii)

1 2 3
456
7

P Q R
={12}{234}{45}
={
1234 } {45}
=
{4}

2.A >
N

1.4(a)(ii)

P Q R
= {12} {234} {4}
= { 1234
} {4}
=
{4}

1 2 3
456
7

2
R

1.4(b) Shade on the Venn diagram provided the region for P Q R

Steps
A> N

3.
Shade
the
regions

1.4(b)(i)
P Q R
={12} {234} {45}
= { 1234 } {123}
=
{ 123 }
P

1
2
3
4
5

1.4(b)(ii)
P Q R
={1245} {2356} {4567}
= { 123456 }
{123}
=
{ 123}

1.4(b)(iii)
P Q R
= {12} {234 } {4}
= { 1234 } {123 }
=
{ 123 }

1 2 3
456
7
R

1
Q

2
R

1.4(c) Shade the region defined by P ( Q R)

Steps

1.4(c)(i)

1.4(c)(ii)

1.4(c)(iii)

P
1.Assign
each
regions
with a
number

Q
Q
R

R
**

3.
Shade
the
regions

5
4
3
2
1

P ( Q R )
= { 45 } ({15} {12})
= {45 } ( 1 )
=
{ 145 }
P

1 6 5
274
3

2
Q

R
P ( Q R )
= {1267} ({ 123} {2347})
= {1267} ( 23 )
= {12367 }
P

P ( Q R
={12} ( (1) (4) )
= {12} { }
= {12}

Q
Q
R
3.
Shade
the
regions

5
4
3
2
1

1 6 5
274
3
R

1
2

1.4(d) Shade the region defined by P ( Q R)

Steps
A >N

1&3.
Assign
and
Shade
the
regions

1.4(d)(i)
P ( Q R)

1.4(d)(ii)
P ( Q R)

1.4(d)(iii)
P ( Q R)

Q
Q
R

A >N

1&3.
Assign
and
Shade
the
regions

P ( Q R )
={45} ( {15} {12})
= {45} ( {1})
= {45} {2345}
= { 2345 }
P

5
4
3
2
1

P ( Q R )
={1267} ( {123} {2347)}
= {1267} { 23 }
= {1267} { 14567 }
= { 124567}
P

P ( Q R )
= {12} ({1} {4})
= {12} ({})
= {12} { 1234}
= {1234}

1 6 5
27 4
3
R

1
2

1.5. The Venn diagrams below shows the sets of P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R.
In each diagram below, shade the region of
(b) P R

(a) Q R
P

P
R

5
4
Q
3

P
R

P
5
4
Q3

R
1

(b) P R
= { 1} {123}
= {1}

(a) Q R
= { 34} {123}
= {1234}
P

(c) P ( Q R)

(c) P ( Q R)
= { 2345}({34} {123})
= { 2345}({1234})
= { 2345}({5})
= {5}
P
5
4
R
Q3
1
2

1.6. The diagrams below show the set P, Q and R. Given that the universal
set = P Q R.
Shade the region of
(b) P R

(a) P R
P

(b)

Q
R

(a) P R
P

(c) P R Q

P R

(c) P

Q
R

R Q

Q
R

1.7. The diagrams below show the Venn diagrams with the universal set = P Q R .
Shade the region of
(a) P Q
P

(b) P Q R
R

1.8. For each of the following Venn diagrams, the universal set = A B C . Shade the
region of
(b) B C

(a) A B C

(c) ( A C ) B

1.9.[SPM2004]
(a)
B

1.10. [SPM 2006]

Shade A B '

(a)
Q

Shade

P 'Q

Shade A B C '

(b)
A

Shade ( P Q' ) R

(b)
Q

1.11
(a)

Shade S T U

1.12
Shade V W

(a)

S
U

Shade S T U

(b)

Shade (V W )

(b)

U
V

T
S

1.[SPM2004]
(a)
Shade
B
CA B '

A
1

Shade

P 'Q

1
P 3
2

A= { 1,2
}
B= { 1 ,
4}
= { 1
}
A B'
A B = ( 12 ) ( 14) = {1}

p2

A
1

1
P 3
2

(b)
Shade A B C '
A

p1

1
P 3
2

A={ 1,2,
B={
A B = { 1, 2,
C ={ 1,
A B C ' ={ 1,

P={
2
Q= {
4
P Q = { 2
4
R ={
3, 4
4
( P Q' ) R ={

5, 6 }
4, 5, 6 , 7 }
4, 5, 6, 7 }
6, 7 }
6, 7 }

A
B
C
= {1256} {4567} {167 }
= { 124567 } {167 }
=
{ 167 }

6 7
1
25 4
3

Shade ( P Q' ) R

(b)

C
6 7
1
25 4
3

P = { 1,
3, 4 }
Q = { 1,2 ,3
}
3
}
P 'Q = { 1 ,
P Q = {134} {123} = {13}

p3

p3

Q
P

p1

p2

2. [SPM 2006]
(a)

}
}
}

P
Q R
{ 2 } {4} { 34}
{ 24 }
{ 34}
=
{4}

=
=

Q
1
P 3
2

}
}

R
4

3.
Shade S T U

(a)

(a)

S
U

S
U

p1

p2

4.
Shade V W

5
6

W
2

S = { 2 , 3 , 4, 5 }
T ={1,2
5 6
S T = { 1 , 2 3, 4 , 5 , 6
U ={1,2,3
S T U ={ 1 , 2 , 3

}
}
}
}

V = { 1
W = {
V W = {

S
T
U
= {2345} {1256} { 123 }
= { 123456 }
{123}
=
{ 123 }

4 }
3, 4 }
4 }

V W
= { 14 } { 34}
= {4}

p3

T
1

V
W

5
6

10

Shade ( S T U

(b)

U
V

p3

U
T

S
1

p1

p2

Shade (V W )

(a)

5
2

S={
3 , 4, 5
T ={1,2, 3
S T = { 1 , 2 3, 4 , 5
U ={1,
5
5
S T U ={ 1

}
}
}
}
}

S T
U
= {345} {123 } {15}
= { 1234 5}
{15 }
=
{15 }
U
T

V = {
2, 3
W = {
3,4
V W = {
3
(V W ) = { 1 , 2
4

}
}
}
}

(
V
W )
= ( {23} {34} )
=
{
3 }
=
{ 124}

6
S
1

5
1

V
W
2

11

2. Angle between Line and Plane 3-D

2.1 (a) Line AR with plane ABCD
S

Q
C

D
A

Step
Write line AR and plane ABCD

Write the common point in the middle

AR
A BCD
A

Write the other remaining point/s in the

front
4
Choose point on the plane that is nearest
to the remaining point.
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)
2.1 (b) Line BS with plane CDSR

Q
D

Step
Write the line BS and plane CDSR

Write the common one in the middle

Write the other remaining point/s in the

front

Choose point on the plane that is nearest

to the remaining point.
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)

C
B

BS
CD S R

12

2.2 Angle between plane and plane

S

2.2(a) Plane ARS with plane ABCD

Q
D

A
1

Step
Write plane ARS with plane ABCD

Write the common one in the middle

B
ARS
A
BCD
A

Write the other remaining point/s at the

front

Choose a point that is nearer to the middle

point
Choose point on the plane that is nearest
to the remaining point.
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)
2.2 (b) Plane BRS with plane CDSR

R/S

R/S

R/S

Q
D

Step
Write plane BRS with plane CDSR

Write the common one in the middle

B RS
CD R S

R/S
3

Write the other remaining point/s at the

front

Choose a point that is nearer to the middle

point

Choose point on the plane that is nearest

to the remaining point.
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)

R/S

R/S

R/S

C
C

13

2.3. Determine the length of the sides or the angles.

(a)
(b)

a2+b2= c2

(c)

a=5
8

10

13

c=12

b=6

SOH CAH TOA

(d)

(e)
12=H
13=H

8=O

eo

do
5=A
(f)

(g)

13=O

7=O
go

fo

10=A

4=A
(h)

(i)
12=H
17=H

15=O
io

ho

7=A

(j)
jo

(k)
12=H
5=A
6=O

14=H

ko

(l)
(m)
9=O
13=A
14=A
l

10=O

mo

14

(a)

(b)

(c)

a=5
8

10

13

c=12

b=6

SOH CAH TOA

(d)

(e)

8=O

OH
SOH
Sin d = O/H
= 8/13
d = 37.98

13=H
do

12=H
eo

AH
CAH
Cos e = A/H
= 5/12
e = 65.38

5=A
(f)

OA
TOA
Tan f = O/A
= 7/4
f= 60.26

7=O

(g)

13=O
go

fo

10=A

4=A
(h)

(i)
OH
SOH
15=O Sin h = O/H
= 15/17
h = 61.93

17=H
ho

AH
CAH
Cos i = A/H
=7/12
i = 54.31

12=H
io
7=A

(j)
jo

OA
TOA
Tan g = O/A
= 13/10
g = 52.43

(k)
12=H

6=O

OH
SOH
Sin j = O/H
= 6/12
j = 30.00

5=A

14=H

ko

AH
CAH
Cos k = A/H
=5/14
k = 69.08

(l)
(m)
9=O

14=A
l

OA
TOA
tan l = O/A
= 9/14
l = 32.74

13=A

10=O

OA
TOA
Tan m = O/A
= 10/13
m = 37.57

mo

15

2.4 Diagram shows a pyramid VJKLM

8
L

M
5

10 cm

13

13
K

12 cm

Diagram 2
The base JKLM is a horizontal rectangle. Q is the midpoint of JM. The apex V is 8 cm vertically above
the point Q. Calculate the angle between the line KV and the base JKLM.
[4 marks] SPM 2004
V
( KV )( JKLM Q)
KV
T0A
J K LMQ
tan VKQ= O/A
8=O
V K Q
Tan VKQ = 8/13
=31.61
= 31 36 27.01
= 31 36
K
13=A
Q

16

2.5 Diagram 1 shows a prism with horizontal square base HJKL . Trapezium EFLK is the uniform crosssection of the prism. The rectangular surface DEKJ is vertical while the rectangular surface GFLH
is inclined.
Calculate the angle between the plane DLH and the base HJKL.
D

E
F
J

6 cm

K
8 cm
Diagram 1

K
D

DLH
LH J

L/H

L
[4 marks] SPM 2003
D

J
E

6
F
J

6 cm

K
D

8 cm

Diagram 1
6=O

J
TOA

8= A

tan DHJ = O/A

= 6/8
DHJ = 36.87
= 36 52 11.63
= 36 52

17

3. [ Mathematical Induction ]
3.1. Make a general conclusion by induction for the following sequences.
(a) 5 = ( 0 ) + 5
6 =(1) + 5
7 =(2) + 5
8= (3) + 5
..............
( ) +5
( n )+5

(b)

3=2( 2 ) 1
5=2( 3 ) 1
7=2( 4 ) 1
9=2( 5 ) 1
..............
2(
) 1
2 (n ) 1

n = 0,1,2 . . .

(d) 3 =
1=
5=
9=

4(0)
4(1)
4(2)
4(3)

n = 2,3,4 . . .

(e) 6 = 2 (1 )2 + 4

3
3
3

12 = 2 (2 )2 + 4
22 = 2 (3 )2 + 4
36 = 2 (4 )2 + 4

..............
..............

(c) 3
4
. 7
12

Write the
unchanged.
Replace the
sequence
with n
n = 0,1,2 . . .
write first 3 n
follows by
2
(g)
1 = 7 (2)3
(f) 12 = 2 (3 ) 6
20 = 7 (3)3
26 = 2 (4 ) 2 6
57 = 7 (4)3
44 = 2 (5 ) 2 6
127 = 7 (5)3
66 = 2 (6 ) 2 6
( )2+3
( n2 ) + 3

(i) 1 = 2 1 1
3 = 22 1
7 = 23 1
15 = 2 4 1
..............

4 (n )2 1

2x 6
x= 3,4,5,

(j) 10 =
13 =
19 =
31 =

13 = 3 x 4 + 1 = 3 (2) + 1
28 = 3 x 9 + 1 = 3 (3)2 + 1
49 = 3 x 16 + 1 = 3 (4)2 + 1

..............

7 n3
n = 2,3,4,..

(k) 19 = 42 + 3
67 = 43 + 3
259 = 44 + 3
1027 = 45 + 3

..............

3 (2)n + 7

4n+3
n=2,3,4,

n=0,1,2,

n=1,2,3

(l) 4 = 3 x 1 + 1 = 3 (1)2 + 1

3x20+7
3x21+7
3x22+7
3x23+7

..............

2n 1

n=3,4,5,

..............

..............

n=0,1,2,

(h) 35 = 4 ( 3 ) 2 1
63 = 4 (4 ) 2 1
99 = 4 (5 ) 2 1
143 = 4 (6 ) 2 1
..............

+ 3
+ 3
+3
+3

..............

2(n)2+ 4
n= 1,2,3,..

4n 3

=(0)2
=(1)2
=(2)2
=(3)2

(m)

6=
12 =
20 =
30 =

3
4
5
6

x
x
x
x

2
3
4
5

=3(31)
=4(41)
=5(51)
=6(61)

..............
3 x n2 + 1
n = 1,2,3, .

n x (n -1)
n = 3,4,5,
6 = 3 x 2 = ( 2 + 1 ) (2)
12 = 4 x 3 = ( 3 + 1 ) (3)
20 = 5 x 4 = ( 4 + 1 ) (4)
30 = 6 x 5 = ( 5 + 1 ) (5)

..............
n = (n+1)xn
n = 2,3,4,......

18

4. Mathematical Reasoning
4.1 Anatomy of a statement.
Front
All
Some
*********

Centre
if and only if

True(1)/ False (0)

And
(x)
Or
(+)

True(1)/ False (0)

If ****
( antecedent)

Back
+++++++++
True(1)/ False (0)
True(1)/ False (0)
Then +++++
(consequence)

Example
All sets have subsets.
Some triangles are isosceles.
If ** ** then ++ ++
If ++ ++ then ** **
2+3 = 5 and 23 = 6
(1)
x
0=0
4 > 5 or (2+5)2 > (25)2
( 1)
+ 0 =1
Converse
If +++++ then ****

4.2. Argument
4.2.1

Premise 1 :
Premise 2 :
Conclusion :

All

even numbers are

12 is an even number
12 is

divisible by 2
divisible by 2.

4.2.2 Premise 1 :
Premise 2 :
Conclusion :

If the mean of m numbers is n

The mean of 6 numbers is 7

4.2.3

Premise 1 :
Premise 2 :
Conclusion :

All
parallelograms
ABCD is a parallelograms
ABCD

have two pairs of parallel lines.

Premise 1 :
Premise 2 :
Conclusion :

All

is
divisible by 2.
223 is not divisible by 2

4.2.4

then the sum is mn.

The sum is 42 .

even number

have two pairs two pairs of parallel lines.

223 is not an even number .

40 cm then the area of the square is
100 cm2
the area of a square is not 100 cm2
The perimeter of the square is not 40 cm.

4.2.5

Premise 1 :
Premise 2 :
Conclusion :

If the perimeter of a square is

4.2.6

Premise 1 : If xo is
within 90o and 270 o , then cos x o < 0
Premise 2 :
cos x > 0
Conclusion : xo is not within 90o and 270 o

4.2.7

Premise 1 : If P ( x, y )
lies on x-axis ; then
Premise 2 :
Conclusion :
P( x, y ) do not lie on x-axis

y=0
y0

19

4.3.1

Premise 1 : If m is a factor of 12 then m is a factor of 36.

Premise 2 :

4 is a factor of 12.

Conclusion :

4 is a factor of 36

Premise 1 : If perimeter of a square is 12 cm, then its area is 16 cm2.

4.3.2

Premises 2 :

Perimeter of square PQRS is 12 cm

Area of the square PQRS is 16 cm2.

Conclusion :
4.3.3 Premise 1 : If x = y , then y 2 = x .
Premise 2 :

16 = 4
4 2 = 16

Conclusion :

4.3.4 Premise 1 : If the product of the gradients of two lines is 1, then they are perpendicular to
each other.
Premise 2 :

Line PQ and RS are not

perpendicular to each other.

Conclusion : The product of gradient line PQ and RS is not 1 .

4.3.5 Premise 1 : If

p > q , then p + 4 > q + 4 .

Premises 2 :
Conclusion :

P +4 < q +4
p <q.

4.3.6 Premise 1 : If

m is a negative number then 2 m < 0.

Premises 2 :

Conclusion :

2m > 0; 2m is not < 0

m is not a negative number.

the area is 25 cm2

4.3.7 Premise 1 : If the radius of a circle is 5 cm then

The area of the circle R is not 25 cm2.

Premises 2 :
Conclusion :

The radius of circle R is not 5 cm.

4.3.8 Premise 1 : If the sum of 4 number is 100 then

Premise 2 :
Conclusion :

the average is 25
The average of 4 numbers is not 25.

The sum of the 4 numbers is not 100.

20

4.4 Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.
Compound Statement
a) 10 = 1 if and only if a = 0
a

Answer
Implication 1 : I f 10 = 1 then a = 0
a

Implication 2 :If a = 0 then 10 a = 1

b) x3 = 64 if and only if x = 4

Implication 1 : I f x3 = 64 then x = 4
Implication 2 : I f x = 4 then x3 = 64

c) Abu will be punished if and

only if he is late to school

Implication 1 : I f Abu will be punished then he is late to school

Implication 2 : I f Abu is late to school then he will be punished

d) x + 3 = 7 if and only if
x 8 = 18

Implication 1 : I f x + 3 = 7 then x 8 = 18
Implication 2 : I f

e) A B if and only if

A B = A
f) y2 4y = 4 if and only if
y=2

x 8 = 18then f x + 3 = 7

Implication 1 : If A B then A B = A
Implication 2 : If A B = A then A B
Implication 1 : If y2 4y = 4 then y = 2
Implication 2 : If y = 2then y2 4y = 4

g) k is a perfect square if and

only if

Implication 1 : If k is a perfect square then k is an integer

k is an integer
Implication 2 : If

h) m is a negative number if and

only if m3 is a negative number

k is an integer then k is a perfect square

Implication 1 : if m is a negative number then m3 is a negative

number
Implication 2 : If m3 is a negative number then
m is a negative number

i) 10 1 =

1
if and only if z =10
z

j) m = 5 if and only if 52 = m

1
then z =10
z
1
Implication 2 : If z =10 then 10 1 = then z =10
z
Implication 1 : If 10 1 =

Implication 1 : If

m = 5 then 52 = m

Implication 2 : If 52 = m then m = 5 then

21

5. Volume of solids.
5.1. The basic
Main

Sub/ Derivative

Self
With others
combined

15
15
6

V = (8)(6)(15)
= 720

1
(8)(6)(15)
3
= 240

V=

15
15
7
7
1 22
22
) (7)2(15) V= ( )(
)(7)2(15)
3 7
7
= 2310
= 770

V= (

5
3

3
6
4
Cross-sectional area x depth

( )(4)(3) [6]
= 36
21

(
4
) (22/7)(21)3
3
=38808

4
4

6
5

Cross-sectional area x depth

Cross-sectional area x depth

( ) ( 3+5)(4) [6]
= 96

( )( 3+5)(4)[6]
= 96

21

1 4 22
3
(21) = 19404
23 7

22

5.2.The marking Scheme

Diagram below shows a solid cylinder with diameter 8 cm and height
10 cm. A cone with radius 4 cm and height 7 cm is taken out of the
solid.

22
)
7

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the remaining solid. (Use =

[4 marks]

A
n
s
w
e
r

10

K1

22 2
1 22
4 10 or 42 7 Volume of cylinder or cone
7
3 7
22 2
1 22
4 10 42 7 Big - small
7
3 7
502.857 117.333

K1
K1
N1

385.53cm3
Case 1

Volume of the cylinder Volume of the cone

K1

5.3. Strategy in solving

Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4

:
:
:
:

Label each length, assign unknown with x

Draw separate diagram for different solid.
Substitute into the formulae.
Involving addition ( 2 different solids ) or subtraction (Original take away)

5.4 Finding the volume of a combined solid.

5.4.1 [SPM 2003]

10

10

7
10

F
E

1
(7)(10)(9) = 210
3
22
Vol. of semi cylinder = ( )(3.5)2 (10)=192.5
7
Total = 210+192.5 = 402.5

10
7
= 3.5
2

10

Vol. of pyramid =

23

5.4.2 [SPM2004]

Total volume= 231 cm3

Find the height of the cone.
x
x

7
= 3.5
2

4
22
)(3.5)2 (4) = 154
7
1 22
269.5 x
Vol. of Cone
= ( )(
)(3.5)2 x =
3 7
21
269.5 x
Total = 154 +
= 231,
21
Vol. of cylinder = (

7
= 3.5
2

x=6
5.4.3[SPM2005]

14

14

7
3

3
1 22
Vol. of cone = = ( )(
)(9)2 (14) =1188
3 7
22
Vol. of cylinder = (
)(3)2 (7) = 198
7

The cylinder is removed, find the volume.

Vol remains = 1188198 = 990

24

5.4.4 [SPM 2006]

8
E

14

14

6x

14

14

x
6

14

10

A
B
Total volume=584 cm3
1
Vol. of pyramid = (6)(14)(8) = 224
3
Vol. of prism = ( 10 + 14 )( x ) = 72 x

14
x

Total Volume = 584

224 + 72x = 584;
x = AF = 5

10

5.4.5

V
12 cm

10 cm
M
x

12

10

10
10

10 cm
N

10

10

15 cm
A

B
1
(a) Volume of the right pyramid ( )(10)(10)(12)=400cm3]
3
(b) Total volume =775, find AM
Find the height of AM = x
Vol. of prism = ( ) (10+15)(10)(x) = 125x
400 + 125 x = 775;
x = AM = 3.0 cm

10

10
10

15

10

10
15

25

6. Perimeter and Area of a sector.

6.1. The basics
1.

Perimeter of a circle = 2 r

120o

22
40
P2=
2 (7 )
7
360

7
6.2.1 Angles

22
(7 )
7

22
120
P1 =
2 (7 )
7
360

40o

P = 2

Area of a circle = r 2

2.1 Equilateral triangle

A=

120o

120 22
2
A1 =
(7 )
360
7

40o

22
(7 ) 2
7

40 22
2
A2 =
(7 )
360
7

6.2.2 Isosceles right triangle

120o

135o
60o

6.2.3 Theorem Pythagoras.

45o

6.2.4 Big - Small

x = (7 + 9) 2 + (7 + 5) 2 = 20

40o
30o 5

12
7
7

12

120o

12
12
120 22
1
Shaded Area =
12 2 12 5
360 7
2

26

6.3. Strategy in solving.

Step 1
Step 2
Step 3

Label each side/segment/angles

Draw separate diagram for each part of a question.
Each question must have angle, and length or radius.
The table below will guide you in solving.

45

15

P/A

P = Perimeter

A =Area

22
45
2
(15)

7
360

22
45
2 (15)

7
360

15

45o
15

6.4. Skill Practice

6.4.1 [SPM2003]
s=

360

Smart 4 2

22
r
7

14 cm P

60

s=

s=

90

Q 7 cm
7

14

360

22
r
7

90
22
2 7
360
7

60o
7

N
7

(a) Perimeter = 14.67+11+14+7+7

=53.67
O
60o

s=

90 14

s=

360

22
r
7

60
22
2 14
360
7

N
(b) Area of shaded region = 38.5+77=115.5

60o

14

14

60o

7
7

90o
7

A=

60 14

A=

360

22
r2
7

60 22
14 2
360 7

A=

60

A=

360

22
r2
7

60 22 2
7
360 7

A=

90

A=

360

22
r2
7

90 22 2
7
360 7

27

6.4.2 [SPM2004]

S
7 cm
T

7 cm Q
14

21

14

21
90

14

90

14

60
O
14 cm
P

S=

90 21

S=

60 14

S=

360

22
r
7

60
22
2 14
360
7

S=

360

360

22
r2
7

(14)(14)

90 21

(a) Area of shaded region =346.5- 98 =248.5

A=

90 22
A=
212
360 7

22
r
7

90
22
2
21
360
7

7 cm
90

14

60
14 cm

(b) Perimeter = 33+21+14+14.67+7 =89.67

28

6.4.3 [SPM2005]

RO = 2 OV, OV = 7cm
and UOV = 60
S

T
W

U
O

R
(a) Perimeter =

22 88
2
+
+ 21 + 7 = 64
3
3
3
S=

120 14

S=

360

22
r
7

60
22
2
14
360
7

120o
60o
7

14

(b) Area of shaded

77
616
region =
= 154
77 +
3
7

120o
14

A=

120 14

360

22
r2
7

180o

14
7

120 22
A=

14 2
360 7

7
A=

180 7

A=

360

22
r2
7

120 22

72
360 7

60o
7
A=

60

A=

360

22
r2
7

60 22

72
360 7

29

6.4.4 [SPM2006]

OMRN is a quadrant of a circle

OM = MP = 7 cm and POQ = 60o
S=

30

S=

360

22
r
7

30
22
2
7
360
7

S=

60 14
7

S=

360

22
r
7

60
22
2
14
360
7

30o
60

(a) Perimeter = 7(4)+3.67+7.33+14.67=53.67

14
7 30

7
7
60

30

A=

r
7

A=

360

60

22
r2
7

30 22

72
360 7

14

60

22
A=

r2
360 7

60 22
A=

72
360 7

A=

60 14

A=

360

22
r2
7

60 22

14 2
360 7

(b) Area of shaded region =12.83 +(102.67- 25.67)= 89.83

30
60

6.4.5 . [SPM2007]

OS = 21 cm and OP = 14 cm
T
7
Q
60o

14

14
O
21
14
S Area of shaded area = 346.50
(a)
102.67= 243.83
R

21

14

60o
14
21
A=

90 21

A=

360

22
r2
7

A=

90 22

212
360 7

60 14

A=

360

22
r2
7

60 22

14 2
360 7

(b) Total perimeter =21+33+7+29.33+14 = 104.33

S=

90 21

s=

360

22
r2
7

T
7
Q

90
22
2
21
360
7

60o

21

120 14

14

s=

360

22
r2
7

120
22
2
14
360
7

120o

14
S

S=

14

31

7. Matrices
7.1 Multiplication of matrices
Example 1
5
(2 1)
3
1.Fill in the
grid.
Row by
column

5
3

2 1

2.Multiplication
of
corresponding
elements
3. Simplify

Example 2
3 4

(2 1)
1 5
4
5

2 1

2x5 + 1 x 3

10 + 3
( 13

3
1

Question 1
3
(2 1)
4

Example 3
3 1 3

2 4 4
3
4

3 1
2 4

2x3+1x1

2x(4)+1x5

8+ 5

6+1
(7

3)

Question 2
3 4

(2 1)
1 5

Example 4
3 1 2 1

2 4 3 5
2
1

1
5

3 1
2 4

3x3+1x(4)
(2)x(3)+4x4

3x2+1x1
3x1+1x5
(2)x2+4x1 (2)x1+4x5

9+4
6 + 16

6+1
4 + 4

13

10
Question 3
3 1 3

2 4 4

3+5
2 + 20

7 8

0 18
Question 4
3 1 2 1

2 4 3 5

1. Fill in the
grid.
Row by
column

2. Multiplication
of
corresponding
elements
3. Simplify

32

7.2 Simultaneous Equation with Matrix method

Example 1
2
x 5 y = 12 ; 4x + 3y = 6
3

1. Donate away
the
denominator
2. Align the
terms
3. Write in
matrix equation

4.Inverse
4.1 1/
4.1 1/ad
4.2 1/ad
4.3 1/(adcd)
4.4 Change
addresses
4.5 Change
sign
5.
Multiplication
6.Simplify

7. Answer

Example 2
2x +

1
y = 3 ;5x 2y = 16
3

15y = 36
2 x 15 y = 36

5x
=9
6x + 1y = 9

2 x 15 y = 36
4x+3y =6
2 x 15 y 36

=
3 y 6
4x

6 x + 1y = 9
5 x 2y = 16
6 x 1y 9

=
5 x 2 y 16

2 15 x 36

=
4 3 y 6
x
2 15 36
= Inverse

y
4 3 6

6 1 x 9

=
5 2 y 16
x
6 1 9
= Inverse

y
5 2 16

x
1
=
y
x
1
=
y 6

36

6
36

6

x
1
=
y 6
x
1
=
y 6 60
x
1
=
y 6 60
x
1
=
y 6 60
x
=
y
x
=
y

36

6
36

6
3 36

2 6
3 15 36

4 2 6

1 3 15 36

66 4 2 6
1 108 + 90

66 144 + 12

x 1 198
=

y 66 132
198
x 66

=
y 132
66
x 3
=
y 2
x = 3 , y = 2

x
1
=
y 12
x
1
=
y 12

9

16
9

16

9
x
1

=
16
y 12 5
2 9
x
1

=
6 16
y 12 5
2 1 9
x
1

=
y 12 5 5 6 16
x
1 2 1 9

=
y 17 5 6 16
x
=
y
x
=
y

1 18 + 16

17 45 + 96
1 34

17 51

34
x 17

=
y 57
17
x 2
=
y 3
x = 2 , y = 3

33

7.3 Practice on your own.

Question 1
2
x 5 y = 12 ; 4x + 3y = 6
3

Question 2
1
2 x + y = 3 ; 5x 2y = 16
3

x = 3 , y = 2

x = 2 , y = 3

1. Donate away
the
denominator
2. Align the
terms

3. Write in matrix
equation

4.Inverse

4.1 1/

4.1 1/ad

4.2 1/ad

4.3 1/(adcd)

4.4 Change
addresses
4.5 Change
sign
5. Multiplication

6.

7.

34

7.4 Solve the simultaneous equations with matrices methods.

3 2
1 0
7.4.1. M is a 2 x 2 matrix where M (
)=(
)
SPM2003
5 4
0 1
a) Find the matrix M
b) Write the following simultaneous linear equation as a matrix equation
3x2y=7
5x4y =9
Hence , calculate the values of x and y using matrices. [6 marks]
6 p
3 4
is m

7.4.2. a) The inverse matrix of

SPM2004
5 3
5 6
Find the value of m and of p.
b) Using matrices, calculate the value of x and of y that satisfy the following
,
simultaneous linear equation:
3x 4y = 1
5x 6y = 2
[6 marks]
2 5
3 h
and matrix Q = k

7.4.3. It is given that matrix P =

SPM2005
1 3
1 2
1 0
.
such that PQ =
0 1
a)Find the value of k and of h.
b)Using matrices , find the value of x and of y that satisfy the following simultaneous
linear equation:
2x 5y = 17
x + 3y = 8
[7 marks]
1 2
is the inverse matrix of 3 4 .
7.4. 4. a)It is given that 1
SPM2006
1 2
n

2
Find the value of n.
b)Write the following simultaneous linear equations are matrix equation:
3u 4v = 5
u + 2v = 2
hence , using matrices , calculate the value of u and of v. [6 marks]
7

4 7
2

, find the value of r .

7.4.5. (a) The inverse matrix of

is
2

2 4
r 2
SPM2007

(b) Using matrices, find the value of x and y that satisfies the following
simultaneous equations.
4x 7y = 15
2x + 4y = 8
[6 marks]
Answer

7.4.2

1 4 2

(a) M =
2 5 3
(a) m = p = 4

7.4.3

(a) k = 1/11 , h = 5

(b) x = 1 , y = 3

7.4.4
7.4.5

(a) n = 3/2
(a) r = 1

(b) u = 1 , v =
(b) x = 2 , y = 1

7.4.1

(b) x = 5 , y = 4
(b) x = 7 , y = 11/2

35