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Cases in which internal forces and reactions cannot be determined from statics are said to be statically indeterminate. We have more unknowns than equations We introduce other relationships: deformations
2-1
= L +R = 0
2-2
2-3
SOLUTION: Solve L at B due to the applied loads with the redundant constraint released -> internal forces
3 P 1 = 0 P2 = P 3 = 600 10 N
P2
P4 = 900 103 N
A3 = A4 = 250 10 6 m 2
L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.95 103 RB = R = E i Ai Ei
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2-4
2-5
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Thermal Stresses
If the temperature increased by T the rod elongates by T which is proportional to the temperature change and the length of the rod. T=(T )L : coeficient of thermal expansion [1/C] Thermal strain: T= T
(T )L +
ANIMATION
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU
PL =0 AE P = AE (T ) P = = E (T ) A
2-7
x =
x
E
y =z = 0
The elongation in the x-direction is accompanied by a contraction in the other directions. Assuming that the material is isotropic (no directional dependence),
y = z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as
x
E
; y = z =
x
E
2-8
Ft
Ft =[0.08/(0.00025)] Fc = 320 Fc PMMA: Compression Strength = 70 131 MPa If c = 70 MPa => t 70 [MPa] (320)= 11.2 GPa Maximum stress measured in the Achilles Tendon during running using a buckle transducer = 0.11 GPa [Komi 1990] 11.2 /0.11 200 !!!
8 cm
Fc
/2= 0.25 mm
The Achilles tendon has to be loaded 200 times the peak load measured during running to compress the fiber
x = + y = z =
x y z x
E E +
y z
E +
x y
E E
z
E
ANIMATION
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2 - 11
yz = G yz zx = G zx
SOLUTION: Determine the angular deformation or shearing strain of the block. Apply Hookes law to find the corresponding shearing stress.
A block of material with modulus of rigidity G = 630 GPa is bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. The lower plate is fixed, while the upper plate is subjected to a horizontal force P. The upper plate moves 1mm under the action of the P; determine a) the average shearing strain, and b) P.
2 - 13
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
1mm
50 mm
xy = 0.020 rad
P = 156.2kN
2 - 14
K=
max ave
2 - 16
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Concentration: Hole
K=
max ave
2 - 18
K=
max ave
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Determine the geometric ratios and find K
D 60 mm = = 1.50 d 40 mm K = 1.82 8 mm r = = 0.20 d 40 mm
Find the average normal stress ave using the material allowable normal stress all and K. NOTE: max all
ave = max
K = 165 MPa = 90.7 MPa 1.82
P = 36.3 kN
Nazarena Mazzaro, AAU 2 - 20