A presentation by

Gavin Gautreau, P.E. Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC)

Sr. Geotechnical Research Engineer

DOTD LTRC

Murad Abu-Farsakh, P.E., Ph.D. Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC)

Associate Professor, Research, Geotechnical Engineering Research Laboratory (GERL) Manager

Intelligent Compaction Technology

LTRC Project Number: 06-3GT

Whats the Problem ?

Whats the problem ?

I dont think it was compacted properly

Quality Control /Quality Assurance (QA/QC)

Contractor Quality Control (QC)

Contractor experience
Means and methods

Roller compactors energy into layer Required to build uniform pavement layers
Compaction and Density

Moisture content control Obtain density of pavement layers Meet the specifications

Quality Control /Quality Assurance (QA/QC)

Departmental Quality Assurance (QA)

Acceptance Testing
Departmental Nuclear Moisture Density Testing Roughly 1 test per 1000 feet of road

What do we know about the points in between? Consistency vs. Irregularities ?

Density vs. Stiffness

Density
Mass/Volume Proctor Tests, Nuclear Gauge, Sand Cone, etc.
Optimum moisture (soils) / temperature (HMA) Compactive effortenergy

Stiffness
Deflection under Load
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, Falling Weight

Deflectometer, LFWD, GeoGauge, etc. M-E Pavement Design Guide Methodology

Influence Widths and Depths

NCHRP Report 676

Dynamic Cone Penetrometer

Shallow Pavement Applications

ASTM D6951

Simple Concept - - Like hammering a nail

Stiff material requires more drops

Weak material requires fewer drops

Non Nuclear Quick and Cost Effective Measures Stiffness, mm/blow

Correlations to CBR, Resilient Modulus, etc.

Design Information MEPDG Another Tool for the Toolbox

GPS Technology and Precision

Recent LTRC Projects 07-3GT Corps of Engineers 07-4GT Public Works 09-2GT Pavement Management 09-3GT Corps of Engineers 10-1GT Public Works 11-6GT HQ Public Safety

https://sites.aces.edu/group/crops/precisionag/Publications/Timely%20Infor mation/GPS%20Correction%20Services%20for%20Alabama.pdf

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)

Automated Machine Guidance (AMG)

GPS Receivers
AMG links sophisticated software with construction equipment to direct the operation of machinery with a high level of precision, improving the speed and accuracy of highway construction processes.

Motor Graders, Dozers, etc. Road construction, levee construction, etc.

Automated Machine Guidance

Commonly used for grade control

Intelligent Compaction
Specific term, yet generically used as a common reference to the technology.
Like Coke in the south to refer to a cold drink, soda, pop, etc.

The combined use of an Instrumented Roller and Automatic Feedback Control in an attempt to improve earthwork compaction.

Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems

(NCHRP) Report 676: Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems

The report explores intelligent compaction, a new method of achieving and documenting compaction requirements.
Intelligent compaction uses continuous compaction-roller vibration monitoring to assess mechanistic soil properties, continuous modification/adaptation of roller vibration amplitude and frequency to ensure optimum compaction, and full-time monitoring by an integrated global positioning system to provide a complete GPS-based record of the compacted area.

FHWA Every Day Counts

- Initiative introducing new technologies

Intelligent Compaction / Continuous Compaction Control Automated Machine Guidance

Roller Integrated Compaction Monitoring (RICM)

Roller Integrated Compaction Monitoring (RICM) [i.e., intelligent compaction (lC) or continuous compaction control (CCC)] refers to the compaction of road materials, including subgrade soils, aggregate bases, stabilized materials, and asphalt-paving materials, using modern rollers equipped with an integrated IC or CCC measuring system.

Continuously records the rollers location and reaction to layer stiffness and plots the result during compaction operations, so the operator can adjust to ensure appropriate compaction effort.
The recorded stiffness measurements can be correlated to conventional physical and engineering properties of materials, such as dry density, strength, and modulus. The field-generated data and plots also provide a good means for quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) of compaction operations.

Influence Areas and Depths

NCHRP Report 676

Sample Coverage

Roller Operatorquestions

Roller Passes
How many for density?

How many were made?

Were that many passes needed? Did every part of the project
Get touched/compacted by the roller? Get the required number of passes?

What if we add a GPS and technology to a Roller that is already on the job?

Roller Parts with GPS

1. Roller (example) 2. Global Positioning System (GPS) 3. Onboard Display

GPS Precisions

Coverage Record

Pass Counts
1st Pass 2nd Pass: 3rd Pass (or target # of passes)

Records location (X,Y) and number of passes on soils or asphalt.

Colors guide the operator GPS

Precision affects display of paths

Continuous Compaction Control

Emerging Technology Common in Europe GPS devices determine location Data collection
Time, Project,

Job #, etc. Position (X, Y) Pass Control Elevation (Z) Layer Data Stiffness Measurements
Qualitative measurements of the entire job GPS coordinates allow mapping to GIS

Measurement Systems

Accelerometer-based

Force vs. Displacement (Evib, ks)

Drum mounted accelerometer and position sensors Signals can be used to control drum amplitude and frequency Drum mounted accelerometer measures ground reaction Signals can be used to control drum amplitude

Compaction Meter Value (CMV & CCV)

Energy Method: Machine Drive Power (MDP)

Measures driveline power used to overcome rolling resistance with corrections made for grade and machine acceleration Works on both vibratory and non-vibratory compactors Works on cohesive soils

Smart Roller Parts - CCC

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Roller (example) Engine/Hydraulics Vibratory Settings Soil (or HMA) Reaction Accelerometers Global Positioning System (GPS) 7. Onboard Display /Storage Computer 8. Temperature sensors (Double Drum, HMA)

Instrumented Roller: A roller compactor outfitted with drum vibration instrumentation or other means to compute a Roller Measurement Value, onboard computer, and position monitoring equipment.

Compaction Measurements

Compaction Measurements

Roller Measurement Values

Roller Integrated Stiffness (ks)

Ammann/Case

Compaction Meter Value (CMV)

CAT/Dynapac

= excitation frequency C = constant (usually 300) nd A2 = 2 harmonic of vertical drum acceleration frequency domain amplitude A = 1st harmonic of vertical drum acceleration frequency domain amplitude

Compaction Control Value (CCV)

Sakai

= excitation frequency A2 = 2nd harmonic of vertical drum acceleration frequency domain amplitude A = 1st harmonic of vertical drum acceleration frequency domain amplitude

Vibration Modulus (EVIB)

Contact Force, kN

Bomag

Drum Displacement, mm Force, [kN] Contact Contact Force, kN

The Evib meter enables the determination of a measuring magnitude directly related with the deformation modulus EV of the soil during each vibration movement and on the basis of the interrelationship between force and immersion of the roller into the ground.

Drum Displacement, mm Contact [kN] Contact Force, Force, kN

Drum Displacement, mm

De-Coupled Layer Moduli

Equivalent Deformation modulus

Bomag

Layer deformation modulus

E1 E2

Evib

measuring depth effect

E1= Layer modulus of compacted layer

E0= Subgrade modulus

Automatic Feedback

Automatic adjustment of roller operating parameters such as vibration frequency and amplitude based on real-time feedback from measurement system.

Machine Drive Power (MDP)

Roller Vibration off Cohesive Soil Drive Energy Reactions: Softer soils require more energy to move vs. hard and smooth 5. Onboard Display / Data Computer 1. 2. 3. 4.

Pg= gross power of roller W = roller weight a = machine acceleration g = gravity = slope angle (roller pitch) V= roller velocity m, b = machine loss coefficients (machine specific)

Stiffness/MV with Pass

< Target Stiffness/MV Near Target Stiffness/MV Meets Target Stiffness/MV Helps speed contractor efforts Records stiffness for entire area

Identifies problem areas - too wet, pipe, etc.

Moisture (soils) and temperature (HMA) still need to be good for compaction. The roller wont change these properties.

Soil IC Rollers
Vendor Model Model # Auto ICMV Feedback
Yes Yes No ks Evib CMV MDP CMV CCV HMV CMV

ICMV Unit
MN/m MN/m2 Unitless

Document System
ACE Plus BCM o5 Office and Mobile AccuGrade VisionLink DCA AithonMT-S HAMM HCQ Trimble SiteVision

Main US Contact

Ammann/Case Bomag Caterpillar

ACEplus VarioControl Compaction Control, AccuGrade DCA-S (GPS) CIS HCQ Trimble

SV BW213 4BVC CS44-CS78 CP54-CP74 CA 152-702 SW850SW900 NA NA

George Whitaker (262) 636-4959 George.whitaker@cnh.com Chris Connolly (301) 262-5447 Chris.Connolly@bomag.com Todd Mansell (763)315-5518 Mansell_Todd_W@cat.com Gert Hannson (210) 474-5770 Gert.hansson@dynapac.com Brandon Crockett (800) 323-0535 B-crockett@sakaiamerica.com Tim Kowalski (615) 594-4604 tkowalski@wirtgenamerica.com Bob Marcum (828) 650-2429 Bob.Marcum@volvo.com

Dynapac Sakai HAMM/Wirtgen Volvo

Yes No No No

Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless

IntelligentCompaction.com

Asphalt IC Rollers
Vendor Model Model # Auto Feedback
Yes

ICMV

ICMV Unit
MN/m2

Docume nt System
BCM o5 Office and Mobile AithonMT HAMM HCQ

Main US Contact

Bomag

Asphalt Manager

BW190AD-4AM

Evib

Chris Connolly (301) 262-5447 Chris.Connolly@bomag.com

Sakai HAMM/ Wirtgen

CIS HCQ

SW850-SW900 HD+90/ HD+110 HD+120/ HD+140

No No

CCV HMV and estimated densities

Unitless Unitless and % compaction

Brandon Crockett (800) 323-0535 B-crockett@sakaiamerica.com Tim Kowalski (615) 594-4604 tkowalski@wirtgenamerica.com

IntelligentCompaction.com

VEDA, Geospatial Analysis Software for Intelligent

Compaction and Sonic Testing Rolling

LTRC 06-3GT - Objectives

Demonstrate the value of real time quality control of

compaction operations to accelerate construction, reduce re-work, and improve uniformity. Improve value of field data and reduce frequency of traditional required sampling through improved construction process control. Evaluate the reliability and potential use of IC data for acceptance and measurements of in-situ stiffness of the constructed earth materials; linking to properties that relate more directly to design (e.g. modulus) and in-service performance.

New Iberia Frontage Roads, H.002890 US 90 (Darnall to LA 85)

LTRC Demo Project, 06-3GT

Shadowing the normal acceptance process.

LTRC Demo Project, 06-3GT Shadowing the normal acceptance process.

Mapping Applications

Coverage

Elevation

Machine Drive Power (MDP) - Compaction Values

Weather Delays

Pass Count Summary Was Target # Passes Met

Pass Counting

Benefits of Roller Integrated Compaction Monitoring

Contractor:

On-board Roller Display

Consistent coverage and Pass tracking Verification of compaction effort (Measurement Values)

Identifies weak areas Faster compaction (stiffness vs. arbitrary passes)

LADOTD
Increases sample coverage vs. point tests Records continuous compaction efforts Speeds construction (appropriate passes/energy) Possible replacement for the nuclear gauge (research) Promotes consistent and uniform pavement layers

Benefits of Intelligent Compaction

Improve Compaction & Consistency

Better Performance

Improve Efficiency
Cost Savings

Increase Information
Better QA/QC

Next Steps

Continue the Test Sections Collect and Analyze Data Add Asphalt Roller to Test Sections Showcase IC with SHRP2 and FHWA partners Re-evaluate Specification Final Report

Acknowledgements

National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 676: Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems Dr. David White, Iowa State University Sid Scott, SHRP2 Transtec Group & IntelligentCompaction.com District 03, Mark Arceneaux, et. al. Gilchrist Construction, Caterpillar, Spectra Measuring LTRC Staff (Geotech, Pavement, Asphalt, GERL)

Thanks for your attention.