1124

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1988

MECH&ICAL FAILURE DETECTION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

M. L. L a i
A.

S . Y.Park,Student Member, IEEE G C. L i n H . Naidu, S t u d e n t Member, Soom A KReinhorn Y. H . Lee, Member, I E E E T.T. Soong V. Demjanenko, Member, I E E E Li K Benenson, S e n i o r Member, I E E E
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o B u f f a l o , New York 14260 and

IEEE

S. E. Wright E l e c t r i c Power Research I n s t i t u t e Palo Alto, C a l i f o r n i a 94303

Abstract The e v a l u a t i o n of t h e mechanical c o n d i t i o n of a c i r c u i t b r e a k e r , Le, w h e t h e r t h e u n i t i s i n normal or abnormal c o n d i t i o n , h a s been s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r i e d o u t t h r o u g h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of n o n i n v a s i v e d i a g n o s t i c s , t o g e t h e r w i t h s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and Through t h e methodol ogy, d e c i si on-making technique s q u a n t i t a t i v e ( n u m e r i c a l ) a s s e s s m e n t of a c i r c u i t breaker f o r any o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n h a s been a c h i e v e d In t h i s E P R I and NYSERDA p r o j e c t , t e s t s of o i l ( p r i n c i p a l l y ) and s u l f u r h e x a f l u o r i d e c i r c u i t breakers, i n v o l v i n g o p e r a t i o n s under normal and abnorm a l c o n d i t i o n s , w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t t h r e e manuf a c t u r e r s and a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t Buffalo. In a l l cases, t h e presence of a b n o r m a l i t i e s was detected. INTRODUCTION
I t i s w e l l - k n o w n t h a t m a l f u n c t i o n s of a m e c h a n i c a l n a t u r e a r e a p r i n c i p a l c a u s e of f a i l u r e s t h a t occur d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n of a c i r c u i t breaker [ l ] . Noninvasive d i a g n o s t i c s , through which t h e mechanical c o n d i t i o n of a u n i t could be determined, would, then, play a n important r o l e i n improving t h e operating r e l i a b i l i t y of a c i r c u i t b r e a k e r . In addition, the s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n of such d i a g n o s t i c s would l e a d t o s i g n i f i c a n t e x t e n s i o n of t h e i n t e r v a l s f o r inspect i o n and maintenance

d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g programs. The r e s u l t s of t h i s t a s k w i l l be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a f o l l o w i n g paper. E x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d upon c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s r a t e d a t and a b o v e 1 1 5 kV. Interrupting media h a v e been o i l ( p r i n c i p a l l y ) and s u l f u r hexa. T e s t s h a v e been c a r r i e d o u t i n f l u o r i d e (SF 1 manufacturers6 l a b o r a t o r i e s , i n t h e f i e l d a t v a r i o u s c o o p e r a t i n g e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s , a n d upon a u n i t located a t the University a t Buffalo. Test s i t e s a t t h e manufacturer and a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f f e r t h e c a p a b i l i t y of r e a d i l y i m p o s i n g a b n o r m a l i t i e s u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s F i e l d d a t a were o f t e n o b t a i n e d d u r i n g scheduled maintenance periods; h e r e the As d a t a b a s e was c o n s t r u c t e d and e n l a r g e d . a n t i c i p a t e d , t h e p r e s e n c e of a b n o r m a l i t i e s d u r i n g A l l t e s t s i n t h e f i e l d o c c u r r e d o n a random b a s i s . s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g a n d d e c i s i on-making d i a g n o s t i c s r e p o r t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t paper were c a r r i e d out a t t h e Univer si ty

Two m a j o r o b j e c t i v e s a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t program One t h r u s t i n v o l v e s t h e development and a p p l i c a ti on of t h e d i agnost i cs--incl udi ng acqui s i t i o n of t h e v i b r a t i o n d a t a , s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g , and decision-making The methodology developed l e a d s t o t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e assessment of t h e mechanical condit i o n , thereby p e r m i t t i n g t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of whether a c i r c u i t breaker i s i n normal or abnormal c o n d i t i o n A s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e paper, t h e t e c h n i q u e s h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d o v e r a range of a b n o r m a l i t i e s and c i r c u i t breakers The second p r i n c i p a l component i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e development of a p o r t a b l e d i a g n o s t i c u n i t t h a t can be employed i n t h e f i e l d . The d i a g n o s t i c u n i t i s designed t o a c q u i r e t h e t e s t d a t a of a c i r c u i t breaker and t o carry out r a p i d l y t h e s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and

The test r e s u l t s h a v e demonstrated t h a t c e r t a i n a b n o r m a l i t i e s , e g . , a d e a c t i v a t e d shock a b s o r b e r , yield vibration signatures that a r e readily d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e i r normal c o u n t e r p a r t s . Many (e.g., eroded contacts), a b n o r m a l i t i es, however produce changes i n s i g n a t u r e s t h a t a r e d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e c t by o b s e r v a t i o n . Thus, t h e s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g a n d d e c i sion-making p r o c e d u r e s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s program a r e necessary i n o r d e r t o e n a b l e c o n s i s t e n t - a n d c o r r e c t - - d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of t h e m e c h a n i c a l c o n d i t i o n of a c i r c u i t breaker. The f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e e x p e r i m e n t s and t h e d i a g n o s t i c i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n S i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and d e c i sion-making procedures a r e then b r i e f l y described. F i n a l l y , a p p l i c a t i o n s t o a number of t e s t c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a t t h e manufacturer 8 1a borat o r i e s and a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t B u f f a l o a r e presented.
A p r o j e c t of t h i s scope r e q u i r e s t h e support and p a r t i c i p a t i o n of a b r o a d segment of t h e community. D i r e c t p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s team members h a s i n c l u d e d t h e e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s : N e w York Power A u t h o r i t y , N e w York S t a t e E l e c t r i c and Gas Corporation, and N i a g a r a Mohawk Power C o r p o r a t i o n Co-operative par ti c i p a t i on h a s i n c l u d e d m a n u f a c t u r e r s : B B C Brown B o v e r i , Inc. (Greensburg, PA); McGraw-Edi son Power Systems, Cooper I n d u s t r i e s (Canonsburg, PA); a n d S i e m e n s Energy a n d Autcmation, I n c (Jackson, MS).

222-2 A paper recommended and approved by t h e I E E E Switchgear Committee of t h e I E E E Power Engineering S o c i e t y f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e IEEE/ PES 1988 Winter Meeting, New York, New York, January 31, - February 5, 1988. Manuscript submitted August 31, 1987; made a v a i l a b l e f o r p r i n t i n g November 17, 1987.
88 WM

TESTING T e s t Program V i b r a t i o n s i g n a t u r e s h a v e been acquired from c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s h a v i n g r a t i n g s of 115 kV and a b o v e T e s t s h a v e been conducted upon ( p r i n c i p a l l y ) o i l and SF6 units. The m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t

0885-8977/88/1000-1724$01.00@1988 IEEE

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under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s ( a t t h e e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s ) and i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y ( a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s and a t t h e University a t Buffalo). I n a l l cases, t h e c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s were operated out of s e r v i c e . The d e v e l o p m e n t of s i g n a t u r e s a n d d i a g n o s t i c procedures was based upon comparisons of e x t e r n a l t a n k w a l l a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a obtained from a g i v e n c i r c u i t b r e a k e r t h a t was o p e r a t e d u n d e r b o t h normal a n d abnormal conditions. Abnormal c o n d i t i o n s h a v e i n c l u d e d d e a c t i v a t e d shock absorber s, eroded c o n t a c t s, m i s a l i g n e d b u s h i n g s , o v e r t r a v e l s t o p misadjustment s, broken s t a t i o n a r y c o n t a c t , and changes i n t a i l s p r i n g settings. F i e l d t e s t s were p e r f o r m e d b e f o r e and a f t e r s c h e d u l e d m a i n t e n a n c e o p e r a t i o n s . These t e s t s h a v e p r o v e n u s e f u l i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of p r o c e d u r e s t h a t were c o m p a t i b l e w i t h m a i n t e n a n c e o p e r a t i o n s . AS a n t i c i p a t e d , a b n o r m a l i t i e s i n t h e c o n d i t i o n of a u n i t o c c u r r e d o n a random b a s i s . The v a r i o u s f i e l d t e s t s h a v e p r o v i d e d s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a b a s e s on ( 1 ) s e a s o n a l v a r i a b i l i t y of a c q u i r e d s i g n a t u r e s f r o m a s e l e c t e d c i r c u i t b r e a k e r , ( 2 ) s e n s i t i v i t y of r e s p o n s e t o changes i n t r a n s d u c e r l o c a t i o n , and (3) t h e s i m i l a r i t y i n t h e s i g n a t u r e s of d i f f e r e n t u n i t s of a g i v e n model. These a s p e c t s w i l l be i n c l u d e d i n a f o l l c u i n g paper. Experiments conducted a t manufacturers' s i t e s and a t the University a t B u f f a l o have permitted the i n t r o d u c t i o n of a b n o r m a l i t i e s i n a c o n t r o l l e d manner ( i n a d d i t i o n , of c o u r s e , t o o p e r a t i o n u n d e r normal conditions). F u r t h e r , i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e d i a g n o s t i c p r o c e d u r e s , m e a s u r e m e n t s c o u l d be (and were) o b t a i n e d re1 a t i v e l y c o n v e n i e n t l y both i n s i d e and o u t s i d e of a u n i t . In particular, a t the University a t Buffalo, t h i s arrangement h a s enabled e x t e n s i v e measurements t o be c a r r i e d o u t concerning t h e e f f e c t s of t r a n s d u c e r placement upon (1) t h e a s s o c i a t e d capab i l i t y of d e t e c t i n g a b n o r m a l i t i e s and (2) t h e d e t a i l e d v i b r a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n path f r o m t h e i n t e r i o r (i.e., the source) t o t h e e x t e r n a l measurement l o c a t i o n s used f o r diagnostics. Instrumentation Sample Data Sample d a t a from f o u r c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s a r e considered. The u n i t s a r e d e s i g n a t e d h e r e i n a s : Siemens (BZO-121; 115 kV o i l ) , General E l e c t r i c (FEK239; 115 kV o i l ) , McGraw-Edison (RHF-90; 242 kV o i l ) , and B B C (PA-40; 242 kV SF6). T h e Siemens, McGrawEdison, and BBC c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s were new u n i t s ; each was t e s t e d a t t h e f a c i l i t i e s of t h e r e s p e c t i v e m a n u f a c t u r e r . The G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c c i r c u i t b r e a k e r was i n s t a l l e d and t e s t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t B u f f a l a

Signal Conditioning

Acquisition Analysis (GenRad 25 151

I '

U'
I

Signal Analysis and Decisionflaking (DEE VAX 7 8 5 )

An overview of t h e i n s t r w n e n t a t i o n and a n a l y s i s system i s presented i n Fig. 1 . During both l a b o r a t o q

a n d f i e l d t e s t s , one o r more a c c e l e r o m e t e r s w e r e mounted o n e a c h p o l e of a c i r c u i t b r e a k e r . The a c c e l e r o m e t e r s w e r e u s u a l l y K i s t l e r Model 8 6 2 4 u n i t s h a v i n g a n o m i n a l o p e r a t i n g r a n g e of 0 t o 500 g and 1 t o 8000 Hz. S i g n a l s from t h e s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n i n g a m p l i f i e r s were r e c o r d e d o n a H o n e y w e l l 5600E 28channel F M tape recorder. T r i p and c l o s e command s i g n a l s were r e c o r d e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e v i b r a t i o n d a t a f o r timing p u r p o s e a The bandwidth of t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a was approximately 0 t o 8 kHz; a sampling r a t e of 3 2 kHz was g e n e r a l l y u s e d Measured w a l l a c c e l e r a t i o n peak a m p l i t u d e s ranged from l e s s than 10 g t o more than 1000 g , depending upon t h e type of c i r c u i t breaker and upon t h e measurement l o c a t i o n The a c c e l e r o m e t e r s , t h e r e f o r e , h a d t o be f i r m l y mounted; a high-strength adhesive, i n combination w i t h a r a r e e a r t h magnet, was employed. [A s t u d mount would h a v e been s u i t a b l e f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s discussed i n t h i s work1 The recorded d a t a were then d i g i t i z e d and s t o r e d u s i n g a 16-channel computer-aided t e s t system (GenRad Model 2515). P r e l i m i n a r y examination of t h e r a w data was c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g t h i s u n i t . The u n i t was t h e n l i n k e d t o a DEC VAX 785 minicomputer f o r which s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and decision-making s o f t w a r e h a s been developed.

RESEARCH I NSTRUnENTAT ION

I PROTOTYPE I DIAGNOSTIC UNIT

I
8 Accelerometers

1 - Trip and Close Signals

Fig. 1. Instrumentation.

E x t e r n a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s obtained a t t h e t o p o f t h e t a n k of p o l e 3 of t h e Siemens c i r c u i t breaker, during various t r i p operations, a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 2 S p e c i f i c e v e n t s o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t breaker a r e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e top trace, F i k 2a (normal condition). ' h e timing o f particular e v e n t s c a n be a s c e r t a i n e d f r o m a k n o w l e d g e of t h e c i r c u i t breaker o p e r a t i o n o r from motion a n a l y z e r d a t a . Changes i n t h e s i g n a t u r e s - - b e t w e e n o p e r a t i o n s under normal c o n d i t i o n s and t h o s e h a v i n g abnorm a l i t i e s - - a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e f e c t a For example, c h a n g e s i n t h e s i g n a t u r e d u e t o ( 1 ) a s h o r t e n i n g of t h e t o g g l e between p o l e s 2 and 3, (2) a n overcompress i o n of t h e t a i l s p r i n g , and ( 3 ) combination of eroded contacts, m i s a l i g n e d c o n t a c t s , and d e a c t i v a t e d shock a b s o r b e r , can be s e e n i n Figs. 2 b, c, a n d d, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Some of t h e s e c h a n g e s ( f r o m t h e n o r m a l s i g n a l ) a r e q u i t e obvious by even cursory examination of t h e raw d a t a , (e.&, P i g . 2d); o t h e r c h a n g e s (Figs.

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2b and 2 c ) a r e more s u b t l e , r e q u i r i n g t h e s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g t h a t w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i on. shock a b s o r b e r ( F i g 3 c ) can be c l e a r l y s e e n from t h e time t r a c e s of t h e w a l l a c c e l e r a t i o n The d e a c t i v a t e d b u f f e r s p r i n g (Pig. 3 b ) , h o w e v e r , p r o d u c e s much Thus, s m a l l e r changes i n t h e v i b r a t i o n s i g n a t u r e t h e r e i s c l e a r l y a need f o r s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g i n o r d e r t o be a b l e t o r e n d e r c o n s i s t e n t d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e mechanical c o n d i t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t breaker.

Fig. 3.
m
5
Time,

cqcir

1B

Fig.

2.

Wall acceleration signal s during t r i p o p e r a t i o n Siemens BZO-121 c i r c u i t b r e a k e r ; 1 1 5 kV o i l . ( a ) Normal; (b) s h o r t e n e d t o g g l e ; (c) overcompressed t a i l s p r i n g ; ( d ) combinat i o n of eroded c o n t a c t s , m i s a l i g n e d c o n t a c t s , 1. and d e a c t i v a t e d shock absorber. Events: t r i p s i g n a l , 2. m o t i o n s t a r t s , 3. c o n t a c t s . t a i l s p r i n g s e p a r a t e s from base, separate, 4 5. shock a b s o r b e r i m p a c t e d

W a l l a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s d u r i n g t r i p operation, G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c FHK-239 c i r c u i t b r e a k e r ; 1 1 5 kV o i l . ( a ) N o r m a l ; ( b ) Dea c t i v a t e d o v e r t r a v e l b u f f e r s p r i n g ; (c) Dea c t i v a t e d shock a b s o r b e r . E v e n t s : l. t r i p s i g n a l , 2. m o t i o n s t a r t s , 3. c o n t a c t s s e p a r a t e , 4. s h o c k a b s o r b e r i m p a c t e d , 5. shock a b s o r b e r s u p p o r t impacted, 6. s t o p

Figure 3 i l l u s t r a t e s , f o r t h e General E l e c t r i c c i r c u i t breaker, t h e c o n t r a s t s between a d e a c t i v a t e d o v e r t r a v e l b u f f e r s p r i n g (Fig. 3b), a d e a c t i v a t e d s h o c k a b s o r b e r ( F i g . 3 c ) , and t h e n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n (Fig. 3a) [ f o r t r i p o p e r a t i o n ] . m e measurements were o b t a i n e d a t t h e t o p of t h e t a n k of t h e p o l e uponwhich t h e a b n o r m a l i t i e s were i n t r o d u c e d ' b e absence of t h e

I n Fig. 4, a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e McGraw-Edison c i r c u i t b r e a k e r . The d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d , o n t h e s i d e of t h e t a n k of p o l e 2, d u r i n g c l o s e o p e r a t i o n a The s i g n a l s f o r t h e two abnormalit i e s introduced--reduced c o n t a c t p e n e t r a t i o n (Fig. 4b) and l o o s e c o n t a c t s ( F i g 4c)--appear v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of t h e u n i t i n n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n ( F i g . 4a). The imposed a b n o r m a l i t i e s , p h y s i c a l l y r e l a t i v e l y s u b t l e i n nature, c l e a r l y then require signal processing f o r c o n s i s t e n t (and c o r r e c t ) d e c i sion-making.
I n Fig. 5 a r e shown two measurements r e c o r d e d on t h e s i d e of t h e t a n k of t h e BBC c i r c u i t breaker d u r i n g a c l o s e o p e r a t i o n . F i g u r e 5 a i l l u s t r a t e s a normal operation I n Fig. 5b, eroded s t a t i o n a r y c o n t a c t s had

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r e p l a c e d t h e new c o n t a c t s of Fig. 5 a - - o t h e r a d j u s t m e n t s r e m a i n i n g t h e same. The c h a n g e s i n t h e t i m e t r a c e due t o c o n t a c t e r o s i o n i s n o t l a r g e , r e q u i r i n g s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g f o r d i a g n o s i s ; again, t h i s abnorm a l i t y i s considered t o be a s u b t l e change ( a t l e a s t ) f r m a v i b r a t i o n d i a g n o s t i c s point of view.

Fig. 5.

W a l l a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s d u r i n g c l o s e operat i o n BBC PA-40 c i r c u i t breaker; 242 kV SFK ( a ) Normal; (b) Eroded c o n t a c t s Events: 1 . c l o s e s i g n a l , 2. m o t i o n s t a r t s , 3. c o n t a c t s touch, 4 . bumber i m p a c t e d , 5. stop

_- - r
Signal

Feature Extractor
I

>, C l a s s i f i e r -

A
Reference Featur e6

Feat ur e6

Decision

Fig. 4.

W a l l a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s d u r i n g c l o s e operation HcGraw-Bdison RHF-90 c i r c u i t breaker; 242 kV o i l . ( a ) N o r m a l ; ( b ) Reduced cont a c t p e n e t r a t i o n ; (c) Loose c o n t a c t s . E v e n t s : 1. c l o s e s i g n a l , 2. m o t i o n s t a r t s , 3. i s o l a t i n g c o n t a c t s touch, 4 . main c o n t a c t s main c o n t a c t s t o u c h touch r e s i s t o r , 5. s t a t i o n a r y c o n t a c t s , a n d mechanism t o u c h e s kick-off s p r i n s SIGNAL PROCESSING MD DECISION-MAKING

Fig. 6.

A p a t t e r n r e c o g n i t i o n system.

Introduction S i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g techniques, i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h automatic decision-making procedures, provide a p a t t e r n r e c o g n i t i o n system t h a t can a u t o m a t i c a l l y d e t e c t t h e d e f e c t s of c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s . A s shown i n Fig. 6, a p a t t e r n r e c o g n i t i o n s y s t e m g e n e r a l l y cons i s t s of two p a r t s : a f e a t u r e e x t r a c t o r and a c l a s s i f i e r [21. The f e a t u r e e x t r a c t o r i s a s i g n a l processor t h a t p r e s e n t s t h e s i g n a l i n a manner which e n h a n c e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between normal and abnormal behavior. ' h e c l a s s i f i e r i s an automatic d e c i s i o n m a k e r .

S i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n i q u e s denoted by t h e terms m o d i f i e d s p e c t r a l (MS) a n a l y s i 6 a n d s t r u c t u r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n (SW) a n a l y s i s a r e employed a s f e a t u r e extractors The modified s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s y i e l d s a s e t of s p e c t r a of any s i g n a l . This technique i s e f f e c t i v e i n e x t r a c t i n g u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e s i g n a l and i s s i m p l e t o i m p l e m e n t i n t h e f r e q u e n c y domain ( i n which power s p e c t r a a r e obtained). Struct u r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n a n a l y s i s i s a more s o p h i s t i c a t e d s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g method t h a t r e q u i r e s v i b r a t i o n s i g n a l s f r o m b o t h t h e e x t e r i o r and t h e i n t e t i o r of a c i r c u i t b r e a k e r . I n t h i s method, t h e e f f e c t s of t h e i n t e r v e n i n g s t r u c t u r e and i n t e r r u p t i n g medium a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d so a s t o e n a b l e t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e s i g n a l t h a t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e i n t e r i o r source.
AS can be Been f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d data, decision-making by a human being, v i a point-byp o i n t o b s e r v a t i o n of p a i r s of s i g n a l s ( t h e n o r m a l s i g n a l and t h e [unknown] test s i g n a l ) , i s c o s t l y and

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may be i n c o n s i s t e n t - - p a r t i c u l a r l y when d i f f e r e n c e s between s i g n a t u r e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y small. Through t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n technique developed ( t h e i n p u t s t o t h e c l a s s i f i e r s being the e a r l i e r noted f e a t u r e extract o r s ) , s i g n a t u r e s a t a given condition a r e characterized q u a n t i t a t i v e l y ( L a , n u m e r i c a l l y ) according t o t h e i r mean v a l u e and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n C r i t i c a l ( o r t h r e s h o l d ) mean v a l u e s of t h e test s i g n a l s , i n r e s p e c t t o t h e mean v a l u e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e normal signat u r e s a n d t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s of t h e n o r m a l and test s i g n a t u r e s , a r e e s t a b l i s h e d i n r e l a t i o n t o a desired, predetermined confidence l e v e l . [In the p r e s e n t program, t h e c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l was 97.5 p e r cent, La, t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of a c i r c u i t breaker being d e c l a r e d a b n o r m a l when i t i s normal i s 2.5 p e r c e n t ; under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , and f o r t y p i c a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s t e s t e d , t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of t h e u n i t b e i n g d e c l a r e d normal when i t i s abnormal i s l e s s t h a n 1 percent.] The s e v e r a l f e a t u r e e x t r a c t o r s employed a d d r e s s d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s of t h e s p e c t r a o b t a i n e d . Consequently, f o r a g i v e n o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n , should any f e a t u r e e x t r a c t o r a n d i t s a s s o c i a t e d c l a s s i f i e r i n d i c a t e t h e threshold (or c r i t i c a l ) value t o have been exceeded, t h e c i r c u i t breaker i s then d e c l a r e d t o be i n abnormal c o n d i t i o n . Thus, t h e c o m b i n a t i o n of f e a t u r e e x t r a c t o r and c l a s s i f i e r i s used t o determine w h e t h e r a c i r c u i t b r e a k e r i s i n normal OT a b n o r m a l condition. I n o p e r a t i o n , a t l e a s t t h r e e MS a n a l y z e r s w e r e used as f e a t u r e e x t r a c t o r s ; S M a n a l y z e r s were implemented whenever t h e d a t a were a v a i l a b l a Each f e a t u r e e x t r a c t o r was connected t o a c l a s s i f i e r . Each c l a s s i f i e r s t o r e d t h e proper normal f e a t u r e s ; t h e i n p u t f e a t u r e (of unknown c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , i n p r i n c i p l e ) was characterized numerically i n respect t o t h e threshold value I n t h i s arrangement, t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s (Le,, n o r m a l l a b n o r m a l ) d e t e r m i n e d by t h e s e c l a s s i f i e r s m i g h t n o t a l l c o i n c i d e w i t h each o t h e r . As noted above, t h e c i r c u i t breaker was d e c l a r e d t o be i n a n abnormal c o n d i t i o n i f a t l e a s t one of t h e c l a s s i f i e r s lo i n d i c a t e d , i.e., i f t h e d e c i s i o n r a t i o , DRn [DRn = QAnITHn; where QAn = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnormality n and THn = t h r e s h o l d ( o r c r i t i c a l ) mean v a l u e f o r abnormality n l > 1.00. McGraw-Edison (RHF-90; 242 kV o i l ) , and B B C (PA-40; 242 kV SF6). The r e s u l t s w i l l p o i n t t o t h e v a l u e of u s i n g s e v e r a l ( a t l e a s t t h r e e ) MS a n a l y s i s c l a s s i f i e r s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e SM a n a l y s i s c l a s s i f i e r s . I n t h e t a b l e s associated with t h e cases studied, t h e f o l l o w i n g n o t a t i o n a p p l i e s : Q N i s t h e mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e u n i t i n normal c o n d i t i o n ; QAn i s t h e mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e u n i t h a v i n g abnorm a l i t y n; THn i s t h e t h r e s h o l d (OT c r i t i c a l ) v a l u e f o r a u n i t h a v i n g abnormality n; DRn i s t h e d e c i s i o n r a t i o (I(An/THn). [For a g i v e n c i r c u i t breaker t e s t , a s s t a t e d e a r l i e r , when t h e v a l u e of DRn e x c e e d s u n i t y f o r any c l a s s i f i e r , t h e u n i t i s d e c l a r e d t o be i n a n abnormal c o n d i t i o n . ] Further, use of t h e same MS and S M numbers (e.&, MS 5 and S M 5 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e same a s p e c t s of t h e s p e c t r u m a r e t r e a t e d by t h e two analyses. The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a r e b a s e d upon s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and d e c i sion-making methods a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e s h w n i n FigR 2-5. Case 1. Siemens [BZO-121: 115 kV O i l ]

T a b l e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e r e s u l t s of t h e s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and decision-making t e c h n i q u e s e m p l q e d f o r t h e normal and imposed abnormal o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s of t h e Siemens c i r c u i t breaker. For t h i s case, t h r e e s e t s of modified s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s (PSI, MS2, and MS3) were c a r r i e d out t o decision-making [ s t r u c t u r a l modif i c a t i o n d a t a were n o t a v a i l a b l e ] . A l l MS a n a l y s e s c l e a r l y and c o r r e c t l y i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e respective abnormalities I n t h e c a s e of t h e m o s t o b v i o u s l y d i s c e r n a b l e abnormality ( t h e combination of eroded c o n t a c t s , m i s a l i g n e d c o n t a c t s , and d e a c t i v a t e d Table 1 Siemens C i r c u i t Breaker [BZO-121; 115 k V Oil] [Top of Tank; T r i p O p e r a t i o n s ] Condition

83
9,250 12,928 47,498 3.67 12,190 71,336 5. a5 12,435 101,079 a. 13 9,296 13,878 44,119 3.18 13,377 33,479 2.50 13,138 51,229 7,098 11.108 28,129 2.53 10,891 27,784 2.55 10,888 50,548 4.64

%
NA

It should be noted t h a t i n t h e f i e l d (La, s i t e s a t t h e e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s ) , t h e mechanical c o n d i t i o n of a t e s t c i r c u i t breaker would g e n e r a l l y be unknown

I n t h e p r e s e n t paper, t h e mechanical c o n d i t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s test u n i t s a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s and a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t B u f f a l o was known ( e i t h e r normal o r w i t h an abnormality introduced)--so a s t o d e v e l o p and t o demonstrate t h e methodology. D e t a i l s of t h e s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and d e c i s i o n m a k i n g t e c h n i q u e s w i l l be p r e s e n t e d i n a f o l l o w i n g paper.

QN
TH1 Qfi DRl

RA NA NA
NA NA NA

TH2

Q A2
DR2

m
QM DR3

3.90

NA NA NA

AS aha11 be seen, MS a n a l y s i s of e x t e r n a l v i b r a t i o n s i g n a l s , f o l l o w e d by c l a s s i f i e r s , c a n d e t e c t a b n o r m a l i t i e s of c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s i n many, b u t n o t a l l , Case6 The employment of S M a n a l y s i s e n a b l e s t h e d e t e c t i o n of s u b t l e changes, which may n o t be d i s c e r n e d t h r o u g h IS a n a l y s i s of t h e e x t e r n a l s i g n a l s . The c o m b i n a t i o n of S M a n d MS a n a l y s e s h a s , t o d a t e , l e d t o c o r r e c t decision-making i n a l l c a s e s t e s t e d RESULTS MD DISCUSSION I n t h i s s e c t i o n , a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g and d e c i s i on-making tecbniques, d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , w i l l be i l l u s t r a t e d f o r t h e f o u r c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s noted e a r l i e r : Siemens (BZO-121; 1 1 5 kV o i l ) , G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c (FHK-239; 1 1 5 kV o i l ) ,
QN

NOTE:

NA DRn QAl

QA2 QA3

= d a t a not a v a i l a b l e = d e c i s i o n r a t i o n = QAn/ntn = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnorshortened t o g g l e mality 1 adjustment = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnorovercompressed t a i l s p r i n g mality 2 = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnorof eroded c o n t a c t 6, m i s a l i g n e d c o n t a c t s , and d e a c t i v a t e d shock absorber = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e normal c o n d i t i o n

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s h o c k a b s o r b e r - F i g . 2d), t h e l a r g e s t d e c i s i o n r a t i o s , QAn/THn, were o b t a i n e d - - r a n g i n g f r o m 3.90 t o 8.13. The l e a s t d i s c e r n a b l e a b n o r m a l i t y ( s h o r t e n e d t o g g l e adjustment Fig. 2b) y i e l d e d d e c i s i o n r a t i o s i n t h e r a n g e f r o m 2.53 t o 3.67. Decision r a t i o s f o r t h e o v e r c o m p r e s s e d t a i l s p r i n g (Fig. 2c) were i n t h e r a n g e f r o m 2.55 t o 5.85. i n d i c a t i n g p h y s i c a l changes of a s u b t l e n a t u r e The corresponding f e a t u r e extractors--three modified s p e c t r a l a n a l y s e s (MS 7, MS 8 , and M S 9) and t h r e e s t r u c t u r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n a n a l y s e s (SM 7, S M 8, and SM 9)of T a b l e 3 - - a l t h o u g h s u c c e s s f u l i n d e t e c t i n g t h e abnormalities, experienced d i f f i c u l t i e s on a n i n d i v i d u a l basis. For t h e c a s e of r e d u c e d c o n t a c t p e n e t r a t i o n , only two of t h e s i x d e c i s i o n r a t i o s [MS 8 (1.08) a n d SM 8 (1.6911 i n d i c a t e d t h e u n i t t o be i n abnormal c o n d i t i o n With l o o s e c o n t a c t s i n t r o d u c e d , f i v e of t h e s i x d e c i s i o n r a t i o s c o r r e c t l y i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e of a n a b n o r m a l i t y [MS 7 (1.071, M S 8 (1.13) a n d SM 8 (1.921, M S 9 (1.13) a n d SM 9 (1.3311. N o t e a g a i n t h e g e n e r a l l y h i g h e r v a l u e s of t h e SM a n a l y s e s i n r e s p e c t t o t h o s e of t h e i r MS c o u n t e r p a r t s Tab1 e 3 McGraw-Edi son C i r c u i t Breaker [RHF-IK) ; 242 k V Oil 1 [Side of Tank; Close Operation] Condition
QN

Case 2.

General E l e c t r i c [FHK-239; 115 kV O i l ]

T h i s c a s e i l l u s t r a t e s t h e c a p a b i l i t y of t h e methodology t o d i s t i n g u i s h s u b t l e a s w e l l a s r e a d i l y d i s c e r n i b l e changes. With t h e b u f f e r s p r i n g d e a c t i vated, t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s (Fig. 3b) a r e seen t o be very s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of t h e normal c o n f i g u r a t i o n (Fig. 3a). I n T a b l e 2, t h e d e c i s i o n r a t i o s o b t a i n e d f o r two (MS 4 and MS 5) of t h e t h r e e modified s p e c t r a l a n a l y s e s are g r e a t e r than u n i t y ( h a v i n g v a l u e s of 1.15 a n d 1.35, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , t h e r e b y , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c r i t e r i a e s t a b l i s h e d , i n d i c a t i n g t h e u n i t t o be i n abnormal condition. The d e c i s i o n r a t i o f o r MS 6 i s l e s s than unity. Note t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r a l modificat i o n a n a l y s i s (SM 5) a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h e u n i t t o be i n a b n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n A 1a r g e r v a 1 ue of t h e d e c i s i o n r a t i o f o r SM 5, 2.80, i n r e s p e c t t o t h a t of MS 5 , 1.35, i s f o u n d l l e corresponding g r e a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e SM a n a l y s i s i s d e r i v e d t h r o u g h a r e a s o n a b l e a c c o u n t i n g of t h e e f f e c t s of t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d i n t e r r u p t i n g medium i n t e r v e n i n g between t h e i n t e r n a l source and t h e e x t e r n a l l y measured s i g n a l . When t h e s h o c k a b s o r b e r i s d e a c t i v a t e d , t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s obtained (Fig. 3c) c l e a r l y become s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from the normal d a t a of F i g 3a Correspondingly, a l l d e c i s i o n r a t i o s a r e w e l l i n e x c e s s of unity. Tbe modified s p e c t r a l analyses--= 4, M S 5, a n d M S 6--have v a l u e s of 16.50, 1.42, a n d 19.89, r e s p e c t i v e l y ; t h a t of t h e s t r u c t u r a l modificat i o n a n a l y s i s , SM 5 i s 44.71. The SM a n a l y s i s a g a i n e x h i b i t s g r e a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y t h a n t h e MS a n a l y s i s -Le, SM 5 (44.71) a n d M S 5 (1.42). Table 2 General E l e c t r i c C i r c u i t Breaker [FHK-239; 115 k V Oil1 [Top of Tank; T r i p Operation] Condition
QN

M I SM8 MS9 SM9 = 7 SM7 - 5,027 5,771 4,651 0.81 5,623 6,020 1.07 2,802 3,361 2,571 0.76 3,361 1,900 0.57 874 987 1,066 1.08 967 1,092 1.13 4,511 6,654 11,244 1.69 9,978 19,151 1.92 4,343 4,654 4,094 0.88 4,678 5,292 2,624 2,885 2,652 0.92 4,328 5,748 1.33

THl Qfl DR1

TH2

Q A2

DR2

1.13

NOTE: DRn = d e c i s i o n r a t i o n = QAnlTHn QAl = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnormality 1 reduced c o n t a c t p e n e t r a t i o n QA2 = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnormality 2 loose contacts Q N = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e normal condition Case 4.
BBC [PA-40; 242 kV SF6J

SM5 506 63 4 728 1.15 6 27 10,344 16.50 375 43 7 5 91 1.35 438 623 1.42 5,482 11,445 32,099 2.80

E66 128 191 124 0.65 1,190 23,644 19.89

TA1 QAl DR1

TH2

Here, t h e imposed abnormality on t h e BBC c i r c u i t breaker, eroded s t a t i o n a r y contacts, again y i e l d e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s (Fig. 5 b ) t h a t a p p e a r e d v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of t h e p u f f e r u n i t i n normal c o n d i t i o n (Fig. 5 a ) - - i n d i c a t i n g , o n c e more, t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of a s u b t l e p h y s i c a l change The t h r e e modified S 12) s p e c t r a l a n a l y s e s of T a b l e 4 (MS 10, MS 11, and M and t h e s t r u c t u r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n a n a l y s i s (SM 10) a l l c o r r e c t l y d e t e c t e d t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e a b n o r m a l i t y . The d e c i s i o n r a t i o s w e r e g e n e r a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t l y S g r e a t e r t h a n u n i t y [MS 1 0 (1.64) a n d SM 1 0 (1.771, M 11 (1.36), and M S 1 2 (1.6211.
Table 4 B B C C i r c u i t Breaker [PA-@; 242 k V SF6] [Side of Tank; Close Operation] Condition
QN

Q A2
DR2 NOTE: DRn QAl

230 10,284 44.71

= d e c i s i o n r a t i o n = QAnfTHn = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnor-

QA2
QN

mality 1 - d e a c t i v a t e d b u f f e r s p r i n g mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnormald e a c t i v a t e d shock absorber ity 2 = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e normal condi t i on

E6 1 0 61 5 95 2 1,565 1.64

S M 10 19 52 92 1.77

MS 11
49 90 122 1.36

EIS 1 2
516 893 1,444 1.62

TH1 Qfl DR1 NOTE: DRn QAl

QN

Case 3.

McGrarEdison [RHF-90 ; 242 kV O i l ] = d e c i s i o n r a t i o n =QAn/THn = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g abnorm a l i t y 1 - eroded c o n t a c t s = mean v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e normal c o n d i t i o n

The two a b n o r m a l i t i e s imposed o n t h e McGrawEdison c i r c u i t b r e a k e r - - r e d u c e d c o n t a c t p e n e t r a t i o n and l o o s e c o n t a c t . 6 - - y i e l d e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s i g n a l s ( F i g s . 4 b and 4c, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) t h a t d i f f e r e d v e r y s l i g h t l y from t h a t of t h e normal u n i t ( F i g 4a), thus

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S U M M A R Y AND CONCLUSIONS Through t h e use of n o n i n v a s i v e d i a g n o s t i c s , t h e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e m e c h a n i c a l c o n d i t i o n of a c i r c u i t breaker, L a , whether t h e u n i t i s i n normal o r abnormal c o n d i t i o n , h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y d e t e r m i n e d . T e s t s were c o n d u c t e d upon o i l ( p r i n c i p a l l y ) and S F 6 c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s a t t h r e e m a n u f a c t u r e r s and a t t h e University a t Buffalo. Test procedures h a v e i n v o l v e d o b t a i n i n g v i b r a t i o n s i g n a l s from transducers placed a l o n g t h e e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e s of (and, under c e r t a i n conditions, w i t h i n t h e i n t e r i o r o f ) a c i r c u i t breaker. By a p p l y i n g d a t a p r o c e s s i n g (modified s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s and s t r u c t u r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n a n a l y si s) and d e c i sion-making techniques, t h e m e c h a n i c a l c o n d i t i o n of a u n i t u n d e r any g i v e n o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n (normal and w i t h v a r i o u s imposed a b n o r m a l i t i e s ) was d e t e r m i n e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y (i.e., numerically). Based upon t h e c r i t e r i o n t h a t a d e c i s i o n r a t i o [ t h e r a t i o of t h e m e a n v a l u e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e c i r c u i t breaker under t e s t ( u s u a l l y w i t h a n a b n o r m a l i t y i n t r o d u c e d ) t o t h a t of a c a l c u l a b l e t h r e s h o l d (or c r i t i c a l ) v a l u e ] g r e a t e r t h a n u n i t y i n d i c a t e d t h e u n i t under c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o be i n abnormal condition, t h e d i a g n o s t i c procedures successf u l l y i d e n t i f i e d t h e p r e s e n c e of a 1 1 a b n o r m a l i t i e s imposed.
ACKN WLEEG EMIPY TS

conducted r e s e a r c h i n a c o u s t i c s , f l u i d mechanics, and plasma physics. He r e c e i v e d t h e S.B. ( A e r o n a u t i c a l Engineering) f r w t h e Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Tech. S . a n d PhD. d e g r e e s ( A e r o n a u t i c s ) nology and t h e M from t h e C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Techno1 ogy. Dr. Benenson's r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s i n c l u d e t h e d i a g n o s t i c s and p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c i r c u i t i n t e r r u p t i o n , plasma processing, and plasma chemistry. He h a s b e e n a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s of s p e c t r o s c o p i c , i n t e r f e r o m e t r i c , a n d l a s e r v e l o c i m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s i n s t u d i e s of t i m e v a r y i n g , f l o w i n g plasmas. Dr. Benenson i s Chairman of t h e 1989 IEEE Conference on Plasma Science, which w i l l be h e l d i n B u f f a l o , N e w York. V i c t o r Demianenko (S'80-M'83) r e c e i v e d t h e B.S., MS., a n d PhD. d e g r e e s i n E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g f r o m t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o i n 1980, 1981, and 1983, r e s p e c t i v e l y . He i s a n A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r i n t h e Department of E l e c t r i c a l and Computer Engineering, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New Y o r k a t B u f f a l o . H i s current research i n t e r e s t s i n c l u d e network o p e r a t i n g systems, d a t a b a s e s y s t e m s , and m i c r o p r o c e s s o r - b a s e d c o n t r o l and d i a g n o s t i c systems. Minn L a i L a i i s a d o c t o r a l c a n d i d a t e i n t h e Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o . H e r e c e i v e d t h e B . S . degree i n Aerospace Engineering from t h e N a t i o n a l . S . Ching-Kung U n i v e r s i t y ( T a i w a n ) i n 1 9 7 9 and t h e M degree i n Mechanical Engineering f r a n t h e U n i v e r s i t y H i s previous research has a t B u f f a l o i n 1984. r e s u l t e d i n a t h e o r e t i c a l f o u n d a t i o n and a n e x p e r i mental v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e o p e r a t i o n of an e l e c t r w a g n e t i c flow meter f o r t h i n f i l m f l o w s H i s current r e s e a r c h d e a l s with t r a n s i e n t power f l o w and machinery diagnostics. Yonn Hoon Lee (S'82-#84) was born i n Seoul, Korea, on J u l y 1 2 , 1955. H e r e c e i v e d t h e B.S. a n d IS. d e g r e e s i n E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g f r o m S e o u l N a t i o n a l Univ e r s i t y , Seoul, Korea, i n 1978 and 1980, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and t h e Ph.D. d e g r e e i n S y s t e m s E n g i n e e r i n g f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Pennsylvania, P h i l a d e l p h i a , i n 1984. He h a s been w i t h t h e Department of E l e c t r i c a l and C w p u t e r Engineering, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o , s i n c e 1984, where h e i s a n A s s i s t a n t H i s research a c t i v i t i e s a r e i n the areas Professor. on one- and two-dimensional s i g n a l processing, which i n c l u d e image p r o c e s s i n g and v i b r a t i o n s i g n a l . analy si s Chi Chann L i n i s a Ph.D. c a n d i d a t e i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of N e w York a t B u f f a l o . H e h a s a B.S. d e g r e e f r o m N a t i o n a l C h u n g H s i n g U n i v e r s i t y a n d a n M.S. d e g r e e f r o m N a t i o n a l Taiwan U n i v e r s i t y i n s u b j e c t s r e l a t e d t o He S t r u c t u r a l A n a l y s i s and S t r u c t u r a l Dynamics worked f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s a s a s c i e n t i s t a t t h e I n s t i t u t e of N u c l e a r E n e r g y ( T a i w a n ) a n d a s a Mr. Lin i s a consultant i n a c i v i l engineering f i r m P r o f e s s i o n a l E n g i n e e r (Taiwan) a n d member of t h e Chinese I n s t i t u t e of C i v i l and H y d r a u l i c Engineering. H i s p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s a r e focused on random v i b r a t i o n s , s i g n a l a n a l y s i s , s t r u c t u r a l dynamics, and a p p l i c a t i o n s t o earthquake e n g i n e e r i n g H a r i s h K. N a i d u (S'87) r e c e i v e d t h e B.E d e g r e e i n E l e c t r o n i c s a n d Communication E n g i n e e r i n g f r o m t h e Col l e g e of E n g i n e e r i n g , Anna U n i v e r s i t y , Madras,

"he r e s e a r c h was supported by t h e E l e c t r i c Power R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t 2747-1, and by t h e New York S t a t e Energy R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t Authority, Agreement No. 1859-EEED-TC-86. The a u t h o r s a c k n o w l e d g e t h e s u p p o r t a n d e n couragement of Mr. Glenn B a t e s of t h e E l e c t r i c Power . S t r n i s a of t h e M e w Research I n s t i t u t e and Dr. Fred V York S t a t e Energy Research and D e v e l o p e n t Authority. . Adams, M r . Howard The c o n t r i b u t i o n s of Mr. G e o r g e P J. Lieberman, and M r . Raymond C. S e e b a l d of N i a g a r a Mohawk Power Corpo-ration; Mr. John W. C h a r l t o n of New York S t a t e E l e c t r i c and G a s C o r p o r a t i o n ; a n d M r . R i c h a r d Cohen, M r . R i c h a r d B. Kruger, a n d Mr. S h a l o m Z e l i n g h e r o f New Y o r k P o w e r A u t h o r i t y a r e acknowledged. The s u p p o r t and c o o p e r a t i o n of Mr. D a v i d S. J o h n s o n a o d B B C Brown B o v e r i , Inc. ( G r e e n s b u r g , PA); Mr. Gordon A . W i l son and McGrcrv-Edi son Power Systems, Cooper I n d u s t r i e s (Canonsburg, PA); and Mr. W i l l i a m E H a r p e r and S i e m e n s Energy and Automation, Inc. (Jackson, IB) a r e acknowledged. The a s s i s t a n c e of Mr. D a n i e l J. Walch and Ms. T i n a M. Rottmann of t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o i n t h e s e t u p a n d c a r r y i n g o u t of e x p e r i ment s i s acknowledged. REFERENCES

r11
r21

G Mama and R Michaca, '%e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n q u i r y on C i r c u i t - B r e a k e r F a i l u r e s and D e f e c t s i n S e r v i c q " E l e c t r a , 1981, p p 23-91. K . Fukunaga, " I n t r o d u c t i o n t o S t a t i s t i c a l P a t t e r n Recognition," Academic Press, N e w York, N e w York, 1972.

D a v i d M. B e n e n s o n (SM '71) i s P r o f e s s o r and Chairman of t h e Department of E l e c t r i c a l a n d Computer Engin e e r i n g a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t Buffalo. E a r l i e r , h e had been a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e Westinghouse Research and Development Center, where h e

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India. He i s c u r r e n t l y a g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t i n t h e Department of E l e c t r i c a l and C m p u t e r Engineering a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o , working towards h i s Master's d e g r e e Soon Young P a r k (S'86) r e c e i v e d t h e B.S. and M.S. degrees i n E l e c t r o n i c Engineering from Yonsei U n i v e r s i t y , S e o u l , Korea, i n 1 9 8 2 and 1984, H e i s c u r r e n t l y working toward t h e respectively. Ph.D. d e g r e e i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t of E l e c t r i c a l and Computer E n g i n e e r i n g a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o H i s r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s a r e i n t h e a r e a s of a c o u s t i c s , v i b r a t i o n , and image s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n s Andrei K Beinhorn i s a n A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t B u f f a l o . He r e c e i v e d theB.S. and Ph.D. d e g r e e s f r o m Technion-Israel I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y i n s u b j e c t s r e l a t e d t o s t r u c t u r a l dynamics and e a r t h q u a k e e n g i neerins He worked f o r s e v e r a l c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g f i r m s He i s a P r o f e s s i o n a l Engineer (New York) and a Member of American S o c i e t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , American S o c i e t y of Mechanical Engineers, and s e v e r a l His other professional c i v i l engineering s o c i e t i e s p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s a r e focused on a c t i v e and , pa s s i v e c o n t r o l of c i v i 1 e n g i n e e r i n g s t r u c t u r e s e x p e r i m e n t a l s t r u c t u r a l v i b r a t i o n s , random v i b r a t i o n s , and e a r t h q u a k e s i m u l a t i o n s . He i s a u t h o r of o v e r 50 s c i e n t i f i c a r t i c l e s and r e p o r t s Andres Soom r e c e i v e d h i s B.Eng. d e g r e e i n M e c h a n i c a l Engineering f r m M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y , Canada, i n 1967. From 1 9 6 7 t o 1 9 6 9 h e worked i n t h e m a c h i n e t o o l i n d u s t r y i n France. I n 1970 h e s t a r t e d h i s graduate s t u d i e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of W i s c o n s i n - M a d i s o n , r e c e i v i n g t h e KS. and Ph.D. d e g r e e s i n M e c h a n i c a l Engineering i n 1971 and 1976, r e s p e c t i v e l y . F r m 1974 t o 1977 h e t a u g h t a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y of W a t e r l o o , Canada. S i n c e 1977 h e h a s been on t h e f a c u l t y of t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of N e w York a t B u f f a l o , where h e i s A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r of Mechanical and Aerospace E n g i n e e r i n s His c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h i s i n t h e f i e l d s of t r i b o l o g y , v i b r o a c o u s t i c b e h a v i o r of machines, i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , and manufacturing s y s t e m s Tsu T. Soong i s a P r o f e s s o r of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g and Applied S c i e n c e s a t t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of N e w York a t B u f f a l o . He i s a n I n t e r i m Deputy D i r e c t o r of t h e N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r E a r t h q u a k e Engineering Research. P r o f e s s o r Soong r e c e i v e d t h e KS. and PhD. d e g r e e s i n E n g i n e e r i n g S c i e n c e f,rom P u r d u e U n i v e r s i t y and a M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g d e g r e e f r o m U n i v e r s i t y of D a y t o n (Ohio). He h a s b e e n a c o n s u l t a n t f o r s e v e r a l l a r g e companies. P r o f e s s o r Soong i s a R e g i s t e r e d P r o f e s s i o n a l Engineer (New York) and a m e m b e r of ASCE, ASMK AAAS, NSPE and s e v e r a l n a t i o n a l honor s o c i e t i e s . He i s t h e r e c i p i e n t of v a r i o u s awards and f e l l o w s h i p s f r o m NSF, N I H , and, r e c e n t l y , a r e c i p i e n t of a n S c i e n t i s t Award. His Houmbolt Foundation S e n i o r U.S. p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s a r e i n t h e a r e a of random t h e o r y and v i b r a t i o n s and s t o c h a s t i c p r o c e s s e s, a p p l i c a t i o n s of s t r u c t u r a l c o n t r o l , a n d e a r t h q u a k e engineering. Be i s t h e a u t h o r of t h r e e books ( o n p r o b a b i l i t y and s i g n a l a n a l y s i s ) and o v e r 150 a r t i c l e s and reports. S e l w n E Wright r e c e i v e d t h e B . S d e g r e e i n Physics i n 1960 from t h e N o r t h S t a f f 6 P o l y t e c h n i c , England, and t h e I S . and Ph.D. d e g r e e s i n 1 9 6 4 ( E l e c t r o n i c s ) and 1969 (Acoustics) from Southampton U n i v e r s i t y . He became a C h a r t e r e d E n g i n e e r i n t h e U n i t e d Kingdom i n 1965.

Dr. Wright was S c i e n t i f i c Advisor w i t h t h e French g w e r m e n t (CNWA) from 1976-1978, moved t o S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y t o s t a r t a l a b o r a t o r y i n A c o u s t i c s i n 1978, and j o i n e d EPRI i n 1 9 8 4 a s a P r o j e c t Manager i n t h e E l e c t r i c a l Systems D i v i s i o n His s p e c i a l i t i e s i n c l u d e a c o u s t i c a n d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s , c o n t r o l s and systems engineering Dr. W r i g h t i s t h e a u t h o r of o v e r 40 j o u r n a l publi cations .

T-

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