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This paper is adapted from the longest of six chapters constituting a manual
to accompany a course of workshops on the FFRAPP approach to
THE MAKINGS OF MEMORABLE SPEECH.
Enquiries about FFRAPP workshops
should be directed to the author/presenter John J Bayly.
F2 Fluency of Utterance
4 Breathe easily
P1 Pattern in Voice
7 Use Musical & Poetic devices
Origins of Voysspel©
The Voysspel© system of phonetic inscription was developed to support training
in effective communication through the medium of public speaking
using the FFRAPP approach summarised in the Table opposite.
Especially if complemented by some DIY training in Speed Reading
and use of a simple electronic voice-recorder,
voice-spelling is a particularly valuable aid to FFRAPP‟s central precept
Manage the Medium through the Mouth
which focuses attention on the “machinery” of the primary instrument of delivery1.
All public speaking is a performing art, even if it is also a business.
After 6 to 16 hours of work based on this paper, keen readers should :be able to
develop more articulate and effectively patterned speech for public use by
understanding the formation and diversity of speech-sounds,
reading phonetic script more quickly than live speech can be understood,
(thus hearing speech in the mind‟s ear like a musician reading a score); and
making readable records of speech as heard and/or intended for delivery.
Actors, auctioneers, administrators, politicians, preachers and teachers
play essentially the same vocal instrument to deliver their messages to strangers.
But no two people have exactly the same brand or model of this instrument
or maintain it in the same condition, or play the same tunes.
Each person is not only slightly different anatomically from everyone else,
but nearly all speakers of any language have some personal habits of speech
that allow trained listeners to identify them as if by fingerprints.
Phonetic inscription provides a valuable support to effective public speaking,
NOT by prescribing some standard pronunciation,
but by enabling recognition and recollection of the sounds of speech
from easily-made records that are silently and speedily retrievable.
1 While mastery of a phonetic script such as Voysspel or IPA is an uniquely productive aid for speech-performers,
there is much more to the makings of memorable speech than any single tool or technique. This paper forms the
basis of only one among six chapters in a DIY manual exploring the whole scope of the FFRAPP approach.
2
Voysspel© thus helps a speakers to maximise effectiveness of a personal style
by adopting or adapting articulation best suited to a particular purpose,
whether that be to inform, to persuade, to entertain, or to inspire.
FFRAPP puts that central task in perspective by relating all speech performance
both to its author‟s intent and to its impression upon auditors in an auditorium.
Voysspel© was developed because IPA2 script is unnecessarily complex and strange
for people whose immediate interest is restricted to the sounds of English,
and the available alternatives are either equally awkward to write or print
or biased towards accents that few Australians use, or both.
Use of a phonetic alphabet focussed on the public use of English speech
has four advantages, as underlined by some often-unnoticed facts.
I call these advantages Voysspel‟s 4 ACES :
1 A — Awareness: Without some such record, few people are aware of habits
that make their natural speech identifiably personal,
and therefore possibly inspirational but also possibly confusing to strangers.
2 C — Clarity: Speaking to strangers in public requires disciplines
that are unnecessary in conversation among relatives and colleagues, because
unfamiliar speech patterns are easily and often misunderstood, and
public places can have unexpected effects on communication.
3 E — Efficiency: It is much quicker to read words than to listen to them; so
although audio-recordings are more precise in some respects,
unambiguous records of sounds in print or handwritten notes
can be understood more quickly and privately (and often made with less fuss).
4 S -Simplicity: Representation of many common sounds of speech
is inconsistent and frequently misleading in ordinary English text.
More than 120 different letters or letter-combinations are used
to represent the 40 to 50 sounds used by most English-speakers. For example:
4 sounds of 1 consonant-character in cat city cello & special;
8 sounds of 1 vowel-character in dog do don‟t done worm worn woman & women;
5 spellings of 1 vowel-sound in women in breeches build myths; &
6 spellings of 1 consonant-sound in special schedule machine
fiction fission & fishing.
International Phonetic Alphabet; a comprehensive and widely-used standard, with some confusing variants in current use..Of
2
course, someone already proficient in the use of the IPA has no personal need for Voysspel - but may be interested.
3
In phonetic inscription there is one-to-one matching of signs to sounds.
IPA has over 100 characters, of which fewer than half are needed for English,
but in all versions of IPA at least 15 of these are exotic
and unfamiliar to English-speaking people with no experience in linguistics.
Voysspel© avoids most such strangeness, with few new symbols to learn.
Other phonetic systems share some of Voysspel ‟s aims.
For example, the SAMPA transcription of IPA to ASCII characters3
has among many language-specific sets one for English,
in which it ingeniously allocates sometimes-surprising meanings
to familiar upper-case characters (capital letters) and punctuation marks.
Most alternative schemes devised by dictionary-makers and spelling-reformers
mainly rely on familiar characters or character-groups to indicate speech-sounds,
but they do not deal with the sound-streams of speech
within which it is normal for many word-ends to be lost or changed.
The only merit of the strange sentences in ordinary bold text in the box below
is that together they use nearly all the common English-language sounds,
with most simple vowels illustrated in the first line
and most common diphthongs (vowel pairs) in the second.
The three transcriptions represent my pronunciation in IPA, SAMPA and Voysspel© :
Sleepy Jim bled, man: bathtub murder. Charles got caught good through booze.
IPA sli:pi dʒɪm bled man baθtʌb mɛ:də tʃɑ:lz gɔt kɔ:t gʊd θru bu:z
SAMPA sli:pi dZIm blEd m}n bATtVb m3d@ tSAlz gQt kOt gUd Tru buz
Voysspel© Sleepy Jim bled man . . bàthtʌb mùd'. . Chaalz got kòt gud thrɯ booz
How do you envision fishing here? We go my boy's way where fewer skiers roar.
IPA hæu dəju envɪʒən fɪʃɪη hiə wi gɔu maibɔ:izwæi hwɛə fju:ə ski:əz rɔ:ə
SAMPA h{u d@ju EnvIZ@n fISIN hi@ wi gOu mAibOizw{i hwe@ fiu@ ski@z rO@
Voysspel© Haɯ d'yɯ envizh'n fishing hy' ? . Ɯy goɯ màyboyzɯay ɯhè' fyɯ' sky'z ro'
"Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet" developed by international expert committees for an increasing range of
3
languages using the American Standard Code for Information Interchange with the objective of a standard machine-readable
encoding of phonetic notation.
4
Voysspel© is therefore easier than most phonetic alphabets to write or to type
for accurate and more readily interpreted records of utterances
(either as heard or as intended to be delivered)4.
Habits of private speech that can be confusing or positively misleading in public
include elements of conversational vocabulary, composition and diction.
It is obvious to most speakers (or their speech-writers) that what they say is vital,
(ie that words and phrases must be suited to the subject and the occasion)
but too few speakers give enough attention to how they utter that vital substance.
Homely speech is rarely fitted for public performance just by raising the volume.
It is not what a speaker means to say but what hearers think they hear
that determines how various hearers respond to any public utterance.
Speakers need realistic assessments of the impressions their auditors are getting,
and self-assessment begins with some means of listening like a knowing auditor.
The Shaping of Sounds in the Mouth
To be sure that your hearers get the message you think you are delivering,
you must be sure that you are in fact making the sounds your message needs.
For that you must understand how your mouth shapes each sound.
The “vocal tract”
The “vocal tract” comprises throat, oral cavity (mouth) and nasal passages.
Much of the sound of speech is generated by large or small streams of breath
passing from the lungs and trachea (windpipe) into the throat
across vocal folds or cords in the narrow glottis above the larynx or voice-box.
Loudness is a function of the volume and speed of passing breath,
and pitch is largely determined by the tension of the vocal folds.
If some of the resulting sound consciously or otherwise escapes through the nose,
its resonance, otherwise determined in the throat and mouth, will also be affected.
However, most vocal sounds are articulated and distinguished (shaped, for short)
by effects of the movements of jaw, tongue and lips on issuing breath-streams5.
Put most simply, they are made in the mouth.
FROM HERE ON, Voysspel © STANDARD INDICATORS (VSI)
WILL BE USED IN THE TEXT IN A BOLD ITALIC FONT (eg boɯld).
MOST INDICATORS WILL BE INTRODUCED IN THE TEXT BUT
THE TABLE AT THE END CONSOLIDATES REFERENCES
TO KEY-WORDS AND NOTES.
4 The few Voysspel Standard Indicators (VSI) that are not directly represented on a standard western keyboard can readily be
allotted “smartkeys” in most word-processing programs.
5 Posture and breathing are also important; see p 14.
5
Vowels
Vowels are commonly described as speech-sounds made with the vocal tract open.
For practical purpose related to speech-performance, a trio of benchmark vowels
can be defined by three extreme arrangements of tongue and lips.
ee y ɯ oo
é i u ó
e ù ˡ
è ʌ ò
a
o
à
aa
FIG 3: 18 ENGLISH VOWELS
6 although VSI can be inscribed in any legible font or style of handwriting, I find it helpful to use a rounded form for ɯ because
the appearance of u ɯ oo suggests sound-progression as in buk bɯt booz.
7 Voicing of consonants generally is discussed on p11.
8
Fig 3 shows all of these and two more arrayed in and around the polygon.
The very different order reflects the positions of the tongue-top and lips.
Acute accents on the new VSI é & ó suggest the sharp short sound that
chocolate-lovers will recognise from the French éclair and most Scots use in such
words as pay, they, fate and sleigh where other English-speakers commonly use
vowel-pairs such as ay & ey or ai & ei.
These vowel-pairs are called diphthongs.
Throughout Fig 3, precise positions of VSI will vary with local and personal habits.
For example, the o in cop and the ʌ in cup may be very like the à in carp.
In a polygon adjusted for such speech, o ʌ & à would be much closer together.
(Try prolonging kʌp to kʌ:p without switching to kàp ! )
Some speakers use a 19th vowel for words like good and book. Try pronouncing
these using something between ù and u , or even a coupled pair ùu that is not
commonly recognized as a diphthong.
Diphthongs
Linguists define Diphthongs as.
complex vowels that change direction between two elements in a single syllable.
Differences in the use of diphthongs distinguish many regional accents of English.
In words like folk, slope and snow, many Scots will say fók, slóp & snó
for Australian foɯk sloɯp & snoɯ and “Queen‟s English” feuk, sleup & sneu;
and where most Australians link a to y in fayt slay & pay f or fate sleigh & pay,
many English people slide from e to i in feit, slei and pei .
Centring or closing diphthongs glide from stronger vowels to a schwa. See Fig 4B
The three most common are yˡ as in beer here or raffia (byˡ hyˡ rafyˡ ),
ɯˡ as in tour lure & moor (tɯˡ lɯˡ mɯˡ ), and èˡ or eˡ as in yeah ere & air (yèˡ èˡ eˡ))
In English, the è sound is rarely heard except in diphthongs and the name Mary.
Fig 4A RISING DIPHTHONGS Fig 4B CENTRING DIPHTHONGS
ee y ɯ oo ee y ɯ oo
ayé ày
i aɯ u ó é i u ó
yˡ ɯˡ
yye ɯ e ù ˡ
ù ˡ oɯ
è àɯ ò è eˡ ʌ ò
ʌ
a a oˡ
o o
à à
aa aa
Triphthongs are vowels with two 2 internal changes of direction eg fewer higher
hire lower fyɯˡ hàyˡ hàyˡ loɯˡ Always ending in a centring schwa, are
frequently sounded as two syllables. (See also r-flavour, pp12-13)
In all complex vowels, the sound of each element must be distinctly pronounced.
Loss of the second element can turn a fight (fàyt) into something unwinnable,
and a missing schwa can make a gung-ho Shire (shàyˡ ) President seem timid!
Consonants
Except in the box on Page 3 comparing Voysspel© with other scripts,
examples of VSI for all consonant sounds used to this point
have been single characters from the familiar English alphabet.
Fifteen of these familiar characters serve their most common purpose
when Voysspel© uses bad fog huk laym nip sit rayv & zɯ
for bad fog hook lame nip sit rave &zoo;
and we have already met the two semi-vowels acting as consonants
in ɯig & yot for wig & yacht.
That leaves only c j q & x unused; we will meet them again shortly.
There are four very common and four less common consonant sounds,
for which IPA uses exotic single-character indicators: ʃ ɵ δ ŋ ʍ ʒ x & γ.
For each of these sounds, Voysspel© accepts digraphs (pairs of letters)
rather than obeying the traditional phoneticians‟ rule of one character per sound.
Here they are in the same order as the IPA characters listed above:
sh is the VSI for the sound in ship and rash.
If s & h appear side by side in their individual roles in words like mishap
they must be separated by a hyphen or space: so not mishap but mis-hap.
The same rule applies for Voysspel ‟s seven other single-sound digraphs:
th as in thin & both — thin & bowth ,
dh for the sound of th in these & weather — dheez & wedhˡ
ng as in thing & England — thing & Ingland or Inggland
ɯh as some say whether & which & whistle — ɯhedhˡ & ɯhitsh & ɯhisl
zh for the sound in seizure & leisure syzhyˡ or syzhˡ & lezhˡ
kh for the sound in Astrakhan, Scots loch & (surprisingly?) in Hugh & huge.
khàn loch Khyw & khywj
gh for the Greek gamma-sound in yoghurt, Arabic ghan, and perhaps aghast
yoghˡt ghàn & ˡghàst
To avoid confusion about these digraphs, the hyphen rule produces, for example:
hot-hàɯs on-goɯing red-hed kaɯ-hùd bak-handˡ & fog-hòn
for hothouse ongoing redhead cowherd backhander & foghorn
The hyphen rule is not needed for ch as Voysspel© does not use stand-alone c,
having k to use in cat and s in mice as kat & màys,
and ch is the intuitive choice for chips, chops, chit-chat and all the rest,
despite imports like Greek charisma (k‟rizma) and Italian cello (chelow).
11
In the Voysspel© rendering of huge above, the letter j appears as a VSI.
This is one of four “shorthand” indicators for common complex sounds,
listed here with their IPA equivalents:
ch = tsh (IPA tʃ) as in chùch & ich & fixchˡ for church & itch & fixture.
j = dzh (IPA dʒ) as in ej for edge; q = kw (IPA kw) as in baqˡd for backward, &
x = ks (IPA ks) as in extrˡ & stix for extra & sticks;
Formation of consonants
Consonants are shaped by the ways in which the flow of breath is interrupted,
and by whether or not the breath is “voiced” by the vibration of the vocal folds,
(whereas vowels are always formed in uninterrupted voiced breath).
Table 1 below shows consonants arranged by position and manner of formation.
In split columns, those on the left are unvoiced and those on the right are voiced.
Nasal consonants are produced when the oral cavity (mouth) is blocked —
for m by the lips, for n on the alveolar ridge behind the teeth,
or for ng by the tongue meeting the lowered velum (soft palate).
Plosives are the sounds of breath popping out after temporary stoppage.
Most are paired as unvoiced / voiced — bilabial p/b, alveolar t/d, & velar k/g;
but the glottal stop ! — is sensed as a silence,
occurring often unnoticed at the onset of an initial vowel,
or obviously before a syllabic consonant, as in the famous Cockney bottle (bo!l ).
Fricatives are frictional sounds of breath “scraping” through very narrow spaces.
Approximants result from voiced breath being forced around the tongue,
(sideways in the case of the lateral approximant l ).
POSITION ALVEOLAR POST- hard palate soft palate
LABIO- tongue on ALVEOLAR PALATAL VELAR
DENTAL DENTAL the ridge tongue tip on or near these GLOTTAL
MANNER BILABIAL lip+teet tongue behind top positions along the main roof at base
with 2 lips h on teeth teeth of the mouth of throat
NASAL m n n
PLOSIVE p b t d k gg !
FRICATIVE f v th dh s z sh z kh gh h
h
APPROXIMANT ɯh ɯ r y
LATERAL
APPROXIMANT l
TABLE 1 ENGLISH CONSONANTS BY LOCATION AND MANNER OF FORMATION
A valuable exercise in articulation is to read the sounds of all these VSI aloud
from left to right, column by column then row by row,
feeling both the place of formation moving back from lips towards throat,
and the vibration of the vocal folds switching unvoiced utterance to voiced.
12
The DTs
In an involuntarily transition common in quick Australian and US speech,
a normally unvoiced consonant between vowels may be voiced,
as when ts switch to ds, and a bit of better butter is heard as ˡbidˡbedˡbʌdˡ .
Stress
Vowels or syllables or whole words emphasised by volume or extension
are indicated by single or double underlining as in intˡfeerˡns or wot dhˡ hel
Consonant sounds reiterated or sustained for emphasis
are indicated by repetition of the VSI as in Voysspel© or midday ,
with rrr indicating a trill.
Syllabic consonants
Approximant and nasal consonants can occasionally be syllabic,
ie be sustained to form a syllable without a vowel,
in such words as idle (àydl), rhythm (ridhm ) and sometimes known (nown)
or by displacing a schwa in idol (àydl) bottom (botm) & nation (nayshn)
[But a schwa may sometimes reverse these processes
by intruding before the consonant in a normally unstressed syllable (eg àydˡl ; or
if such a syllable is stressed, instead of the consonant stretching (àydll )
the schwa can stretch from ˡ to ù so that, for example,
idle, bottom and nation might be heard as idùl, botùm & nayshùn.]
Rhotic speech, the intrusive r, r-flavouring, and the schwa.
In rhotic dialects, r is sounded both at word-ends and before consonants,
whereas in non-rhotic speech, the r is rarely sounded unless next to a vowel.
For example, a rhotic speaker speaks of a safer course as a ˡsayfˡrkòrs, while
I am identified as non-rhotic because although I habitually pronounce
the colour of paint as dhˡkʌlˡrovpaynt with an r-sound reflecting the spelling
I pronounce the colour blue as dhˡkʌlˡbloo with no r-sound despite the spelling.
NB We speak in strings of sound that do not necessarily recognise word-ends.
Regional and personal idioms deal variously with the letter r and the r-sound:
non-rhotic speakers frequently depart from their normal habit,
pronouncing a word-ending r when it is followed by a vowel,
as in my colour of paint example above.
I intend to have a good time Would you mind not doing that again?
Ài intend tw hav ˡ gud tàim Ɯujˡmàynnotdɯˡn dhadˡgen?
Ày intend tˡ hav ˡgudtàym Ɯud yɯ màynd not dɯing dhat agen?
~|Àyintentˡhavˡgudtàym| Ɯujɯmàynd not dɯing dhat agen?
NOW A COUPLE OF TONGUE-TWISTING CHALLENGES.
THIS TIME THE AIM IS TO SOUND EVERY SYLLABLE DISTINCTLY AND AS FAST AS POSSIBLE.
FIRST, DO THAT SEVERAL TIMES READING FROM ORDINARY TEXT:
THEN READ FROM THE Voysspel© SCRIPT, NOTING WHERE YOUR NATURAL PRONUNCIATION DIFFERS.
(THERE‟S NO SUGGESTION THAT YOU‟RE WRONG — JUST REMEMBER EVERYONE‟S A LITTLE DIFFERENT.)
HERE‟S ONE FROM THE KINDERGARTEN AND ONE FROM W.S.GILBERT
Pat a cake, pat a cake, baker‟s man; I know our mythic history, King Arthur's and Sir Caradoc's
bake me a cake as fast as you can! I answer hard acrostics, I've a pretty taste for paradox
Put it in the oven and mark it with “B” I quote in elegiacs all the crimes of Heliogabalus
And keep it till Tuesday for Baby and me. In conics I can floor peculiarities parabolous.
Patˡkeik patˡkeik beikˡz man Àynoɯàɯˡmithik-histˡry . KingÀthˡzanSùKaradox
Beik my a keik „z fast „z yw kan. Àyànsùhàdˡkrostix Àyvˡpritytaystfˡparadox
Put it in dhy ʌvˡn anˡ màk it with Bee Àyqótinelegayiks òldhˡkràymzˡvHeelyogabˡlus
anˡ keep it til Tyoozdy fò Bayby ˡnd my. Inkoniks àykanflòpˡkyɯliariteezpˡrabˡlus.
— FOR THE SEQUENCE REFER TO FIG 3 ON PAGE 8
NOW ALL THE VOWELS
Meany Mick made merry Mary marry Mark Marsden — Booze suits good old Paul from upper Perth.
Meeny mik méd mery Mèry mary Màk Maazdˡn - Booz swts gud óld Pòl from ʌpˡ Pùth
AND SOME CONSONANTS (TABLE 1, P 11) AND DIPHTHONGS (A, 4B, P9)
whip mop pub wham bomb web fin vine thin thine kneel teal deal seal zeal
gs 4 whip mop pʌb wham bom web fin vàyn thin dhàyn neel teel deel seel zeel
lash leisure royal sick sikh sing sag hag
lash lezhˡ royˡl sik sykh sing sag hag
How do you envision fishing here? We go my boy's way where fewer skiers roar.
Haɯ d'yɯ envizh'n fishing hy' ? . Ɯy goɯ màyboyzɯay ɯhè' fyɯ' sky'z ro'
16
THE TABLE OPPOSITE ILLUSTRATES THE BASIC SET OF VSI
WITH AT LEAST ONE KEYWORD AND THE IPA EQUIVALENT FOR EACH.
A MORE COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF VSI IN COLOUR AT A4 SIZE
IS ALSO AVAILABLE FROM VOYSBOX.
THIS SPACE ALLOWS FOR NOTES ON PERSONAL SUPPLEMENTS TO BASIC VSI AND
VOYSSPEL TRANSCRIPTIONS OF NOTEWORTHY EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH USAGE
FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES — TO INFORM, PERSUADE, ENTERTAIN OR INSPIRE
NOTE YOUR FAVOURITE SOURCES OF EXERCISES MINE IS THE VOICE BOOK BY MICHAEL MCCALLION
(FABER & FABER, 1988) WARNING: MOST WRITERS ON VOICE USE IPA NOTATIONS
FOR PHONETICS, AND MANY USE “RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION” (“QUEEN‟S ENGLISH”) AS STANDARD.
Basic VSI The Standard Indicators of Voysspel ©
for sounds of English
with a sometimes noticeable but never extreme Australian accent.
Equivalent IPA characters are shown where they differ from VSI