Am Transmission

AM Transmission
Dr. arnas Paulikas Telekomunikacij ininerijos katedra Elektronikos fakultetas, VGTU
Introduction
Information signals are transported between a transmitter and a receiver over some form of transmission medium. However, the original information signals are seldom in a form that is suitable for transmission. Therefore, they must be transformed from their original form into a form that is more suitable for transmission. The process of impressing low-frequency information signals onto a high-frequency carrier signal is called modulation. Demodulation is the reverse process where the received signals are transformed back to their original form.
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AM Principles
Amplitude modulation (AM) is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal (information). Amplitude modulation is a relatively inexpensive, low-quality form of modulation. AM modulators are nonlinear devices with two input signals: a single-frequency, constant-amplitude carrier signal and the information signal. Frequencies that are high enough to be efficiently radiated by an antenna and propagated through free space are commonly called radio frequencies or simply RF. The information acts on or modulates the RF carrier. The information signal may be a single frequency or a complex waveform made up of many frequencies.
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Communication Engineering
AM Envelope
There are several types of amplitude modulation. AM double-sideband full carrier (DSBFC) is probably the most commonly used. AM DSBFC is sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM.
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AM Envelope
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AM Envelope
Vc sin(2fct) - the carrier; Vm sin(2fmt) - the modulating signal; Vam (t)- the modulated wave. The output waveform contains all the frequencies that make up the AM signal and it is used to transport the information through the system. Therefore, the shape of the modulated wave is called the AM envelope. Note that with no modulating signal, the output waveform is simply the carrier signal.
AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth

An AM modulator is a nonlinear device. Therefore, nonlinear mixing occurs and the output envelope is a complex wave made up of a dc voltage, the carrier frequency, and the sum (fc + fm) and difference (fc - fm) frequencies (that is, the cross products). The sum and difference frequencies are displaced from the carrier frequency by an amount equal to the modulating signal frequency. Therefore, an AM signal spectrum contains frequency components spaced fm Hz on either side of the carrier. The modulated wave does not contain a frequency component that is equal to the modulating signal frequency. The effect of modulation is to translate the modulating signal in the frequency domain so that it is reflected symmetrically about the carrier frequency.
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AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
The bandwidth (B) of an AM DSBFC wave is equal to, B = 2 fm max.

Phasor Representation of an AM
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Coefficient and Percent of Modulation

Coefficient of modulation is a term that is used to describe the amount of amplitude change (modulation) present in an AM waveform. Percent modulation is simply the coefficient of modulation stated as a percentage.
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Em m= Ec
Em M= 100 Ec
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AM Voltage Distribution
An unmodulated carrier can be described mathematically as Therefore, the instantaneous amplitude of the modulated wave can be expressed as
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vc (t ) = Ec sin( 2f ct )
vam (t ) =
= [Ec + Em sin (2f mt )][sin (2f ct )] = [1 + m sin (2f mt )][Ec sin (2f ct )]
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AM Voltage Distribution
vam (t ) = Ec sin (2f ct ) mEm cos[2 ( f + f m )t ] 2 mEm + cos[2 ( f f m )t ] 2
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AM Power Distribution
The average power dissipated in a load by an unmodulated carrier is equal to the rms carrier voltage squared, divided by the load resistance: Mathematically, power in an unmodulated carrier is:
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Pc
2 ( 0.707 Ec ) =
E = c 2R
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The upper and lower sideband powers are expressed mathematically as: The total power in an amplitude-modulated wave is equal to the sum of the powers of the carrier, the upper sideband, and the lower sideband:
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Pusb = Plsb
2 ( mEc / 2 ) =
2R
m 2 Pc = 4
Pt = Pc + Pusb + Plsb
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Note that with 100% modulation the maximum power in the upper or lower sideband is equal to only one-fourth the power in the carrier. Thus, the maximum total sideband power is equal to one-half the carrier power. One of the most significant disadvantages of AM DSBFC transmission is the fact that the information is contained in the sidebands although most of the power is wasted in the carrier. Actually, the power in the carrier is not totally wasted because it does allow for the use of relatively simple, inexpensive demodulator circuits in the receiver, which is the predominant advantage of AM DSBFC.
AM Modulator Circuit
The location in a transmitter where modulation occurs determines whether the circuit is a lowor high-level transmitter. With low-level modulation, the modulation takes place, prior to the output element of the final stage of the transmitter, in other words, prior to the collector of the output transistor. An advantage of low-level modulation is that less modulating signal power is required to achieve a high percentage of modulation.
AM Modulator Circuit
In high-level modulators, the modulation takes place in the final element of the final stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude and, thus, requires a much higher amplitude modulating signal to achieve a reasonable percent modulation. With high-level modulation, the final modulating signal amplifier must supply all the sideband power, which could be as much as 33% of the total transmit power. An obvious disadvantage of low-level modulation is in high-power applications when all the amplifiers that follow the modulator stage must be linear amplifiers, which is extremely inefficient.
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Low-Level AM Modulator
A small signal class A amplifier can be used to perform amplitude modulation, however, the amplifier must have two inputs: one for the carrier signal and the second for the modulating signal. With no modulating signal present, the circuit operates as a linear class A amplifier and the output is simply the carrier amplified by the quiescent voltage gain. However, when a modulating signal is applied, the amplifier operates nonlinearly and signal multiplication occurs. The modulating signal varies the gain of the amplifier at a sinusoidal rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal. The depth of modulation achieved is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
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Medium-Power AM Modulator
The modulation takes place in the collector, which is the output element of the transistor. Therefore, if this is the final active stage of the transmitter (that is, there are no amplifiers between it and the antenna), it is a high-level modulator. To achieve high power efficiency, medium- and highpower AM modulators generally operate class C. Therefore, a practical efficiency of as high as 80% is possible. Because the transistor is biased class' C, it operates nonlinear and is capable of nonlinear mixing (modulation).
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Medium-Power AM Modulator
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More Practical Medium-Power AM
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More Practical Medium-Power AM
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Simultaneous Emitter and Collector Modulation

Collector modulators produce a more symmetrical envelope than low-power emitter modulators, and collector modulators are more power efficient. However, collector modulators require a higher amplitude-modulating signal, and they cannot achieve a full saturation-to-cutoff output voltage swing, thus, preventing 100% modulation from occurring. Therefore, to achieve symmetrical modulation, operate at maximum efficiency, develop a high output power, and require as little modulating signal drive power as possible, emitter and collector modulations are sometimes used simultaneously.
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High-Power AM
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High-Power AM
It is AM modulator that uses a combination of both emitter and collector modulations. The modulating signal is simultaneously fed into the collectors of the push-pull modulators (Q2 and Q3) and to the collector of the driver amplifier (Q1). Collector modulation occurs in Q1 thus, the carrier signal on the base of Q2 and Q3 has already been partially modulated and the modulating signal power can be reduced. Also, the modulators are not required to operate over their entire operating curve to achieve 100% modulation.
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AM Transmitters
According to modulators classification there are:
Low-Level Transmitters and High-Level Transmitters
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Low-Level Transmitters
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For voice or music transmission, the source of the modulating signal is generally an acoustical transducer, such as a microphone, a magnetic tape, a CD disk, or a phonograph record. The preamplifier is typically a sensitive, class A linear voltage amplifier with a high input impedance.
The function of the preamplifier is to raise the amplitude of the source signal to a usable level while producing minimum nonlinear distortion and adding as little thermal noise as possible.
The driver for the modulating signal is also a linear amplifier that simply amplifies the information signal to an adequate level to sufficiently drive the modulator.
More than one drive amplifier may be required.
The RF carrier oscillator can be any of the oscillator configurations discussed previously. Due to requirements on transmitter accuracy and stability the crystalcontrolled oscillators are the most common circuits used. The buffer amplifier is a low-gain, high-input impedance linear amplifier.
Its function is to isolate the oscillator from the high-power amplifiers. The buffer provides a relatively constant load to the oscillator, which helps to reduce the occurrence and magnitude of short-term frequency variations. Emitter followers or integrated-circuit op-amps are often used for the buffer.
The modulator can use either emitter or collector modulation.

The intermediate and final power amplifiers are either linear class A or class B push-pull. This is required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope.
The antenna coupling network matches the output impedance of the final power amplifier to the transmission line and antenna. Low-level transmitters are used predominantly for low-power, low-capacity systems such as wireless intercoms, remote-control units, pagers...
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High-Level Transmitters
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The modulating signal is processed in the same manner as in the low-level transmitter except for the addition of a power amplifier. With high-level transmitters, the power of the modulating signal must be considerably higher than is necessary with low-level transmitters. This is because the carrier is at full power at the point in the transmitter where modulation occurs and, consequently, requires a high-amplitude modulating signal to produce 100% modulation.
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The RF carrier oscillator, its associated buffer, and the carrier driver are also essentially the same circuits used in low-level transmitters. However, with high-level transmitters, the RF carrier undergoes additional power amplification prior to the modulator stage, and the final power amplifier is also the modulator. Consequently, the modulator is generally collector-modulated class C amplifier. With high-level transmitters, the modulator circuit has three primary functions
It provides the circuitry necessary for modulation to occur (that is, nonlinearity), it is the final power amplifier (class C for efficiency), and it is a frequency up-converter.
An up-converter simply translates the low-frequency intelligence signals to radio-frequency signals that can be efficiently radiated from an antenna and propagated through free space.
Carrier Shift
Carrier shift is a term that is often misunderstood or misinterpreted. Carrier shift is sometimes called upward or downward modulation and has absolutely nothing to do with the frequency of the carrier. Carrier shift is a form of amplitude distortion introduced when the positive and negative alternations in the AM modulated signal are not equal (that is, nonsymmetrical modulation). Carrier shift may be either positive or negative.
If the positive alternation of the modulated signal has a larger amplitude than the negative alternation, positive carrier shift results. If the negative alternation is larger than the positive, negative carrier shift occurs.
Carrier shift is an indication of the average voltage of an AM modulated signal.

If the positive and negative halves of the modulated signal are equal, the average voltage is 0 V. If the positive half is larger, the average voltage is positive, and if the negative half is larger, the average voltage is negative.
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Carrier Shift
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Am Transmission

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Am Transmission

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AM Transmission

Dr. arnas Paulikas Telekomunikacij ininerijos katedra Elektronikos fakultetas, VGTU

AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth

AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth

The bandwidth (B) of an AM DSBFC wave is equal to, B = 2 fm max.

Coefficient and Percent of Modulation

Coefficient and Percent of Modulation

Coefficient and Percent of Modulation

More Practical Medium-Power AM

More Practical Medium-Power AM

Simultaneous Emitter and Collector Modulation

The modulator can use either emitter or collector modulation.

Carrier shift is an indication of the average voltage of an AM modulated signal.

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