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Albrecht Kaupp
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http://www.4shared.com/rar/AI7GfSyT/packed_bed_columns_for_absorpt.html
Steam
Issue
Steam is a widely used secondary energy source in industrial production. Its generation requires considerably fuel energy.
Learning Objectives
Understanding the nature of steam Knowing how to calculate steam properties Estimating inaccuracies in steam calculation Identifying opportunities to reduce specific energy costs for steam generation Appreciating the complexity of steam properties as applied to energy conservation
Steam
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Steam
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Saturated steam = Steam at the pressure corresponding to its saturation temperature Superheated steam = Steam at a higher temperature than its saturation temperature weight of vapor in a performed any of industrial purposes Steam quality = The percent of
steam and water mixture Life steam = Steam which has not
the work for which it was generated Process steam = Steam used for
other than for producing power or for space heating the pressure Saturated water = Liquid water at
corresponding to its saturation temperature Explaining the different types of steam imagine the boiler drum is at 10 bar (absolute), which corresponds to a saturation temperature of 179.88 oC. The steam generated in the drum will leave the boiler through the steam dome as saturated steam. However because not only steam but as well entrained moisture in the steam will leave the boiler, we rarely have dry steam, but rather wet steam leaving the steam dome. The steam is life steam because it has so far not been used. In case the steam is used for drying purposes, we would also call it process steam. In case the steam is used for power generation it is usually not sufficient to generate saturated steam. Rather the saturated and wet steam is further heated to become superheated steam. Superheated steam is usually dry steam with no entrained moisture.
Steam
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steam or released as saturated steam through a steam scrubber, a series of screens, wires, or plates to remove the entrained moisture. The final product may be steam that closely resembles dry steam. It is important to have some idea whether the steam is very wet, dry or superheated. The two most common measurement devices, an orfice plate or turbine flow meter measure only the dry steam fraction (= gas phase) and will not detect any moisture (liquid water droplets) in the steam. Most reliable measurements are achieved with superheated dry steam.
4. Steam properties
Dry steam is like a gas, and is invisible. Consequently the ideal gas law applies to a certain extend. The state of steam is therefore fully described by its pressure and temperature. In the case of saturated steam we only need to know either the temperature or the pressure to calculate other important parameters such as the energy content of the steam (= enthalpy) and its specific volume. In the case of superheated steam we need to know the steam temperature and pressure to calculate the enthalpy and the specific volume. Equations to calculate precisely the physical properties of steam are very complicated and most practitioners either use the International Steam Tables or appropriate software. We use the TAFTAN steam calculator software (e-mail 100131.2557@compuserve.com) Three handy equations for saturated steam are Tsat = 100 ( Psat ) T Psat = sat 100 v =
4 0.25
in oC in bar
(1) (2)
1 / 2 + 0.1
in m3/kg
(3)
Accuracy is about 2 % and therefore sufficient for our applications. However, do not use these equations for superheated steam.
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temperature at a given boiler drum pressure. The energy needed for this stage equals hf.
Stage 2: At the saturation temperature more energy is needed to
temperatures above the saturation temperature and becomes superheated steam. The energy input equals hSH. Consequently the energy content of steam hg equals hg = hf + hfg + hSH Moreover hg = hf + hfg hg = hf + hfg + hSH
for saturated steam for superheated steam in kJ/kg
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Steam
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Steam
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EXERCISES
Exercises will deepen the understanding of steam properties, and familiarize with the use of an electronic steam table calculator.
Task 1
An interesting point is the split up of the total enthalpy between the two stages of generating saturated steam. Consider saturated steam at different pressures. Complete the table. bar 1 50 100 220 hf (kJ/kg) and % 417.51 16.6 % % % hfg (kJ/kg) and % 2,257.92 hg (kJ/kg) 100 100 100 100
84.4 2,675.43 % % %
Task 2
One cubic meter of saturated water at 50 bar is converted to steam. How many cubic meters of steam are generated?
Hint: Use equation (3) to calculate the steam volume, and assume one cubic meter of water at 50 bar weighs 775 kg at the saturation temperature of 263.91 oC. Compare the results with the electronic steam calculator.
Approximate value
_________ m3
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Task 3
In a simplified way the German DIN 1942 norm defines the boiler efficiency as Adsorbed heat = Energy input of fuel and air The adsorbed heat is the heat added to the steam water-circuit and is defined as (steam flow) (steam enthalpy - feedwater enthalpy) + (blowdown flow) (blowdown enthalpy - feedwater enthalpy) The major energy input is fuel and combustion air. The complete equation accounts as well for other energy inputs such as power of electrical motors associated with a boiler operation and fuel benefication. As an exercise in using steam tables, calculate the adsorbed heat for one ton of saturated steam output (10 bar) at 10 % blowdown, and feedwater temperature of 90 oC.
Steps Results
Saturated steam enthalpy at 10 bar (MJ/ton) Blowdown (ton) Blowdown enthalpy (MJ) Feedwater enthalpy (MJ) Adsorbed heat (MJ)
Task 4
One of the better electronic steam tables in terms of looks, accuracy and ease of handling is from TAFTAN. Before one can use the steam calculator, it is necessary to explain the term quality or wetness of steam. The quality, x, of steam is the fraction of dry steam in a steam-water mixture. Consequently the wetness, 1 - x, is the amount of water
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vapor in a steam-water mixture. If steam is totally dry we have x = 1. If all steam has condensed to water we have x = 0. Calculate the following: The saturation temperature of steam at 1 bar equals The saturation temperature of steam at 1.0138 bar equals Superheated steam at 10 bar and 350 oC has an enthalpy of Liquid feedwater at 25 bar and 120 oC has an enthalpy of Calculate the saturation pressure of steam at 350 C. The heat of evaporation of saturated steam at 35 bar equals Saturated steam at 17 bar losses some of its energy. The quality drops to 0.9. - The temperature of saturated steam at x = 1 is - The temperature of saturated steam at x = 0.9 is
__________ oC __________ oC ________ kJ/kg ________ kJ/kg __________ bar _________ kJ/kg
__________ oC __________ oC
Test the nature of the fluid and decide whether it is liquid water, saturated water, saturated steam, dry steam, superheated steam, or wet steam. - 10 bar and 140 oC - 10 bar and 300 oC - 10 bar and 179.88 oC - 10 bar and 2,172.1 kJ/kg ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________
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________________________ ________________________
Task 5
As a practicing engineer one deals with almost all combinations of input data for steam and has to calculate other relevant steam data. Steam properties temperature (T), pressure (P), enthalpy (h), entropy (s), quality (x), and specific volume (v) are the outputs and inputs one should be familiar with. A list of functional relations: h(T,x) s(T,x) v(T,x) h(P,T) s(P,T) v(P,T) x(P,h) T(P,s), h(P,s) h(P,v) s(P,v) x(P,v)
In practical field work one is interested in solving the following: Superheated steam of 30 bar at 420 oC losses 3 % of its energy in the steam distribution system. What is the new steam temperature? Can you solve this problem with the steam calculator? Which one of the above functional relations would apply to this problem? The functional relation is The new steam temperature is ___________________ _________________ oC
Saturated steam of 30 bar at 420 oC losses 3 % of its energy in a steam distribution system. The new steam temperature equals ____ oC. Superheated steam at 30 bar and 420 oC lost 1 bar in the steam distribution system. The temperature changes to ______ oC The specific volume changes from _____ m3/kg to ____ m3/kg The enthalpy changes from ______ kJ/kg to _____ kJ/kg
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Which steam parameter must be constant? Does this exercise make sense?