Article.........................................................................................................................Page # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry..................................................................4-5 Lincolns Election....................................................................................................6 The Secession of South Carolina.............................................................................

7 Fort Sumters Attack..........................................................................................8-11 The 1st Battle of Bull Run......................................................................................12 The Battle of Antietam...........................................................................................13 The Emancipation Proclamation............................................................................15 The Battle of Gettysburg........................................................................................16 The Battle of Vicksburg.........................................................................................17 Lincolns Reelection..............................................................................................19 Shermans March to the Sea & the Battle of Atlanta.............................................20 Major Events of April 1865...................................................................................21

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Cover photo designed by Paula Quach and edited by Ryan Villena. Magazine typeset by Paula Quach. Magazine edited and formatted by Ryan Villena. Advertisements included courtesy of Tina Huang and Jenny Wong. Articles and pictures for 1, 2, and 3 written and obtained by Jenny Wong. Articles and pictures for 4, 5, and 6 written and obtained by Paula Quach. Articles and pictures for 7, 8, and 9 written and obtained by Tina Huang. Articles and pictures for 10, 11, and 12 written and obtained by Ryan Villena. Table of Contents organized by Tina Huang and set by Ryan Villena. Bibliography compiled by Jenny Wong. Printed by Ryan Villena. Copyright Kay Corporation. Due June 27, 2012. | State of America

Printed June 27, 2012.

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CAUSES

Brother versus Brother

::: REACTIONS ::: BUILDUPS

John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry

-Perspective from a Southern Slaveholder
through an October 20, 1859 entry: 345 words
John Brown was who expressed his opposition of slavery As the am South, a I of slaveholder in terribly with violence. During his early ages, his father strongly opposed slavery, which affected John Browns beliefs on slavery. 16, 1859, he led a On October of his group an abolitionist his frustration in following passage as a response John raid: to Browns the

horrified

this raid that a man named John Brown had led. I am very fortunate to see that the Virginia court had sentenced him to death. imagine family. If he had a larger amount of what would happen to my slaves and his violence continued, I cant My two sons and my wife, I

supporters to his farmhouse route to Harpers Ferry to seize the federal arsenal but unfortunately failed. His plan was to obtain weapons and give them to slaves for encouragement and to riot against Southern slaveholders in the South, which had frightened slaveholders. An angry Southern slaveholder expresses angered

would not be able to support them without my slaves. Even though I do not treat them the way I should treat a human being, I depend on them. whole family depends on them. My Ive

worked so hard, shed blood and tears on

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the farm alone to raise barely enough to purchase a few slaves while my dear wife was in labor with twins. I cant bear to see my slaves to riot against me. It is already worse enough to accept the fact that the government has the possibility of banning slavery. They are the support of my family, the base of my family. The idea of my slaves who would use Since But I weapons frightens me to death. do anything to hurt my family.

the courage to arm my family.

I have

never asked for much, just a loving family, my slaves being the support of the family, and have enough to raise them.

Brother vs. Brother

Ive treated them so harshly, they would have never truly meant to treat them like this, but if I dont, they would have

CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA Deo Duce Vincemus Are you ready to take a stand for our rights? These are our livelihoods. The Union demands us to give up the ones who help us earn money to survive. They would rather they get fat and rich while we suffer in vain. And they call us their brothers. Take a stand. Make your choice.
A drawing of John Brown madman, martyr, or hero?

Are you with us? Join Now May 1865 | 7

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Brother vs. Brother words Lincolns Election of324 1860

-Perspective from a Northern Factory Worker through a November 18, 1860 entry:
IN JUNE OF 1860, the Democrats have chosen Stephen A. Douglas as a candidate to run for president. were Realizing there of standing for no chances Abraham

against them, the Republicans pleaded help. Lincoln They acknowledged that

Lincoln had a national reputation and his beliefs were the same as the Republicans. this would They thought many reinforce

reforms that would be in favor of antislavery, the Republicans goal, banning slavery. In the following, a Northern factory worker expresses her perspective for Lincolns victory in the campaign: As a factory worker, there is not much to ask for. Just maintain this job in this dreadful factory. Ive lost my husband and kids along the way here, and Ive left my whole life back in Europe. not This job is all I have. barely enough to The The wages this factory gives is much, support myself, and it is not better than farming at all. machines are dangerous; each day I have the anxiety of going to work losing a finger or two. Worst of all, these companies do not have insurance if accidents happen. My hopes had all faded by the first few weeks of working.

However, when Lincoln had won the campaign for presidency over Stephen Douglas, my hopes had come back for once. President Lincoln had

This job represented the North, and hopefully, he remains true to his beliefs. And hopefully he would be is all I to protect the workers and give rights to us. have... able This man is my only hope, he doesnt seem like My the person who would abuse his powers like the hopes other presidents Ive heard about from my ten had all other roommates in our dark, crowded, and unsanitary small room. Our conditions at the faded. faded. factory are worse enough, but if I had realized
even where I lived would be as harsh as this, I would never have had taken the chance to escape here. But hopefully... President Lincoln can change this. All of this.

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-Perspective from Abraham Lincoln

The Secession of South

Brother vs. Brother

through a December 20, 1860 entry:

327 words
I would have never thought it would be this difficult and this the quickly,

secession was much unexpected. As much as I want to abolish slavery more main nation. Carolina is and social goal is make and to

economic reforms, my maintain the unified South too

THE SECESSION of South Carolina happened just after Lincolns repulsive by assuming victory of the campaign. As Lincoln won the campaign, Southerners things too quickly. By viewed Lincoln as a threat because of his beliefs and the fact that he seceding, they have contributed to the represented the North. They believed that Lincoln would Civil War. The South completely wipe out slavery and However, the secession had led other became the reform their social lives, causing states to follow the footsteps of South Carolina, which had frustrated me Confederates and the them to secede from the Union. remained deeply. A strong nation would have to Union have every state and territory united. themselves. The Civil had many But I have realized there is more work war Abraham Lincoln expresses his to be done. When I succeeded in victories and defeats thoughts of the secession of South winning the campaign against Stephen but in the end, the Carolina in the following: surrendered Douglas, I have never expected myself South After winning the campaign, as to abolish slavery completely. Even because the North president, my first priority is to though slavery is morally wrong, I cornered them at keep the Union together. But would not want to risk any possibilities Appomattox suddenly, South Carolina to disunite the Union. The only reason Courthouse, which immediately seceded. By winning I ran for the campaign was because of resulted with the the campaign, I thought it would my confidence in uniting the nation South coming back in be simple to unite the nation by successfully. making small reforms in the the Union.
society.

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The Civil War: Extended

Starting Shots Battles Major Events

Sparking the Fuse Fort Sumter (573 words)

APRIL 1861 EARLY THIS MONTH, rising tensions between the Union and the new Confederacy would become violent over one of the few forts in the South left in Union hands. Fort Sumter, positioned in the middle of the focal trade harbor, Charleston Bay, was a sore thumb a Union fort in the middle of Confederate lands. Despite various attempts at diplomacy, the Confederacy finally turned violent over our presence at that fort and Sumter was put under siege. The following is a snippet of a soldier named Private OMalleys journal regarding the important first 33 hours of the war.

Major Robert Anderson 12 | State of America

Starting Shots

I cannot hear much aside from my ears ringing from the explosions that have started up. They echo through the fort with each explosion and blow. It is not a real battle because most of us just sit and wait, with only a few shots for every hundred of theirs to try to Journal April 12, 1861 ammunition. conserve our With only a few shots able to Our Commander, Major Robert and a fort surely to run out of supplies by the 15th even Anderson, is most troubled. I cannot with strict rations. We had spent our days gnawing on the be fired, of us are left to blame him. The ultimatum has usual hardtack and jerky. I tried not to mind, but still my try to put out fires that have been sent by the rebelling states body called for food as I lay in bed or drilled. And our sprung The rainThree of shells now the up. Confederacy. number of meals are surely decreasing and I do not know emissaries had been sent meet are constant andto I find how it we will withstand an assault by the Confeds. with the Commander, one of which difficult to hear anything in I recognized as a past senator, this mess. James Chestnut, Jr. They
demanded our surrender.

The smoke is thickening and Major Anderson stood his ground. choking so in. much. I my cannot We would not give But I hold UNITED STATES So in our beds or try to find something doubts, like many of my any fellows on continue writing longer. I now we lay tensely to distract ourselves quietly. OF Myself, for example, write in this decision. We help are my a fort must go and fellows this little companion of AMERICA mine to let go of my thoughts. It is surrounded by the Confederates, a resist the I may add still early morning, but I am sure that most of us in the fort fort only at part barrage. of our full capacity are wide-awake ever since the talks at some time I (we haveto been working try on... to more this entry to later
install more guns and complete all construction)

We are surrounded by the enemy.

Union and estimate to be 0300. And so we Liberty wait.

We are surrendering. It is the second day and we cannot hold out any longer. The barracks are burning and we are all tired and hungry. We must raise the white flag for we cannot hold out any longer.
.................................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................................................

This is a free country not just for us, but for our brothers. They are beaten, destroyed, and tortured. Dont let this continue. Fight for your country Your brothers
Starting Shots True liberty and freedom

The Union Join Now May 1865 | 13

Statistics gained have noted that not one life was lost during this entire exchange. However, President Lincoln is now calling

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Starting Shots

July 1861 By Han U. P.

The First Manassas/Battle of Bull Run

(460 Words)

UNION DEFEATED!!! In a shocking turn of events, a battle held in the 21st of this month, the Confederate states have proven to the Union that winning this war wont be easy for them. This war between the new Confederacy and the Union this Civil War has been going on for a few months and many a previous skirmish has been won by the Union. In fact, civilians of all types from the North came to watch the battle to see, as one bystander said, The US put down this rebellion in this one final, glorious victory. In the early morning, the Union struck first at our troops waiting near Manassas Junction, Virginia, which is by the Union capital. The Union was led by General McDowell and did, in fact, seem to be beating us back. His troops pushed our own and under the command of General Beauregard, both sides traded blows for dominance.

From there, the new Confederate States of America truly showed that they are not to be trifled with. They routed the Union and sent them scurrying back in an unorganized rabble.

In that battle, one man showed himself to be determined and powerful in the face of defeat: Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson held out against the attacks long enough for reinforcements under General Johnston. From there, the new Confederate States of America truly showed that they are not to be trifled with. They routed the Union and sent them scurrying back in an unorganized rabble. A common contributor to this magazine, Infantry Sergeant OMalley, a soldier in the battle wrote to us the events of the battle. Even as a Union soldier, he still feels a kinship to his home states fellow slave states and his story shows best the events of this battle. We fought hard, he recalls. I thought we were close to winning and we could bring an end to this whole mess... There was one point an important one at the [Henry House] hill that was being held fast though. We needed

to capture that point. But just when we thought they were at their breaking point, they sent a fresh wave of troops. We were horrified: they had gotten reinforcements. They screamed a rebel yell and broke our ranks. At first retreat was semiorderly but soon, we were running away in a crazy mess. I was so tired from the constant fighting I could barely move my feet let alone run, but somehow I managed. The Confeds didnt follow. Currently, discussions between President Davis and the generals are firing up about why the troops did not take advantage of the Union loss to follow up but nothing seems to have been decided. On the Union side of things, there are rumors that Mr. Lincoln has removed McDowell and instated him with George B. McClellan. Only time will tell how that will effect us.
For more by Han U.P., telegraph us or send us a request through mail!

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Starting Shots

The Darkest Day(322 Words)

September 1862 THE BLOODIEST BATTLE of this entire war so far occurred just recently. It was just in one day and brought the death upon death, injury upon injury. It was: the Battle of Antietam (Confeds call it the Battle of Sharpsburg). September 17, 1862 will be forever marked on our minds and history. However, to many citizens, it doesnt feel like it. This was a loss for all sides. Fathers, brothers, family are now lost to us forever in this war against ourselves. It is a loss that solidifies our realization that this must end. This war has been going on too long.

President Lincolns response was heard throughout the states in his issue of the Emancipation Proclamation on the It began with General Lee of the Confederacy 22nd. We are now truly fighting for freedom. deciding to change up his strategy. Major OMalley, a frequent correspondent with this magazine gives a little insight onto the reasons of such an audacious action: General Lees move was actually quite strategic if you look at it. The results turned out wrong, very wrong, but if it had gone right the rewards would have been absolutely worth it. For a win would have done several things: it wouldve won European recognition as a separate country; the Confederate troops could leech off our own farms during the harvest season, which would spare their own country the problem of feeding everything; and it couldve forced President Lincoln to work for a peaceful resolution and end the war. Only... the battle didnt end quite that smoothly for either side. Neither side could break the other despite several assaults. In the end, there are a reported over 23,000 casualties for both sides. Since neither side could break the other, Lee was forced to retreat due to exhaustion. Since his main goal went unachieved, it is now counted as a technical victory for the Union.

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Delicious Burgers: Its the Best AmericanStyle Food!

May 1865 | 17

--- The Civil War: Extended --Battles

(444 Words) My English was not proper because I had lack of education. I began to understand English when Master Patrick yelled at me and beat me up. This day is a moment to write down my excitements. It is a big day for my race. Today, September 22, 1862, is the day that President Lincoln announced and declared our independence through the speech of Emancipation Proclamation. From now on, I am finally considered to be free in America, not just in the North, but in the South as well. African Americans, my race has fought in the Revolutionary War for years, trying to fight for my freedom by helping the Americans. Many of us are willing to risk our lives for our freedom. But after the war ended, Southerners, unjust slaveholders never gave us our freedom! They betrayed us! They ruled upon us using those evil punishments and continued to tortured us, starved us, and made us work day and night. Those of my friends, planned to run away. They heard that the Underground Trail can lead us to different world, a world with freedom and liberty up in the North. Over there, we can be free forever and away from control. We planned and escaped at night with the help of our friends in the North. We have sung songs to memorize our routes on our way there. We had We are definitely short on supplies, especially on shoes. The men fought for their lives and we must get them better supplies to prevent injuries! Hopefully this invasion will be successful and the other front at Vicksburg can survive through the siege, led by the John Pemberton. If we can gain control of Gettysburg, we will 18 | State of America

from Unik, an escaped slave from the 15South people at the very beginning. Some died
from the crocodile in swamps. Crok and I survived in this journey. It was really dangerous and risky. I do not want my race to take the risks; the government should do something for us, ensure our rights and freedom! The Union has heard us and raged the Civil War. Although our country is at war, but I will fight for our friends in the South to share our freedom! The victory at Antietam is a turning point for all of us. I saw lights in our future and for our latter generations. Now that President Lincoln has declared freeing all enslaved persons, our friends in the South dont have to risks their lives to go to the North anymore. We can be free anywhere if we won this war. So our friends: we must win! We have to help those of us who are still suffering and beat up to death. This is the only hope to save our friends in the southern region. Hopefully through the Lincolns speech we can receive more support from the European liberals and the British will not help the Confederacy to break our naval blockade. Friends! Battles Continue to fight for our freedom, for the better good of our community!

(395 Words) Reports have given that there is a Union town and they have cavalry and shoes. Men and I have crossed the Potomac River, heading for this town, Gettysburg of Pennsylvania. have a greater advantage against the Confederate forces. Men! If we win this battle, this will be our turning point. Invasion of the North will give us

more control of land use and roads. We will charge through the city with our

friends in the West and South. We shall defeat the Union together!

-from General Robert E. Lee (Battle of Gettysburg, officially started on July 1, 1863)
This Battle of Gettysburg lasted for three days. Surprisingly, General George E. Pickett and General A.P. Hill have attack. They had better weapons, guns and cannons that shot our men. Men were shot, thousands of them died bravely! I figured that the Union is so better than our tactic. Although, we had a great casualty compared to the other battles in the Civil War, the Confederate suffered a higher number of injuries and death. They were three times more than ours. They have sacrifice men to win this battle. I had failed to win this battle for my men, my country. It was my fault; it is I who have lost this fight. This is a turning point for the North. We can no longer receive supports from the Europeans and recognize internationally, the Confederates, as an independent. However, we shall fight until we can no longer fight! We must protect our belief and land. Without slavery, our nation will not last. The nation will fall into economic crisis. So men, we will continue to fight until we see hope! [The battle of Vicksburg had high casualties. The United States Colored Troops was established and they fought in this war, Battles proving that they are not just troubled, but they are brave soldiers. This is known as the Picketts Charge and dialogues were actually from Lee.]

-from General Ulysses S. Grant, head of the Union army

After President Lincoln has received my letter to rage a way with Confederates in Vicksburg, President Lincoln had responded, [...] what a lot of land these fellows hold, of which Vicksburg is the key! The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket.... We can take all the northern ports of the Confederacy, and they can defy us from

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Vicksburg." I launched a full scale attack on the Confederate at the city of Vicksburg. The control of the Mississippi River is the key to victory of this war. If we, the Union, can gain control of this river, we will have an advantage. The Mississippi River is the last major stronghold of the Confederates. If my men and I gained the control of this river, we can break up the South and the West connection. Today the Union has sent me a notification

that the British is willing to support the South if they have won a major battle. The Europeans can potentially recognize the dependence of Confederate government. Vicksburg determines if South will be aid by the Europeans. Men, we must win this battle and this will be our turning point! We must fight until General Pemberto surrender!

-from General Ulysses S. Grant, head of the Union army

Today is the celebration of our blood and tears, a victory at Vicksburg. General John Pemberton, head of the Confederate Army, finally surrendered after 47 Siege Days. We didnt want to put the city under siege, but attacks inflicted too much casualties. People in the city have been starved for days after we cut off all supplies from importation. War is inevitable and bloody. But the victory at Vicksburg will be our hope and it will break and lower the morale of Confederates! Without a doubt, the British, the Europeans, will not reinforce and support the Confederates further more. Without this last stronghold, the Confederates will not be able to travel and trade. We, Union, will protect this land from regaining this boundary. Confederates will not be the same. The power is greatly weaken. Men, this is our turning point. The fall of the Confederates and the end of this war shall come soon!

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--- The Civil War: Extended --Major Events

The Gettysburg Address

December 1, 1863 Word Count: 391 Two important things happened today, yessir. First: I got me a translator* so this entry can be typed. Im learnin how to read, but I still got to learn how to write, yessir, and thatll take a while since I have what the fine nurses said was a speech and learning impediment, yessir. In other news, today, Lincoln delivered a speech at Gettysburg, yessir. It was a real fine speech, yessir. No one could hear it, o course, because he had none of these fancy megaphone-cone devices, nosir, but still I caught a few words. Erm Oh, Four score and seven years ago. And then I had to fart, so I concentrated on that for a while. Then the fart kinda disappeared up my rear end, which made me feel sick, so I only had time to catch the words the world will little note, nor long remember before I ducked outta there, yessir.

-from GeneralEnd. Robert E. Lee, the head of Confederates (Battle of Gettysburg)

Bill Freedman, 1863 *From the Translator: Im hating this black Negro. I still cant believe slaverys been outlawed. Damned blacks Hmph. He were my slave, Id whip him for every time a breath went in and outta his goddamned mouth. Well, okay, I maybe did put in the part about farting to humiliate him. Hmph. I do know I shouldnt have done that. Know why? Because it doesnt take a fancy insult to make a black look like a total ass. I hate this man so much. He really didnt pay attention to the speech at all; it was a speech that both Northerners and Southerners could enjoy and relate to without disagreement. It was also only two minutes long, whereas the gentleman before him took something like two hours. Christ, it was a relief for us all when Lincolns address took such a short time. Now, Im no historian, but I do say that this was a speech that put into perspective the struggles between North and South, and it was a damned good speech. Not that itll have much significance later, when all this war stuff is over. Nope, there was no applause at the ending or coverage by the local newspapers in the weeks since its happened. I predict nothing to come out of this speech. John Cloon, Southern immigrant to North, 1863.

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Major Events

Shermans March to the Sea & Battle of Atlanta

Word Count: 304 December 22, 1865

Birchwood News brings you, the people of the newly formed Confederate States of America, this special news report. General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Northern forces has just declared his terrifying March to the Sea over. It was perhaps the first display of what todays war experts are calling total war, or the destruction of everything, not purely an opposing army, for war purposes.
During the March, Sherman reportedly ordered his men to burn anything useful to our army to the ground, and our messengers have just given us some surprising and terrifying statistics. Shermans March has incurred about $100 million in damages, burning and destroying about $80 million in property and only stealing $20 million for his own division. 5000 horses, 4000 mules, 13,000 head of cattle, 9.5 million pounds of corn and a whopping 10.5 million pounds of fodder have been either stolen or destroyed, and 10,000 slaves have been killed of causes such as hunger, disease, or exposure. Obviously, this is terrifying news for anyone in the South. No one knows whether Sherman will strike again, return to the north, or continue occupying Atlanta, which they have also seized. This puts all Southerners at unease, given Shermans unpredictability; again, no campaign like this has ever been witnessed in history, especially given Shermans circumstances; spies indicate hes been without reliable or fast communication to Northern headquarters.

Shermans March to the Sea and the horrors it brought.

This is an unprecedented move in history, and we, the people of the Confederacy, are the first victims of this maneuver. Though we already possess magnificent generals like the great Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, it is clear that the South is in desperate need of a miracle if campaigns like Shermans March keep pounding our newly founded nation.

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Major Events

Major events of April 1865

Word Count: 305 April 30, 1865 Hyuck, hyuck. It took two years of convincin, but I finally got this darned translator to start writing for me again, yessir. Hed run away after the first journal entry, but, uh, hyuck, hes back now. This months been both a disaster and a miracle, yessir. I did hear that the darned General E. Lee had finally been cornered sometime this month, hyuck, and did surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse, yessir. That was the 7th, right, Johnny? Yep, that was the 7th. I hear it was pretty nifty, yessir. Oh, and then a week later, something else happened it couldnt have been very big news, or I would have known about it hmm. Well, I dont know what did, but I guess it was one of those interesting sideshows they show ya on the news, hyuck hyuck. Like an affair or whatever, little stupid gossip like that, hyuck hyuck. Nope, nevermind, April 14, 1865 had no real importance whatsoever. With that, Ill be signing off, yessir. Night, Johnny.

From the Translator: Really, if Id been less happy I would already have chopped this damned Negros head off by now. Hes such an ass, really. Even though I am pretty ticked that we lost the war, we at least got Lincoln, heheheh thats the gossip the guy was tellin about, yup. Yeah. Actor by the name of John Wilkes Booth shot im right in the head April 14, even though the damned wars already finished Well, at least our South enjoys one victory, no? Southernersll probably be partying everywhere in the next month, despite the war hell, its been two weeks; Ill bet peopleve already been partying! Id better join them avenge the South in its mission to preserve the traditional ways of slavery.

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Paula Quach Tina Huang Jenny Wong Ryan Villena Works Cited Abraham Lincoln and Secession. Abraham Lincolns Classroom. Lincoln Institute, n.d. Web. 22 June 2012. <http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/library/newsletter.asp? ID=140&CRLI=197>. Appleby, Joyce, et al. The American Vision: Modern Times. Ohio: Time Inc., 2006. Print. Appleby, Joyce Oldham., Alan Brinkley, and Albert Broussard. The American Vision: Modern times. New York, NY: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. Battle of Gettysburg. Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://it.coe.uga.edu/~lrieber/civil_war/gettysburg.html>. Carnage at Antietam, 1862. Eyewitness to History. Ibis Communications, n.d. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/antiet.htm>. Catton, Pp. 415-16. Causes of the War Between the States - A Southern Perspective. Georgias Blue and Grey Trail Presents Americas Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://blueandgraytrail.com/features/southerncauses.html>. Eisert, Kevin. Secession Crisis. Civil War Heritage Ring. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://civilwar.bluegrass.net/secessioncrisis/601220.html>. Election of Lincoln. eHistory Archive. OSU Department of History, 2012. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/articles/articleview.cfm?aid=32>. Fergerstrom, Blaine. Assault on Vicksburg. The American Civil War. N.p., 5 May 2003. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://kms.kapalama.ksbe.edu/projects/2002/civilwar/battle20/historian.html>.

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First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas). History. A&E Television Networks, 2012. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-first-bull-run>. Fort Sumter (1861). eHistory. eHistory, 2012. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://ehistory.osu.edu/uscw/battleview.cfm?bid=18>. "The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln." The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm>. "Gettysburg Address - Exhibitions - MyLOC.gov (Library of Congress)." Gettysburg Address Exhibitions - myLOC.gov (Library of Congress). N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/Pages/default.aspx>. Jenkins, Mark Collins. Fort Sumter: How Civil War Began With a Bloodless Battle. National Geographic. National Geographic, 12 Apr. 2011. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/04/110412-fort-sumter-civil-war-nation150th-anniversary-first-battle/>. McBride, Earnest. Battle of Vicksburg Being Fought Again Over Recognition of Black Civil War Troops. Lest We Forget. Hampton University, n.d. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC2DD1-EB38-B9639236C3B910F279D1>. Mintz, Steven. Emancipation Proclamation. Digital History. N.p., 2003. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=104>. The Raid on Harpers Ferry. Africans in America. PBS, n.d. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2940.html>. Secession. ThinkQuest. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215469/secession.htm>.

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Stackpole, Edward J. The Battle of Gettysburg. Civil War Times. N.p., 24 Mar. 2002. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/k/a/kab4/WebPro_Projects/ist6773/day1.htm>. Wars and Battles, Manassas Junction*. United States History. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 June 2012. <http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h114.html>.

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